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"Enhanced humoral immune response (sIgA) can be caused by gingivitis. A study has been conducted on the effect of tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis) at a concentration of 0,5% as mouth-wash on salivary sIgA level on gingivitis patients. Ten patients (age=18-30 years) were divided into 2 groups so that five patients of the first group represented early gingivitis, and five patients of the second group represented normal gingiva. The gingival index by Loe and Silness (1963) was measured one day before treatment and five days after treatment. The first group was given tea leaf extract solution (0,5%) and the others were given aquabidest as control. Five ml of each solution was mouth washed for 5 seconds and this was repeated two times in the morning and at night before sleeping. All treatments were repeated for five days. Saliva samples were collected one day before treatment and five days after treatment. The sIgA level was measured using sIgA ELISA kit (Salimetrics LLC). Optical Density was read on standard plate at 450 nm. The results showed a significant decrease in the salivary sIgA level and in the severity of gingivitis by mouth-washing with a tea leaf extract at a concentration 0.5%."

"Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of gingival tissue and caused by the accumulation of dental plaque. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a plant matter that has been shown to inhibit the growth of acidogenic bacteria and the formation of dental plaque. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of green tea extract on pH and volume of saliva of gingivitis patients. The subjects were 30 male gingivitis patients, 18-25 years old. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to mouthrinse used (0.25% and 0.5% green tea extract, and 0.1% hexetidine as positive control). The subjects were instructed to gargle during five consecutive days in the morning and at night with 5 ml of the mouthrinse for 30 seconds. The data were taken in the beginning and at the sixth day. Data for salivary volume and pH before and after gargle were compared using MANOVA (p<0.05). The results showed significant differences in salivary pH, suggesting that green tea extract can increase the salivary pH of gingivitis patients, and that the 0.5% concentration was the most influential."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek obat kumur mengandung ekstrak daun teh hijau terhadap penyembuhan keradangan gingiva secara klinis. 60 penderita gingivitis dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol. Berkumur dilakukan dua kali sehari selama empat hari. Pengukuran Indeks Plak (PlI) dan Indeks Papilla-Bleeding (PBI) dilakukan pada hari nol dan hari lima. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired dan Independent T-Test. Terdapat penurunan PlI dan PBI yang bermakna (p<0,05) setelah berkumur pada kedua kelompok dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kelompok pada penurunan PlI dan PBI. Dengan demikian, obat kumur mengandung ekstrak daun teh hijau mampu menurunkan keradangan gingiva.

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The purpose of this research is to know the effect of mouthwash containing green tea leaves extract towards gingivitis healing clinically. 60 subjects suffering gingivitis were divided into two groups, the experimental group and control group. Rinsing was done twice a day for four days. Plaque Index (PlI) and Papilla-Bleeding Index (PBI) were measured on day zero and day fifth. Data were analyzed using Paired and Independent T-Test. There was a significant reduction (p<0,05) of PlI and PBI post-rinsing within both group and there was significant difference (p<0,05) between the groups on PlI and PBI reduction. Mouthwash containing green tea leaves extract is able to decrease gingival inflammation."

"Kecacingan merupakan penyakit yang masih mengancam kesehatan. Kecacingan paling umum disebabkan nematoda usus diikuti schistosomiasis dan filariasis. Nematoda usus utama penyebab kecacingan adalah Ascaris lumbricoides. Penyebab utama filariasis adalah Wuchereria bancrofti (90% kasus). Infeksi kedua cacing tersebut dalam tubuh manusia menyebabkan peningkatan aktivitas sel Th2 dalam mensekresi IL-4 dan IL-5 yang akan mengaktifkan sel-sel imun lain untuk mengeliminasi parasit. Kedua jenis cacing ini hidup di tempat yang berbeda di dalam tubuh manusia.Karena itu, sangat menarik untuk diketahui apakah terdapat perbedaan antara respon imun adaptif selular yang timbul pada infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides yang hidup di lumen usus dan Wuchereria bancrofti yang hidup di jaringan.Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional dengan menggunakan data dari penelitian utama berjudul "Pola Respon terhadap Antigen Tetanus Toxoid dari Bayi yang Lahir dari Ibu dengan Infeksi Cacing". Respon imun selular 3 kelompok penelitian, yaitu terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti dan sehat dibandingkan dengan melihat data kadar sitokin IL-5 yaitu sebelum distimulasi, setelah distimulasi antigen BmA dan setelah distimulasi dengan antigen Ascaris lumbricoides.Dari 286 data wanita hamil yang tersedia dari penelitian utama, didapatkan 82 data yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian dan dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan profil sitokin IL-5 sebelum distimulasi antara kelompok kasus terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dan Wuchereria bancrofti tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,60). Kadar IL-5 setelah distimulasi antigen BmA dan Ascaris lumbricoides ketiga kelompok penelitian pun tidak berbeda bermakna. (p=0,07;p=0,92). Maka disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara respon imun adaptif selular infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dan Wuchereria bancrofti pada ibu hamil.

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Worm infection is one of diseases which still harm population's health. The most common worm infection is caused by intestinal nematode followed by schistosomiasis, and filariasis. The most common intestinal nematodes causing worm infection is Ascaris lumbricoides. The main cause of filariasis is Wuchereria bancrofti (90% cases). The two nematodes infection in human is marked by increase activity of Th2 cells which secrete IL-5 and IL-4 to activate other cells to eliminate worms. The two nematodes live in different place in human.

Because of that, it is very interesting to know if there were differences of adaptive cellular immune response between the two worms infection. The study design was cross sectional and the data was from study titled ?Immunological Consequence of Vaccination Tetanus Toxoid in Indonesian Children Born to Mothers Chronically Infected with Helminthes?. Adaptive cellular immune response between three groups, infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, and health, were compared using IL-5 profile data before stimulation, after BmA stimulation and after Ascaris lumbricoides antigen.

From 286 data, there were 82 data met the study criteria for analysis. The result showed that there was no significant difference of adaptive cellular immune response, which showed by IL-5 profile between group with infection Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti before stimulation (p=0,6). After stimulated by BmA and Ascaris lumbricoides antigen, there was no significant difference of IL-5 profile between the three groups. (p=0,07; p=0,92). In conclusion, there was no significant difference of adaptive cellular immune response between Ascaris lumbricoides infection and Wuchereria bancrofti infection in pregnant women."

"Pendahuluan : Disfungsi endotel merupakan awal timbutnya aterosklerosis yang pada kondisi lanjut akan menychabkan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Teh hijau dilaporkan mampu memperbaiki disfungsi endotel karena kandungan katekin yang ada di dalamnya. Penelitian menunjukkan teh hijau mampu meningkatkan produksi prostasiklin pada kultur sel aorta babi.Tujuan penelitian : Untuk mcmbuktikan hahwa pemberian teh hijau sekali minum dapat memberi efek terhadap peningkatan produksi 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a sebagai metabolic prostasiklin dan penurunan kadar tromboksan B2 sebagai metabolit tromboksan A2 pada penderita PJK.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan pada 25 penderita yang terhukti PJK dari pemeriksaan angiografi koroner. Sampel dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Kelompok 1 mendapat teh hijau terlebih dahulu dan Kelompok l1 mendapat plasebolair putih terlebih dahulu. Setelah masa wash-Put selama 1 minggu, dilakukan cross-over. Dihitung kadar 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a sebagai metabolit prostasiklin don tromboksan B2 sebagai metabolit tromboksan A2 sebelum dan sesudah pemberian teh hijau dan plasebo. Dllakukan pemeriksaan kadar 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a dan tromboksan B2 pada 20 orang sehat usia 18-25 tabula sebagai acuan nilai normal.Hasil : Didapatkan peningkatan kadar 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a yang bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Pada kelompok I sebeiuni pemberian tab hijau kadar 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl -a 5.126 (2.808-6.237) menjadi 6.575 (4.788-7.638) ng/ml (p= 0.012). Pada kelompok plasebo tidak didapatkan peningkatan yang bermakna (p= 0.328). Pada kelompok II kadar 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-ct sebelum teh hijau 6.044 (2.804-11.693) menjadi 7.212 (4.028-11.175) ng/ml (p= 0.011). Pada plasebo tidak didapatkan peningkatan yang bermakna (p= 0.325). Pada pemeriksaan kadar tromboksan B2 tidak didapatkan penurunan yang bermakna balk pada kelompok I maupun pada kelompok II. Pada kelompok I sebelum pemberian teh hijau 0.472 (0.122-0.630) menjadi 0.092 (0.056-0.135) ng/ml (p= 0.68). Pada kelompok l1 sebelum pemberian teh hijau 0.1 11 (0.029-0.630) meningkat menjadi 0.660 (0.018-0.958) ng/ml (p= 0.055). Hadar 6-ketoprostaglandin F1-u pada penderita PJK lehih rendah secara bermakna dibanding orang sehat (p<0.001). Pada pemeriksaan kadar tromboksan B2 pada penderita PJK lehih rendah secara bermakna dibanding prang sehat (p<0.001)Kesimpulan : pemberian teh hijau sekali minum mampu meningkatkan produksi 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a yang merupakan metabolit aktif prostasiklin pada penderita penyakit jantung koroner, akan tctapi tidak memberikan efek penurunan kadar tromboksan B2 yang merupakan metabolit aktiFdari tromboksan A2.

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Introduction : Endothelial dysfunction is an early process of atherosclerosis that in long term will cause coronary artery disease. Green tea has been reported to improve endothelial function because of catechin substance in green tea. Study had showed that green tea could increase the prostacyclin production in bovine aorta cell culture.

Objective :To gain evidence that one time consuming of green tea may increase 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a production as a metabolite of prostacyclin and decrease thromboxane B2 production as a metabolite of thromboxane A2 in coronary artery disease patients.

Method : Study has been conducted to 25 patients proven to have coronary artery disease by coronary angiography. Sample was grouped into two groups. Groups I firstly receive green tea and Group II firstly receive placebo (mineral water). After washout period for one week, sample was being cross-overed. The level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a as a metabolite of prostacyclin and thromboxane B2 as a metabolite of thromboxane A2 were measured before and after green tea and water consumption. We also measure the level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl -a and thromboxane B2 in 20 healthy persons aged 18 -25 years old as a normal value.

Result : There were significant increasing level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a of both groups. In Group I, the level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a before green tea consumption was 5.126(2.808-6.237) and raised up to 6.575(4.788-7.638) ng/ml(p= 0.012). Meanwhile in placebo group there were no significant increase level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a (p= 0.328). In group II the level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a before green tea consumption was 6.044(2.804-11.693) and raised up to 7.212(4.028-11.175) ng/ml (p= 0.011). As for placebo group, there were no significant increase level of 6-ketoprostaglandin F l -a (p= 0.325). Thromboxane B2 measurement result shows no significant decrease both in group I and group H. In group I, thromboxan B2 level before green tea consumption was 0.472(0.122-0.630) and raised up to 0.092(0.056-0_l35) ng/ml(p= 0.68). As for group H, thromboxane B2 level before green tea consumption was 0.111(0.029-0.630) and raised up to 0.660(0.018-0.958) ng/ml (p= 0.055). The level of 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a in coronary artery disease patients was significantly bellow healthy persons (p<0.001). The level of thromboxane B2 in coronary atery disease patients were also significantly bellows healthy persons (p<0.001).

Conclusion : One time green tea consumption can increase 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl-a production as an active metabolite of prostacyclin in coronary artery disease patients but does not decrease thromboxan B2 level, an active metabolite of thromboxan A2."

"Latar belakang: Anak yang menderita Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut LLA menunjukkan peningkatan sistem imun pada akhir perawatan kemoterapi. sIgA merupakan hasil dari sistem imun yang ada pada saliva. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva antara anak LLA fase pemeliharaan dengan gingivitis dan anak sehat dengan gingivitis. Metode Penelitian: Saliva diambil dari anak LLA dan anak sehat. selanjutnya kadar sIgA saliva diukur dengan metode ELISA. Hasil: Signifikansi Mann-Whitney menunjukkan besar 0.157 p>0.05 . Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva antara anak LLA fase pemeliharaan dengan gingivitis dan anak sehat dengan gingivitis, namun tidak signifikan.

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Background: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ALL children shows an increasing of immune system in the late phase of chemotherapy. sIgA is a product of immune system in saliva.

Aim: To analyze salivary sIgA difference between ALL children in maintenance phase and healthy children with gingivitis.

Method: Saliva was collected from ALL and healthy children. The salivary sIgA level was then measured with ELISA method.

Results: Mann Whitney significance shows the number 0.157 p 0.05 .

Conclusion There is a difference in salivary sIgA levels among ALL children in the maintenance phase and healthy children with gingivitis, but the difference is not significant."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian tentang injeksi silikon dan komplikasinya, walaupun kasusnya banyak. Patogenesis granuloma silikon masih belum jelas. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan peran sel T dan sitokin, namun belum ada yang meneliti tentang toleransi imun.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik meliputi rancangan potong lintang membandingkan 3 kelompok, yaitu 31 jaringan granuloma dan 31 kulit submental pasien dengan suntikan silikon di dagu (kasus) dan 37 kulit normal (kontrol), terhadap gambaran klinis, histopatologis, dan respons imun melalui ekspresi sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10, enzim IDO, serta sel Treg (CD4+CD25+); Penelitian eksperimental membiakkan darah penuh kasus dan orang normal, pada RPMI, dan RPMI yang distimulasi PHA, dan silikon. Dilanjutkan dengan mengukur kadar sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 dan IDO supernatan biakan darah. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik spesialis JMB, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUNAIR, dan lembaga Eijkman, tahun 2012 - 2014.Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 31 pasien granuloma akibat suntikan silikon di dagu umumnya datang berobat 12,5 tahun setelah penyuntikan, perubahan bentuk dagu terjadi pada tahun ke-4, perubahan warna pada tahun ke-5. Kadar sitokin proinflamasi di supernatan biakan darah lebih tinggi pada pasien granuloma daripada normal. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dengan ekspresi TNF-a di jaringan granuloma. Enzim IDO, Treg, IL-10 di kulit submental berkorelasi bermakna dengan sitokin di granuloma. Sitokin anti inflamasi berperan pada kulit submental. Rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah berkorelasi terbalik dengan ekspresi sel Treg di granuloma, membuktikan fungsi Treg sebagai toleransi imun, bekerja melalui IL-10. Enzim IDO di granuloma berkolerasi bermakna dengan rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah dan Treg kulit submental.Simpulan: Enzim IDO bekerja sama dengan fungsi sel Treg dalam toleransi imun pada granuloma akibat suntikan silikon. TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dan sitokin anti inflamasi di kulit submental dapat dijadikan prediktor untuk menilai respons imun yang terjadi akibat suntikan silikon.;

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ABSTRACTBackground: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.;Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection., Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.]"

"Introduction: Constant exposure to a variety of microorganisms in domestic environment plays an important role in the shaping of individual immune response mechanism, which can affect one's susceptibility to the diseases. The aim of the study to get an understanding how the exposure of microorganisms in the the different area where the people living might give a contribution to the profile and the regulation of the immune respons after stimulated to malaria, vaccine BCG and oxLDL antigents in PBMC and whole blood cultures, and to evaluate the character of T reg as a mediator to suppress the cell proliferation.Methode: It is an in vitro experimental study performed at Laboratorium Terpadu, Faculty of Medicine Univertas Indonesia, Jakarta in 2013 2014. As a model of infectious diseases is used pathogenic antigents such as Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells malaria and bacille calmette gu rin BCG vaccine, and as a modell of inflammatory disease is used non a patonegic antigen, low density lipoprotein LDL . Whole blood cultures is done for 80 blood samples to know how the regulation of immune respons from people living a rural populatin. PBMC cultures is also done to explore macrophages after stimulated to malaria, BCG and LDL. PHA stimulated to the PBMC culture with and without T reg cells to evaluate the character of T reg. T regulatory cells perhaps play the important roles to suppress the immune respons to microorganisms was also done.Results: The profile of the immune respons of the people living in the unslum area is significantly more inflamatif than that in the slum area. The ratio of pro anti inflammation cytokines TNF IL 10 of the people living in the unslum area is significantly higher than that in the slum area. This is marked by increasing of oxLDL accumulationis that is the important point of the low protection to oxLDL of the people living in the unslum area p 0.01 . T regulatory cell may suppress the proliferation in the PBMC culture for the people living in the slum area marked by increasing not only the expression of IL 10 cytokines but also the sum of T regulatory sells p 0.01 significantly.Conclusion: The immune respons of the people living in the unslum area is more inflamatif and responsive to malaria, BCG vaccine and oxLDL. The character of macrophage of the people living in the slum area is marked by the low ratio of pro anti inflammation cytokines TNF IL 10 to malaria, BCG vaccine and oxLDLstimulations. T regulatory cell may suppress the proliferation in the PBMC culture for the people living in the slum."

"Green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) merupakan suatu jenis minuman teh yang banyak dikonsumsi orang dalam kesehariannya. Green tea memiliki khasiat dalam menghambat kerja dari reseptor reseptor - reseptor trombosit khususnya reseptor TxA2 untuk proses aggregasi. Didalam kandungan green tea terdapat komposisi flavonoid sebanyak 300/0 yang ternYata memiliki khasiat. Sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya komp1ikasi, yaitu penyakit pada system kardiovaskularmisalnya MCI, pengentalan pembuluh darah, dan stroke. Peningkatan aktifitas trombosit ini juga dipengaruhi oieh beberapa faktor kebiasaan seseorang> terutama merokok, dapat menyebabkan kompJikasi seperti tersebut diatas. Rokok mengandung nikotin yang dapat meningkatan k.atekolamin didalam darah sehingga dapat meningkatkan lipoJisis dan peningkatan sintesis asam arakidonat sampai ke pembentukkan TxA2 dan sebagai hasii metabolitnya berupa TxB2. Mengetahui peran pemberian ekstrak green tea ( camellia sinensis )terhadap kadar TxB2 urin pada perokok. Duapuluh empal orang laki-laki yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok selama 2 tahun terakhir dengan jumlah konsumsi rokok antara 12- 24 batang tiap harinya.Total jumlah sampel di bagi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok l diberikan perlakuan konsumsi green tea sebanyak 3 x 20 gr tiap harinya seiama 7 hari, dan kefornpok II diberikan plasebo 3 x 2 gr tiap harinya selama 7 hari. Sebelum dan sesudah pemberian green tea dan plasebo sampel di periksa kadar TxB2 dalam urin yang sudah ditampung 24 jam sebeiumnya, pemeriksaan kadar TxB2 dalam urin yang sudah ditampung 24 jam sebelumnya, pemeriksaan kadar TxB2 ini menggunakan tehnik ELISA Green tea (camellia sinensis) yang di berikan kepada kadar TxB2 urin pada perokok.

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Green tea which is commonly consumed by the people has been thought to have the activity to inhibit the thrombocyte receptors particularly TxA2 receptor. The green tea contains 30% of flavoring which may prevent people from cardiovascular diseases such as MCI or stroke. This can be valuable for smokers with increased Tx:A2 due to nicotine-indeuxed catecholamine release in the blood. To examine the effect of green tea extract on thromboxane B2 production in the urine of smokers. Twenty four men of 20- 32 years old who had smoking habit for the last 2 years with average of 12-24 cigarettes every day were divided into two groups; one group was given 20 gram of green tea three times daily for 7 days while another group was given placebo containing green tea essence oil only. The respondents were checked for their levels ofTxB2 in the urine which were collected for 24 hours using ELISA technique before and after the treatment. The green tea treated group receiving the tea extract 3 times daily for 7 days shows a decrease ofTxB2 in the urine as compared to the placebo group (p= 0.028). Green tea (camellia sinensis) decreases the level of urinary TxB2."

"World Health Organization (WHO) menyebutkan penyakit Coronavirus (Covid-19) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens L.) merupakan tanaman obat yang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menghindari radikal bebas dan konstituen fenolik utamanya telah diidentifikasi yaitu asam p-hidroksinamat, asam p-hidroksibenzoat, dan kuersetin. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh suhu, pelarut, dan waktu ekstraksi daun sambung nyawa terhadap kadar senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid, memperoleh besaran interaksi zat aktif esktrak daun sambung nyawa dengan protein yang mempengaruhi sistem imun, serta memperoleh dosis esktrak terbaik pada setiap konsumsinya. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi kinetik dengan memvariasikan pelarut, waktu, dan suhu. Penentuan kadar senyawa dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu untuk senyawa fenolik dan alumunium klorida untuk senyawa flavonoid. Kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid tertinggi diperoleh menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%  pada suhu 40oC selama 30 menit sebesar 0,855 mg GAE/mL dan 0.507 mG QE/mL. Selanjutnya, pada uji in silico memperlihatkan hasil interaksi inhibisi zat aktif daun sambung nyawa (Gallic Acid dan Etil-p-metoksisinamat (EPMS)) terhadap protein target (IL-1, TNF- , dan IL-6) yang mempengaruhi sistem imun. Berdasarkan penelitian molecular docking, didapatkan hasil berupa interaksi inhibisi zat aktif daun sambung nyawa dan obat standar (Imboost) terhadap protein menggunakan program Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2014.09. Bukti interaksi yang didapatkan akan berupa energi ikatan bebas dan kosntanta inhibisi yang kemudian akan digunakan pada pemodelan reaksi enzimatik inhibisi kompeittif. Pada pemodelan ini, didapatkan perkiraan efektivitas daun sambung nyawa pada setiap konsumsinya.

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World Health Organization (WHO) stated that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Longevity spinach leaf (Gynura procumbens L.) is a medicinal plant that has been shown to have high antioxidant activity which has the ability to scavenge free radicals and its main phenolic constituents have been identified, namely p-hydroxynamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quercetin. This study examines the effect of temperature, solvent, and extraction time of longevity spinach leaves on the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, obtaining the magnitude of the interaction of the active substances of longevity spinach leaf extract with proteins that affect the immune system, and obtaining the best dose of protein inhibition. The extraction method used is the kinetic maceration method by varying the solvent, time, and temperature. Determining the levels of compounds was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method for phenolic compounds and chloride chloride for flavonoid compounds. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content was obtained using 96% ethanol solvent at a temperature of 40oC for 30 minutes for 0,855 mg GAE/mL and 0,507 mG QE/mL.  Furthermore, in the in silico test the results of the inhibition of life-sustaining active substances (Gallic Acids and Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate) interacting with target proteins (IL-1, TNF- , dan IL-6) that affect the immune system. Based on molecular docking research, the results obtained the interaction of the active substances of longevity spinach leaf on protein using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2014.09 program. The evidence of the interaction obtained is free energy bond and inhibition constants which will then be used in non-competitive inhibitory enzymatic reactions modeling. In this modeling, we estimate the effectiveness of herbal medicine for each consumption."