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"ABSTRAKThe purpose of this study was to determine the different fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with Conventional and High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement. Samples in this study were 20 non-carious primary maxillary incisors. Samples were divided into 2 groups (10 samples for each group) which were: group I filled with Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and group II filled with High Viscosity. All samples were put in saline solution for 7 days. Each sample was divided into 3 areas in 20 um2 square, making 30 data for every group. The different fluor uptake was observed with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry (EDS) and the results are in graphic. T-test showed significant difference of fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth between Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and High Viscosity Glass lonomer Cement filling (t- 2.36, p-0.025). Fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with High Viscosity Glass lonomer Cement was much more than Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement."

"The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride uptake in enamel of young permanent teeth between Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomer filling. The subject for this study was 21 premolar, and each tooth divided into 2 parts. The first part filled with Glass Ionomer Cement (Fuji IX ART,GC), and the second part filled with Compomer (Dyract, Denstsply), so the samples were 21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry analysis of Glass Ionomer Cement and 21 Energy Dispersive XRay Spectrophotometry analysis of Compomer. Using t-test the fluoride uptake in the enamel of young permanent teeth with Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomer filling was significantly increased(t=3,705 p=0.001). The increasing of fluoride uptake inthe enamel of young permanent teeth with Glass Ionomer Cement filling is more high than Compomer. This study also showed fluoride uptake from Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomer which exhibited in enamel of young permanent teeth was significantly different (t=3,705 p=0.001). Fluoride uptake of Glass Ionomer Cement filling in enamel of immature teeth was much more compare to Compomer."

"The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride content differences in enamel of immature teeth with Glass Ionomer Cement Fuji IX and Ketac Molar filling.The subject for this study was 21 immature premolars teeth, and each tooth divided into 2 parts. The first part filled with Fuji IX (Fuji IX ART, GC) and the second part filled with Ketac Molar (Ketac Molar ART, MI, 3M ESPE), so the samples were 21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry analysis of Fuji IX and 21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry analysis of Ketac molar. The measurement was done to the fluoride content in enamel of immature teeth using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry in percentage.This study using t-test, exhibited differences but no significant from the percentage of delta the fluoride content in enamel of immature teeth with Fuji IX and Ketac Molar filling (t=1,953 p > 0.05)."

"The purpose of this study was to determine whether different durations of conditioner application influenced glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin primary teeth. The conditioner being used was 10% poliacrylic acid. Samples in this study were 40 non-carious primary mandibular incisors. Samples were divided into 4 groups (10 samples each) : group A without conditioner, group B with seconds of conditioner application, group C with 20 seconds of conditioner application, and group D with 30 seconds of conditioner application. penetration of glass ionomer cement was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 2000X magnification. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test showed significant difference between groups. Longer conditioner application resulted in longer glass ionomer penetration in dentin of primary teeth."

"ABSTRAKGigi yang lebih putih sering dianggap lebih menarik dari lebih sehat. Agar lebih putih orang seringkali melakukan pemutihan gigi dengan bahan karbamid peroksida. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi karbamid peroksida 10 % dan stannous fluorida 0,4 % pada kristalit hidroksiapatit dalam email gigi dengan metode difraksi sinar-x. Sebagai pembanding digunakan bahan perendam hidrogen peroksida 10 % dan sebagai kontrol digunakan akuades. Aplikasi bahan perendam dilakukan selama 192 jam, dengan penggantian bahan setiap 8 jam dan perendaman akuades 8 jam di antara waktu penggantian bahan perendam. Perendaman dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dan kelembaban 100%, sesuai kondisi di dalam mulut. Pemeriksaan difraksi sinar-x dilakukan setelah perendarnan 96 dan 192 jam. Selain penghitungan ukuran kristalit, dilakukan juga penghitungan konstanta kisi dan regangan (strain). Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa penggunaan bahan perendam karbamid peroksida, stannous fluorida, kombinasi kedua bahan dan hidrogenperoksida tidak menyebabkan perubahan ukuran kristalit dan konstanta kisi kristal hidroksiapatit email gigi secara bermakna, tetapi mengubah regangan dalam butir kristal secara berarti.Dari pemeriksaan difraksi sinar-x terlihat bahwa kristal hidroksiapatit pada bagian fasial email gigi memiliki preferred orientation pada bidang [002]. Untuk melihat keadaan permukaan sampel dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan mikroskop elektron (SEM) yang menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan pada perrnukaan email gigi akibat perendaman dalam karbamid peroksida, stannous fluorida dan hidrogen peroksida. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh keasaman perendam dilakukan pemeriksaan pH dengan pH-meter digital. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa derajat keasaman (pH) bahan perendam tidak berpengaruh terhadap kerusakan pada email gigi.

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ABSTRACT

Carbamide peroxide has recently been widely used as a vital tooth whitener. The successful result and the simple use of the material have captured the esthetic interest of the dental practitioners. On the other hand, in some cases this bleaching material can cause pulpal sensitivity that can be cured by using stannous fluoride gel.

The purpose of this experiment is to study the influence of 10 % carbamide peroxide and 0,4 % stannous fluoride application on the crystallite of hydroxyapatite in tooth enamel, by using x-ray diffraction method. Hydrogen peroxide solution and aquadest are used as control. The materials are applied for 8 hours in incubator with 37°C dan 100 % humidity, for total 192 hours.Then it can be concluded that carbamide peroxide and stannous fluoride do not influence neither the crystallite size of tooth enamel nor the lattice parameters, but they influence the strain in crystal.

The x-ray diffraction on the facial surface of enamel shows preferred orientation patern at [002]. The application of the carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide materials cause damage on the tooth enamel surfaces that can be detected by scanning electron microscope. In this experiment, the acidity of the materials is detected by digital pH-meter."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak teh hijau dalam pasta gigi terhadap kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi. Spesimen gigi manusia yang telah didemineralisasi menggunakan asam sitrat diaplikasikan larutan pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5-15%. Bagian email gigi diuji dengan alat uji kekerasan Knoop. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kekerasan email setelah diaplikasikan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5%, 10% dan 15% (p<0,05). Namun peningkatan kekerasan ini tidak berbeda bermakna antara tiap konsentrasi ekstrak teh hijau. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5% dalam pasta gigi sudah dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of green tea contained toothpaste to demineralized enamel hardness. Human tooth specimen which has been immersed in citric acid were applied by toothpaste containing green tea extract concentration 5-15% and enamel hardness were tested with Knoop Microhardness Tester. The application of toothpaste containing green tea extract 5%, 10% and 15% can increase the hardness of demineralized enamel (p<0,05). However, the increasing hardness number was not significantly different between green tea extract concentrations. Green tea extract contained toothpaste with concentration 5% can increase the hardness number of demineralized enamel. "

"Menganalisa efek susu dan teh hitam terhadap demineralisasi email gigi. Mahkota 30 gigi premolar dipersiapkan membentuk kubus gigi (6mm3). Permukaan oklusal dibentuk jendela oklusal dengan menggunakan stiker berukuran 3x5mm2 dan seluruh permukaan gigi lainnya dilapisi dengan varnis tahan asam. Sampel dibagi secara acak ke dalam tiga kelompok dan direndam selama 26 menit dalam larutan remineralisasi: Grup A-susu dan teh hitam ; Grup B-susu ; Grup C-akuabides. Setelah 3 hari perendaman dalam larutan demineralisasi dengan pH 4.4, gigi di scan menggunakan micro-CT. Demineralisasi ditunjukkan dengan mean grey value (MGV). MGV dan standar deviasi pada tiap kelompok secara berurutan adalah: 90.78 ± 19.09, 98.14 ± 24.01, 81.10 ± 20.29. MGV antara ketiga kelompok berbeda bermakna (p<0.05), kecuali antara grup A dan B. Aplikasi menggunakan susu saja menunjukkan efek protektif yang lebih tinggi terhadap demineralisasi dibandingkan dengan aplikasi susu dan teh hitam.

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This study is aimed to analyze the effect of milk and tea on demineralization of tooth enamel. The coronal parts of 30 sound premolars were prepared into tooth blocks (6mm3). An unvarnished occlusal surface window was created for each tooth by covering the occlusal surface with a 3x5mm2 sticker and painting other surfaces with an acid-resistant varnish. These blocks were randomly allocated into three groups immersed in remineralizing solutions for 26 minutes, respectively: Group A - milk and tea; Group B - milk ; and Group C - deionezed water. After 3 days immersion in a buffered demineralization solution at pH 4.4, micro-CT scans were taken. Demineralization was represented by the mean grey value (MGV). MGV and the standard deviation for each group respectively is: 90.78 ± 19.09, 98.14 ± 24.01, 81.10 ± 20.29. The MGV between the three groups were statistically significant (p<0.05), except between group A and B. Application using only milk showed higher protective effect against demineralization compared to application using milk and black tea."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penyikatan pada permukaan email terhadap nilai kekasarannya setelah pemaparan gel theobromine 200 mg/L dengan durasi berbeda (8 menit, 16 menit, 32 menit) dan dengan pemaparan gel NaF 2% (16 menit), menggunakan Mitutoyo SJ 301, Jepang. Digunakan 24 spesimen gigi manusia premolar atas yang dibagi dalam empat kelompok. Analisa statistik dengan Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman menunjukkan penurunan nilai kekasaran pada semua spesimen setelah pemaparan gel theobromine dan peningkatan nilai kekasaran kembali setelah penyikatan. Nilai kekasaran kelompok gel theobromine (32 menit) setelah penyikatan masih lebih rendah daripada kekasaran awalnya.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing on enamel surface roughness after different exposure times from 200 mg/L theobromine gel (8 minutes, 16 minutes, 32 minutes) and of 2% NaF gel (16 minutes), using Mitutoyo SJ 301, Japan. Twenty four specimens of human upper premolar teeth were used and divided into four groups. Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman tests showed a decrease in roughness values after theobromine gel exposure in all specimens and an increase in roughness values after brushing. Surface roughness values of theobromine gel exposure (32 minutes) after brushing were lower than initial roughness."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah teh berpengaruh terhadap daya kelarutan email. Besar sampel bubuk email yang akan diteliti adalah 18, dan masing-masing sampel dibuat dari 5 lempeng email gigi premolar yang dicabut untuk keperluan perawatan meratakan gigi. Sebelum dihaluskan lempeng email dipisahkan secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok percobaan T1, T2, T3 dan 3 kelompok kontrol K1, K2, K3. Setiap kelompok ini dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok kecil sebagai sampel yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 lempeng email. Masing-masing sampel direndam 3x/hari 3 menit untuk kelompok T1 dan Kl direndam selama l minggu, kelompok T2 dan K2 direndam selama 2minggu, dan kelompok T3 dan K3 direndam selama 3 minggu.Sampel kelompok percobaan direndam teh, dan sampel kelompok kontrol direndam aquabidestilata Setelah proses perendaman selesai masing-masing sampel dihaluskan, dan diayak dengan kehalusan - 250 mesh, diambil seberat 500 mg, dan dititrasi dengan 100 ml asam asetat 0,01 mol/L pH 4. Bubuk email dari masing-masing sampel yang tidak larut setelah dititrasi disaring dengan kertas saring, dikeringkan dengan oven, dan ditimbang kembali. Data bubuk email yang larut dianalisis secara statistik untuk melihat kelarutan email.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna ( p"