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"Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The diagnosis can established on the basis of signs and symptoms, should be representative of the disease process, and should be obtainal before drug administration. Diagnosis may be asded by different techniques such as investigation on microscopic examination, enzymatic activity ; immunoassays ; serodiagnosis and genetic probes. The recently applied methods of immunohistochemistry, immunoflourescence and immunoperoxidase staining, can detect specific microbial antigens. Principle of the immunoflourescence technique is recognitian of a specific antibody-antigen reaction and its visualization by labeling a chromogenic substrate. The immunoenzyme techniques require the attachment of an enzyme to a specific antibody. The antibody-antigen complex can be recognized by an enzyme label (peroxidase), resulting in a coloured product after reaction with a specific substrate and chromogenic substrate. These techniques are histologically used for visualization tissue specimen labeling, and to detec localization of antigen."

"Beberapa kesulitan yang berperan dalam proses pemeriksaan pada sediaan biopsi isap rektum untuk diagnosis penyakit Hirschsprung, telah ditemukan pada pemakaian pewarnaan H&E dan Asetilkolin esterase. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari suatu prosedur diagnostik lain yang mungkin dapat memecahkan masalah ini, yaitu dengan pemakaian pewarnaan imunohistokimia neuronspesifik enolase (NSE) dan protein S-100. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat kemampuan tehnik pewarnaan imunohistokimia NSE dan protein S-100 mempertajam diagnosis morfologik penyakit Hirschsprung, terhadap sediaan-sediaan yang telah diwarnai dengan H&E yang hasilnya inkonklusif atau meragukan. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 37 buah sediaan histopatologi biopsi isap rektum dari arsip Bagian Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM, dengan diagnosis klinik penyakit Hirschsprung atau dugaan penyakit Hirschsprung. Terdiri atas 7 sediaan yang dengan H&E diagnosisnya Hirschsprung dan 30 diagnosisnya inkonklusif. Juga disertakan beberapa-sediaan reseksi yang ada diagnosisnya dari kasus yang diteliti sebagai kontrol ketepatan diagnosisnya. Pewarnaan ulang dengan tehnik imunohistokimia menurut metoda StreptAvidinbiotin, dilakukan setelah pewarnaan H&E nya dilunturkan terlebih dahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkkan bahwa kemampuan pewarnaan protein S-100 pada sediaan H&E yang representatif dengan diagnosis penyakit Hirschsprung, nilainya sama untuk menampilkan serabut saraf hipertrofik dan sedangkan untuk menampilkan ganglion lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan H&E. Terhadap sediaan H&E inkonklusif yang representatif atau tidak representatif sangat baik sekali dibandingkan H&E. Bahkan ketepatannya sama dengan diagnosis sediaan reseksinya (100%). NSE rendah positivitasnya pada sediaan H&E konklusif dan inkonklusif dalam penampilan serabut saraf hipertrofik, walaupun penampilan sel ganglionnya sama dengan protein S-100. Juga ketepatan diagnosisnya rendah dibandingkan diagnosis reseksinya (22,22%). Kesimpulan yaitu telah ditemukan cara pengelolaan sediaan histopatologik, yang dapat digunakan untuk mempertajam akurasi morfologik penyakit Hirschsprung, pada sediaan biopsi isap rektum yang sebelumnya telah diwarnai dengan H&E tetapi hasilnya inkonklusif; Yaitu dengan tehnik imunohistokimia NSE dan Protein S-100 pada sediaan tersebut, dengan melunturkan pewarnaan H&E nya terlebih dahulu dan dengan diharapkan preparasi sampel jaringan yang lebih baik sebelumnya."

"Latar belakang: Pemfigoid bulosa merupakan kelompok penyakit bula subepidermal autoimun terbanyak. Patogenesis yang mendasari timbulnya penyakit ini adalah adanya ikatan antibodi terhadap antigen BP180 NC16A yang merupakan komponen dari hemidesmosom. Ikatan antibodi-antigen ini selanjutnya mengaktivasi sistem komplemen. Deposit imun yang terbentuk kemudian dapat diperiksa menggunakan direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Salah satu molekul yang juga dihasilkan pada proses aktivasi komplemen adalah C4d. Molekul ini dianggap cukup stabil dan dapat digunakan sebagai penanda adanya kerusakan jaringan yang dimediasi oleh antibodi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat ekspresi imunohistokimia (IHK) C4d menggunakan formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pada kasus pemfigoid bulosa.Bahan dan cara kerja: Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 28 kasus pemfigoid bulosa yang terbukti mengandung deposit imun pada pemeriksaan DIF. Seluruh kasus dipulas menggunakan Complement C4d Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody. Penilaian ekspresi IHK C4d dilakukan secara tersamar dan dinyatakan sebagai positif atau negatif.Hasil: Sebanyak 25 dari total 28 kasus pemfigoid bulosa (89,3%) menunjukkan C4d terekspresi positif pada pemeriksaan IHK.Kesimpulan: Pulasan IHK C4d menggunakan FFPE dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi deposit imun pada kasus pemfigoid bulosa.

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Background: Bullous pemphigoid is the most frequent autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. It is caused by the production of autoantibodies against BP180 NC16A, a component of hemidesmosome. Binding of autoantibodies to their target antigen lead to complement activation. Subsequently, immune deposits formation can be identified by direct immunofluorescence (DIF). One split product that also produced during complement activation is C4d. It is known as an inactive molecule that can be used as marker of antibody mediated tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of C4d immunohistochemically using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) in bullous pemphigoid cases.

Material and methods: Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain was performed on 28 bullous pemphigoid cases proven to have immune deposits by DIF. All of these cases were labeled immunohistochemically using Complement C4d Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody. The results were blindly reviewed and defined as positive or negative.

Results: Immunoreactivity with C4d were identified in 25 out of 28 bullous pemphigoid cases (89.3%).

Conclusion: C4d IHC stain using FFPE can be used to detect immunoreactant deposition in case of bullous pemphigoid."

"Identification of new HIV infection in a population is required for the evaluation of intervention strategy of HIV-1 transmission. The avidity assay has been promoted for estimation of HIV incidence. Avidity assay is an assay based on affinity strength of the epitopes of the HIV antigen against its specific corresponding antibodies. The antigen - antibody complex that is formed in the initial phase of infection is relatively weak and easy to break with chaotropic reagents. In contrary, the antigen-antibody binding in long-term infection is strong and not easily broken by addition of chaotropic reagents. Commercial avidity assays are available, however the antigens used might not be compatible with the circulating HIV strains in Indonesia. In order to identify the most appropriate antigen candidate for avidity assay, three structural proteins from HIV were used in this research namely, p24, IDR-gp41 and ID2-Pol from circulating HIV strains in Indonesia. The avidity assay was performed based on ELISA with sodium citrate, pH 3, chaotropic reagent. Serum samples were previously determined for their reactivity to HIV antigen by the Indonesian Red Cross. Each of the samples was tested in triplicate. The results of the avidity index were compared with the corresponding pattern of reactivity shown by Western Blotting. Comparative analysis of the avidity index using the IDR-Gp41 antigen showed correlation of increased value of avidity index with the completeness of the Western Blot reactivity pattern. This finding, however, not true in antigen ID2-Pol, and p24. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that IDR-Gp41 antigen has potential to be used in HIV avidity assay that is based on circulating strains of HIV in Indonesia.

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Penentuan infeksi baru HIV-1 pada level populasi diperlukan guna evaluasi strategi intervensi pencegahan penularan HIV-1.  Uji aviditas telah diajukan sebagai salah satu uji deteksi HIV-1. Prinsip uji aviditas adalah kekuatan afinitas epitope antigen HIV terhadap antibodi spesifik yang mengenali epitop tersebut. Ikatan antigen - antibodi yang terbentuk pada fase awal infeksi merupakan ikatan yang lemah dan mudah diputuskan dengan pemberian reagensia chaotropic. Pada fase infeksi lama, ikatan antigen - antibodi yang terbentuk merupakan ikatan yang kuat sehingga tidak mudah diputuskan oleh pemberian reagensia chaotropic. Uji aviditas komersial telah tersedia namun antigen yang digunakan belum tentu sesuai dengan galur HIV yang beredar di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 kandidat antigen yaitu p24, IDR-gp41 dan ID2-Pol dari galur HIV yang beredar di Indonesia, untuk menentukan kandidat yang sesuai. Uji aviditas dilakukan dengan prinsip ELISA dengan sodium sitrat pH 3 sebagai reagensia chaotropic. Sampel yang diujikan adalah sampel serum yang telah ditentukan reaktivitasnya sebagai positif dan negatif oleh Palang Merah Indonesia. Sampel diuji secara triplikat. Hasil indeks aviditas sampel dibandingkan dengan pola reaktivitasnya pada uji Western Blot. Sampel dengan indeks aviditas tinggi akan menunjukkan korelasi dengan kelengkapan pola pita reaktivitas uji Western Blot. Analisis perbandingan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan nilai indeks aviditas yang menggunakan antigen IDR-Gp41 berkorelasi dengan kelengkapan pola reaktivitas uji Western Blot. Hal ini tidak ditemukan pada pengujian menggunakan antigen IDR-Pol2, dan p24. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa antigen IDR-Gp41 berpotensi untuk digunakan lebih lanjut dalam pengembangan uji aviditas HIV berbasis galur HIV yang beredar di Indonesia."

"Aplikasi metabolomik dalam analisis subtipe kanker payudara dinilai cukup menjanjikan, salah satunya melalui penilaian profil asam amino. Informasi profil asam amino pada pasien kanker payudara berperan penting dalam tatalaksana pengobatan dan prognosis kanker payudara. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan suatu pola perubahan asam amino pada pasien kanker payudara dibandingkan kontrol orang sehat, yang mengindikasikan kaitan asam amino dengan kanker payudara. Beberapa asam amino dapat menjadi biomarker yang menunjukkan adanya asosiasi dengan progresivitas kanker maupun subtipe IHK kanker payudara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan profil asam amino berdasarkan subtipe imunohistokimia kanker payudara. Penelitian menggunakan studi desain potong lintang yang melibatkan 51 pasien kanker payudara di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sampel darah pasien yang terdiagnosis kanker payudara diukur kadar asam aminonya menggunakan metode HPLC dan nilai yang diperoleh dibandingkan dengan nilai rujukan normal untuk mengetahui adanya pola kenaikan dan penurunan. Pola asam amino akan dianalisis dan diuji asosiasinya berdasarkan pengelompokan subtipe imunohistokimia, yang dibagi menjadi Luminal A, Luminal B+HER2 dan Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Sebanyak 51 pasien kanker payudara didominasi oleh kelompok Luminal B+HER2 diikuti oleh Luminal A dan TNBC. Sebagian besar pola asam amino berdasarkan subtype IHK menunjukkan kadar normal, kecuali asam amino arginin dan histidin yang mengalami peningkatan pada kelompok Luminal A dan Luminal B+HER, serta penurunan kadar asam amino ornitin pada kelompok TNBC. Analisis bivariat meunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan (p<0.05) antara asam amino arginin dan ornitin dengan subtipe IHK. Luminal B+HER2 menjadi kelompok subtipe imunohistokimia kanker payudara yang mendominasi. Berdasarkan 19 asam amino yang diuji, asam amino dari ketiga kelompok subtipe imunohistokimia cenderung normal, dimana hanya tiga asam amino yang menunjukkan pola perubahan, yaitu histidin, ornitin dan arginin. Asam amino arginin dan ornitin menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan subtipe imunohistokimia. 

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Metabolomic approach to analyze the immunohistochemistry subtype in breast cancer is a promising tool, especially measuring amino acid levels. The amino acid profile on breast cancer patients has a significant role as guidance and prognosis. Previous studies showed alteration of amino acid levels in breast cancer patients compared to healthy women, indicating an association between amino acid and breast cancer. Some amino acids can be used as a biomarker for determining a relationship between breast cancer with cancer progression or immunohistochemistry. This study aims to investigate the association of amino with immunohistochemistry in breast cancer. This is a cross-sectional study that involved 51 breast cancer patients in RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. A blood sample was collected from patients and analyze using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods to calculate the level of amino acid. The measurement of amino acid was compared to standard to determine amino acid alteration whether amino acid is increased or decrease. The data are analyzed and tested statistically to investigate the association of amino acid alteration based on three categories of immunohistochemistry (Luminal A, Luminal B+HER2 dan Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)). A total of 51 breast cancer patients showed Luminal B+HER2 group has the highest frequency of immunohistochemistry subtype, followed by Luminal A and TNBC, respectively. There were mostly no changes in amino acid levels among the three subtypes, except arginine and histidine, which showed increased amino acid levels in Luminal A and Luminal B+HER2, whereas a decrease of ornithine level showed in TNBC group. Bivariate analysis showed significantly association between amino acid arginine and ornithine with immunohistochemistry subtype in breast cancer (p<0.05).  The majority of immunohistochemistry subtypes in breast cancer were Luminal B+HER2. Out of 19 amino acids, most of the amino acid are stable in three groups, excluding arginine, histidine and ornithine. Arginine dan ornithine showed a significantly association with immunohistochemistry subtype of breast cancer."

"Latar belakang: Keganasan pankreas merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas signifikan di dunia dengan 90% kasus adalah adenokarsinoma yang umumnya terdiagnosis stadium lanjut karena tidak memiliki gejala klinis spesifik dan keterbatasan dalam menegakkan diagnosis. Adenokarsinoma pankreas disebabkan oleh perubahan histologik dari neoplasma intraepitelial pankreas (PanIN) dan mutasi genetik antara lain aktivasi onkogen KRAS serta inaktivasi gen supresor tumor seperti CDKN2A/p16, p53, BRCA2 dan Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4) atau disebut juga Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer, locus 4 (DPC4). Mutasi DPC4 ditemukan pada 55% kasus dan relatif spesifik pada adenokarsinoma pankreas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai ekspresi DPC4 pada adenokarsinoma pankreas dengan sampel fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) dengan tujuan meningkatkan akurasi diagnosis.Bahan dan cara: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Sampel diambil dari data arsip Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM terdiri atas kelompok data berpasangan dengan 9 kasus adenokarsinoma dan 5 kasus nonadenokarsinoma dari Januari 2012-Agustus 2018 serta kelompok data tidak berpasangan dengan 10 kasus adenokarsinoma dari Januari 2017-Agustus 2018. Dilakukan pulasan DPC4 pada sampel sitologi dan histopatologik. Penilaian mengunakan persentase cut off positif >50% sel tumor.Hasil: Ekspresi DPC4 negatif didapatkan pada 5 kasus adenokarsinoma dan 0 kasus nonadenokarsinoma data berpasangan, serta 5 kasus adenokarsinoma data tidak berpasangan. Uji Fisher s exact yang dilakukan mendapatkan hasil ekspresi DPC4 pada adenokarsinoma dan nonadenokarsinoma data berpasangan tidak berbeda bermakna dengan nilai p>0.05.Kesimpulan: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara ekspresi DPC4 pada adenokarsinoma dan nonadenokarsinoma.

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Background: Pancreatic malignancy is one of the causes of significant morbidity and mortality in the world with 90% of cases were adenocarcinomas which are generally diagnosed in advanced stages because there is no specific clinical symptom and limitation in making a diagnosis. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is caused by histological changes of intraepithelial pancreatic neoplasms (PanIN) and genetic mutations including activation of KRAS oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A/p16, p53, BRCA2 and Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4) or also called Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer, locus 4 (DPC4). DPC4 mutations is found in 55% of cases and relatively specific in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This study was conducted to assess the expression of DPC4 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma using a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) sample to increase diagnosis accuracy.

Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Samples were taken from archival data of the Anatomical Pathology Department of FKUI/RSCM consisting of paired data group with 9 cases of adenocarcinoma and 5 cases of nonadenocarcinoma from January 2012 to August 2018 and unpaired data group with 10 cases of adenocarcinoma from January 2017 to August 2018. All cytology and histopathologic samples were stained with DPC4 antibody and evaluated using a positive cut-off> 50% of tumor cells.

Results: Negative DPC4 expression was found in 5 cases of adenocarcinoma and 0 cases of nonadenocarcinoma in paired data group, and 5 cases of unpaired data group adenocarcinoma. The Fisher s exact showed no significant difference of DPC4 expression between adenocarcinoma and nonadenocarcinoma paired data group with p value> 0.05.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the expression of DPC4 between adenocarcinoma and nonadenocarcinoma."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang Akurasi triple diagnostic USG guided FNAB untuk menentukan keganasan pada kasus nodul tirodi masih belum diketahui. Hal tersebut penting untuk diketahui sehingga tindakan definitif dan jenis operasi dapat ditentukan tanpa harus dilakukan pemeriksaan potong beku.Metode Penelitian dilakukan pada 131 pasien dengan pembesaran kelenjar tiroid pada periode Januari 2014 ndash; Desember 2014 dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang. Penelitian ini menghitung nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif, nilai prediksi negatif, akurasi triple diagnostic dengan USG guided FNAB dibandingkan dengan histopatologi.Hasil Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan triple diagnostic yang concordant ganas memiliki sensitivitas 81,17 , spesifisitas 96,55 , nilai prediksi positif 98,57 , nilai prediksi negatif 36,36 , dan akurasi 85,08 .Kesimpulan Tingginya nilai prediksi positif yang didapatkan dalam penelitian ini, sehingga triple diagnostic dapat digunakan untuk terapi definitif tanpa dilakukan pemeriksaan potong beku intra operatif.

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ABSTRACT Background The triple diagnostic accuracy with Ultrasound guided FNAB to determine the risk of malignancy in cases of thyroid nodules remains unknown. It is important to know so that definitive measures and types of operations can be determined without the need for a frozen section. Methods The study was conducted using cross sectional design on 131 patients with thyroid nodule in the period of January 2014 December 2014. This study calculated the values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, triple diagnostic accuracy with ultrasound guided FNAB compared with histopathological result.Results This study show triple diagnostic with malignant concordant has sensitivity of 81.17 , specificity of 96.55 , positive predictive value of 98.57 , negative predictive value of36.36 , and 85.08 accuracy.Conclusions The high positive predictive values obtained in this study, show that triple diagnostic can be used for definitive therapy without intraoperative frozen section"

"Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan salah satu bakteri Gram-Positif penyebab penyakit pneumonia. S. pneumoniae hidup di dalam rongga nasofaring manusia. Pada individu yang sehat, S. pneumoniae tidak akan menyebabkan suatu gejala. Namun, pada individu yang rentan seperti orang tua, penderita imunodefisiensi, dan anak-anak, bakteri tersebut dapat menjadi patogen serta dapat menyebar ke lokasi lain dan menyebabkan gejala seperti penyakit Pneumonia.Vaksin sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut sehingga dapat mencegah infeksi bakteri S. pneumoniae penyebab penyakit pneumonia pada individu. Pada penelitian ini digunakan antigen potensial terhadap vaksin pneumonia berupa pneumolysin. Tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah untuk mengembangkan model vaksin terbaru pada bakteri S. pneumoniae penyebab pneumonia menggunakan pneumolysin dan pendekatan bioinformatika sehingga pencegahan terhadap pneumonia dapat diatasi secara tepat dan efisien. Pada penelitian ini digunakan beberapa metode seperti uji physicochemical, prediksi epitop, seleksi epitop, serta molecular docking. Dari hasil percobaan didapatkan bahwa epitop Pep 6 dari sekuens pneumolysin yang berikatan dengan reseptor 5IFH dengan nilai global energy -48.68 kcal/mol merupakan kandidat terbaik untuk vaksin pneumonia karena memiliki nilai global energy yang paling rendah diantara kandidat B Cell epitope lainnya.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the Gram-positive bacteria that causes pneumonia. S. pneumoniae lives in the human nasopharyngeal cavity. In healthy individuals, S. pneumoniae will not cause any symptoms. However, in susceptible individuals such as the elderly, immunodeficient patients, and children, these bacteria can become pathogenic and can spread to other locations and cause symptoms such as pneumonia. Vaccines are urgently needed to overcome these problems so that they can prevent S. pneumoniae infection which causes pneumonia in individuals. In this study, a potential antigen against pneumonia vaccine in the form of pneumolysin was used. The purpose of this research is to develop a new vaccine model for the bacterium S. pneumoniae that causes pneumonia using pneumolysin and a bioinformatics approach so that pneumonia prevention can be handled appropriately and efficiently. In this study, several methods were used, such as physicochemical test, epitope prediction, epitope selection, and molecular docking. From the experimental results, it was found that the Pep 6 epitope from the pneumolysin sequence that binds to the 5IFH receptor with a global energy value of -48.68 kcal/mol is the best candidate for pneumonia vaccine because it has the lowest global energy value among other B cell epitope candidates."

"Latar Belakang. Saat ini sedang terjadi pandemi COVID-19 di seluruh dunia, pandemi ini dimulai dari Wuhan, Cina. Virus SARS-CoV-2 penyebab COVID-19 sangat menular dan penyebarannya sangat cepat, sehingga memerlukan penanganan khusus seperti isolasi atau karantina. Gejala penyakit COVID-19 menyerupai gejala infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang disebabkan oleh patogen lain seperti SARS, influenza, rhinovirus, dll. Diagnosis penyakit COVID-19 perlu ditentukan untuk membedakan dari ISPA yang diakibatkan oleh patogen lain. Beberapa uji diagnostik telah di kembangkan untuk deteksi cepat penyebab COVID-19.Tujuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan alat diagnostik kit antigen ”Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” dengan rRT-PCR yang menjadi refensi test, untuk mendapatkan alat diagnostik yang murah, cepat dan akurat serta memiliki kemampuan yang setara dengan rRT-PCR.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji banding dengan desain penelitian potong lintang dan metode pengumpulan spesimen secara consecutive sampling pada pasien contact tracing COVID-19. Penelitian dilakukan di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (FASYANKES) Puskesmas Kecamatan Tanah Abang, Sawah Besar, Senen dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI pada bulan Oktober 2020-Desember 2020. Sampel penelitian merupakan swab Nasofaring dan oropharing dari pasien contact tracing COVID-19 yang dilakukan pemeriksaan rRT-PCR menggunakan reagen LiliF COVID-19 Real Time PCR kit dan pemeriksaan antigen menggunakan “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®”. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan tabel 2x2.Hasil. Dari 233 sampel sebanyak 80 (34,33%) sampel positif rRT-PCR dan 53 (22,74%) sampel yang positif pada kit antigen. Kit antigen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini mempunyai sensitivitas 66,25% (55,89-76,61), spesifisitas 100% (100-100), Nilai Duga Positif (NDP) 100% (100-100), Nilai Duga Negatif (NDN) 85% (79,78-90,22) dan akurasi 88,41%. Pada hasil rRT-PCR dengan CT < 20, kit test antigen mempunyai sensitivitas 97,14% (91,62-102,66), spesifisitas 100% (100-100) dan pada CT ≥ 21-≥ 30 sensitivitas kit antigen terus menurun.Kesimpulan. Pemeriksaan COVID-19 menggunakan kit test antigen “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” mempunyai sensitivitas rendah yang tidak sesuai dengan rekomendasi WHO. Kit antigen ini mempunya sensitivitas yang tinggi pada sampel dengan hasil rRT-PCR pada CT rendah (CT <20).

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Introduction. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is happening over the world, this pandemic started in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is highly contagious, spreads very quickly and requiring special handling such as isolation or quarantine. The symptoms of COVID-19 resemble an acute respiratory infection caused by other pathogens such as SARS, influenza, rhinovirus, etc. The diagnosis of COVID-19 disease needs to be determined to distinguish it from acute respiratory infection caused by other pathogens. Several diagnostic tests have been developed for rapid detection of the cause of COVID-19.

Aim. The research aims to compare the antigen kit "Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®" with rRT-PCR as a reference test to obtain an affordable, fast and accurate diagnostic tool and have equivalent capabilities as rRT-PCR.

Method. The research is a comparative testing with a cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling method for collecting specimens in COVID-19 contact tracing patients. The research was conducted at the Health Service Facility (FASYANKES) Puskesmas Kecamatan Tanah Abang, Sawah Besar, Senen and Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI in October 2020-December 2020. The research samples were nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 contact tracing patients who were carried out rRT-PCR test using LiliF COVID-19 Real Time PCR kit and antigen test using “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®”. The research analysis used a 2x2 table.

Results. Of the 233 samples, 80 (34.33%) were positive for rRT-PCR and only 53 (22.74%) were positive for the antigen kit. The antigen kit used in this research had a sensitivity of 66.25% (55.89-76.61), specificity 100% (100-100), Positive Prediction Value (NDP) 100% (100-100), Negative Suggestion Value ( NDN) 85% (79.78-90.22) and accuracy 88.41%. On the results of rRT-PCR with CT < 20, the antigen test kit had a sensitivity of 97.14% (91.62-102.66), specificity 100% (100-100) and at CT 21-30 the sensitivity of the antigen kit continued to decrease.

Summary. The COVID-19 examination using the “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” antigen test kit has a low sensitivity which is not in accordance with WHO recommendations. This antigen kit has high sensitivity in rRT-PCR results at CT (CT < 20)."

"[ABSTRAKInfeksi parasit usus merupakan infeksi yang banyak terjadi di daerah tropis dan subtropis terutama daerah dengan fasilitas sanitasi, air dan kebersihan yang tidak adekuat. Terbatasnya sumber air konsumsi diperkirakan menjadi penyebab tingginya infeksi. Anak-anak merupakan populasi yang rentan terhadap infeksi parasit usus. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi infeksi parasit usus pada anak-anak dan hubungannya dengan sumber air konsumsi. Penelitian dilakukan di TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi, Jawa Barat tahun 2012. Metode penelitian yaitu Cross-Sectional. Pengambilan data melalui kuesioner dan pemeriksaan feses yang melibatkan 139 anak usia 0-15 tahun. Pemeriksaan feses menggunakan metode Kato Katz dan teknik identifikasi protozoa usus dengan larutan lugol atau eosin.Data yang diperoleh diproses dengan SPSS versi 16.0 dan dianalisis dengan uji Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukan prevalensi infeksi parasit usus 72,7%. Infeksi disebabkan oleh Blastocystis hominis 53,5%, Giardia lamblia 30,9%, Trichuris trichura 20,9%, Ascaris lumbricoides 4,3% dan Entamoeba histolytica 2%. Uji Chi-square tidak menunjukan perbedaan bermakna antara prevalensi infeksi parasit usus yang dihubungkan dengan sumber air konsumsi (p>0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa prevalensi infeksi parasit usus pada anak-anak di TPA Bantar Gebang tinggi dengan Blastocystis hominis merupakan parasit yang paling banyak menginfeksi. Selain itu, sumber air konsumsi tidak berhubungan dengan infeksi parasit usus.

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ABSTRACTIntestinal parasitic infection is the most infection in tropic and subtropics regions where sanitation facilities, water and hygiene are inadequate. Limited of consumption water resource is estimated to be the cause of high infection. Children is a susceptible population of intestinal parasitic infection. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children and its relationship with consumption water resource. This study was conducted in TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi, West Java on 2012. The method of study was cross-sectional. Data was collected by questioner and stool examination on 139 children within 0-15 years old. Stool examination was determined using Kato Kats method and intestinal protozoa identification technique using lugol or eosin solution. Data was processed by SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed by Chi-square test. The result showed prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 72,7%. The infection caused by Blastocystis hominis (53,5%), Giardia lamblia (30,9%), Trichuris trichura (20,9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4,3%) and Entamoeba histolytica (2%). Chi-square test did not showed significant difference of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and its relationship with consumption water resource (p>0,05). In conclusion, prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children in TPA Bantar Gebang was high that mostly caused by Blastocystis hominis. Moreover, consumption water resource had not relationship with prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection.;Intestinal parasitic infection is the most infection in tropic and subtropics regions where sanitation facilities, water and hygiene are inadequate. Limited of consumption water resource is estimated to be the cause of high infection.Children is a susceptible population of intestinal parasitic infection. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children and its relationship with consumption water resource. This study was conducted in TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi, West Java on 2012. The method of study was cross-sectional. Data was collected by questioner and stool examination on 139 children within 0-15 years old. Stool examination was determined using Kato Kats method and intestinal protozoa identification technique using lugol or eosin solution. Data was processed by SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed by Chi-square test. The result showed prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 72,7%. The infection caused by Blastocystis hominis(53,5%), Giardia lamblia (30,9%), Trichuris trichura (20,9%), Ascarislumbricoides (4,3%) and Entamoeba histolytica (2%). Chi-square test did not showed significant difference of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and its relationship with consumption water resource (p>0,05). In conclusion, prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children in TPA Bantar Gebang was high that mostly caused by Blastocystis hominis. Moreover, consumption water resource had not relationship with prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection.;Intestinal parasitic infection is the most infection in tropic and subtropics regions where sanitation facilities, water and hygiene are inadequate. Limited of consumption water resource is estimated to be the cause of high infection.Children is a susceptible population of intestinal parasitic infection. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children and its relationship with consumption water resource. This study was conducted in TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi, West Java on 2012. The method of study was cross-sectional. Data was collected by questioner and stool examination on 139 children within 0-15 years old. Stool examination was determined using Kato Kats method and intestinal protozoa identification technique using lugol or eosin solution. Data was processed by SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed by Chi-square test. The result showed prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 72,7%. The infection caused by Blastocystis hominis(53,5%), Giardia lamblia (30,9%), Trichuris trichura (20,9%), Ascarislumbricoides (4,3%) and Entamoeba histolytica (2%). Chi-square test did not showed significant difference of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and its relationship with consumption water resource (p>0,05). In conclusion, prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children in TPA Bantar Gebang was high that mostly caused by Blastocystis hominis. Moreover, consumption water resource had not relationship with prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection., Intestinal parasitic infection is the most infection in tropic and subtropics regions where sanitation facilities, water and hygiene are inadequate. Limited of consumption water resource is estimated to be the cause of high infection.Children is a susceptible population of intestinal parasitic infection. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children and its relationship with consumption water resource. This study was conducted in TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi, West Java on 2012. The method of study was cross-sectional. Data was collected by questioner and stool examination on 139 children within 0-15 years old. Stool examination was determined using Kato Kats method and intestinal protozoa identification technique using lugol or eosin solution. Data was processed by SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed by Chi-square test. The result showed prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 72,7%. The infection caused by Blastocystis hominis(53,5%), Giardia lamblia (30,9%), Trichuris trichura (20,9%), Ascarislumbricoides (4,3%) and Entamoeba histolytica (2%). Chi-square test did not showed significant difference of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and its relationship with consumption water resource (p>0,05). In conclusion, prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children in TPA Bantar Gebang was high that mostly caused by Blastocystis hominis. Moreover, consumption water resource had not relationship with prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection.]"