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"Lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that effects the skin and mucous membrane of squamous cell origin. Oral Lichen Planus can occur without the skin lesion and there are six types of the oral lesion, erosive, atrophic, bulla, papular, plaque like and retiqular. This disease can be caused by several factor, among them are antihypertensive drugs and emotional stress. In this case report we present a 43 years old female patient who suffered from several types of oral lichen planus that induced by ramipril, an antihypertensive drug, and emotional stress. There were some progressions after the drug was discontinued but the disease was worsening when emotional stress occured. The severity of the disease can be controlled by the use of topical corticosteroid and multivitamins."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 22-24Lichen planus is relatively common inflamatory disorder which may have cutaneous and/or mucosal manifestation. The maglinant potential of oral lichen planus is still debatable. Some authors are sceptical about the premaglinant nature of the disease, while other investigators have reporterd that maglinant transformation occur in 1-10% of the cases. The aim of this study is to report a case of erosive oral lichen planus which shows maglinant transformation on histopatologic examination. A man of 39 years old visited the Dental Departement of Kariadi's Hospital with pain symptom of palatum, buccal and gingival mucosa both side for 6 months. On the physical examination shows the white lesions with striae configuration and pain, red erosive area inside on the palatum extends to the buccal mucosa and the gingival. The suspect dignose is erosive lichen planus, but the histopathologic examination shows epidermoid carcinoma. lt is concluded that erosive oral lichen planus has the potential to transform into epidermoid carcinoma."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 353-357Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents more than 90% of all oral cancers. Ten percent of the cases are found on the buccal mucosa and the gingiva. The World Health Organization defines a premalignant or precancerous lesion as a morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely occur and includes oral leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia, and possibly oral lichen planus (OLP). The purpose of this study was to discuss the possibility of malignant transformation of OLP. The potency of OLP as a premalignant lesion is still an ongoing controversial discussion in the literature. The report a case of oral squamous cell carcinoma located on the left buccal mucosa accompanied by oral lichenoid lesions on the right buccal mucosa, lower labial mucosa, and left buccal mucosa. These findings led to a possibility of malignant transformation of the oral lichenoid lesions. Unfortunately, biopsy on the lichenoid lesions was not performed. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of OLP could be established and the possibility of the lesions being dysplastic remained unclear. This study concluded that biopsy is mandatory to establish a definitive diagnosis of OLP and to investigate the possibility of dysplasia. It is necessary to perform examination of genetic alterations in dysplastic OLP in order to assess loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which may help to consider the risk of malignant transformation."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan genetik pada p53 menyebabkan imortalisasi dan kecenderungan sel bertransformasi menjadi neoplasma. Imortalisasi ini berhubungan dengan pemeliharaan panjang telomer oleh telomerase. hTERT adalah komponen kunci telomerase yang aktivitasnya ditekan oleh p53.Tujuan: Menganalisis profil protein hTERT pada sel galur KSSRM HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa mulut normal. Metode: Profil protein hTERT dianalisis menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan Gel Doc, Quantity One.Hasil: Protein hTERT diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM mulut tipe HSC 3 dan HSC 4 serta 2 dari 17 sampel protein jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Simpulan: Protein hTERT yang diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM berhubungan dengan kondisi mutan p53. Adanya ekspresi protein hTERT pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal diperkirakan karena adanya sel keratinosit dan infiltrasi sel hematopoietik.

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Backround: Genetic alteration on p53 allows cellular immortalization and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. This immortalization is related to telomere length maintenance by telomerase. hTERT is a key component of telomerase, which activity is suppressed by p53.Objectives: To analyze the hTERT protein profile in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa tissue. Methods: SDS-PAGE and Gel Doc, Quantity One were used for analyzing hTERT protein profile.Results: hTERT protein expressed in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and 2/17 protein samples of normal human oral mucosal tissues.Conclusion: hTERT protein that was expressed by OSCC cell lines is related to their status of mutant p53. The existing of hTERT protein on normal human oral mucosas tissue may be caused by keratinocyte cells and infiltrated hemapoietic cells."

"Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration (RAU) is a type of local inflammation of the oral mucosa with symptomatic soft tissue damage. The prevalence of RAU is about 17-67 %. Dominant factors causing this disease are understood, but there are predicted internal and external factors that cause related immune disorders. RAU is initiated by mucous proteins which continuously stimulate a physiological response required for a pathophysiological reaction. The aim of this study was to characterize specific anomaly proteins in oral mucosa as causing the initiation of RAU. Samples of mucosal proteins from 30 RAU patients were analyzed with sodium dodexylsulphate polyacrylamid gelelectrophorese (SDS-PAGE) and visualized with silver stain (AgNO3) showing proteins with a range of molecular weight 27 - 180 kDa. Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody specific to RAU showed that the specific proteins of RAU have molecular weights of 23, 27, 65, 70 and 87 kDa. The finding of so many proteins appears to be a new phenomenon, suggesting that the initiation of RAU is possibly due to a continuous induction of internal and external reactions by several mucosal proteins, that become anomaly proteins of high reactivity and antigenicity. This situation can cause overreaction on the oral mucosa with specific symptoms that are known as a RAU."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 12-16A case of chronic bullous type mucocutaneus disease involving oral mucosa was reported from a 56 years old man with never healed oral ulcers and wound on the perianal skin for three years. There were also red and black sports on the limb and back skin and a lesion on nail. Painful oral lesion consisted of mucous erosion, desquamative gingivitis, and sloughing area on palate and tongue. The patient is diabetic. The first perianal skin diagnosis was granulomatous candidiasis with differential diagnosis pemphigus vegetans and acuminatum condiloma. However, the histopathologic examination did not support those diagnosis. After several histopathologic examinations, the latest perianal skin diagnosis was lichen planus with differential diagnosis granulomatous vasculitis, bowenoid papulosis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Other skin diagnosis was erythema multiforme. Oral diagnosis was mucous membrane pemphigoid with differential diagnosis lichen planus, Behcet's syndrome and erythema multiforme oral histopathologic examination showed a sub-epithelial blister, which supported mucous membrane pemphigoid. A lip balm, prednisone 5 mg oral rinse and multivitamins were given but oral improvement started after blood sugar level controlled. Conclusion: lt is not yet known whether skin and oral mucous lesions are from the same disease or not."

"Oral mucous inflammation is common in our community. Therefore we need an anti-inflammatory medicine with affordable price, relative low adverse effects, and easily obtained in our environment. Sweet fennel is a plant that widely used in our community as a decorating plant, food flavouring and herbal medicine for various diseases. The affectivity for fennel has not been clinically examined. Therefore we are interested in finding our the affectivity of sweet fennel as an alternative anti-inflammatory. The aim of this research is to examine and compare reaction of both crushed and distilled fennel fruit on inflamed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used and divided into 4 groups, and controls (6 rats). They received hydrogen peroxide 10% applications on vestibulum mucosa for there days to make the inflammation. After that they received crushed and distilled fennel. There days later they were killed and the vestibulum mucosa was excised for microscopic slides. The results show that the crushed the redness of oral mucosa. The conclusion is fennel could reduce an inflammation and there is no difference of healing either by crushed or distilled fennel."

"One of the traditional plants that has been broadly known as the healthand healing plants is Aloe vera. It is often use to treat burns, wounds, abrasions, skin disease, alopecia, and irritation. It is further more used as a hair washed to promote hair growth and as general cosmetics to improve the complexion and to smoothen the skin. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the reaction of fresh Aloe vera and distillate Aloe vera on the inflammed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used in this research and divided into 4 groups; fresh Aloe vera group (4rats), distillate Aloe vera group (4 rats), control group I (3 rats), and control group II (3 rats). All rats in each group received 9x10 minutes application of hydrogen peroxide 10% on their vestibulum mucosa, for 3 days, except rats in control group I received application of aquadest. On the 4th day, all rats in each group received 9x5 minutes with their own group's material for 3 days. The histological examination was done by scoring the density of lymphocytes in the inflammation area. Statistical result shows that there are differences of oral mucosa reactions between distillate Aloe group and fresh Aloe group. Fresh Aloe group shows the decrease of lymphocytes cell higher than distillate Aloe group. Based on this research, it can be concluded that application with fresh Aloe vera can cure oral mucosa inflammation cause by hydrogen peroxide 10% than application with distillate Aloe vera."

"The oral mucosa is the target of a number of infectious processes caused by a range of organism. Viruses is one of the organism which is considered in oral mucosa damage. Recently, the main viruses causing oral mucosal infections are the large herpes group. This article discuss herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus that cause herpetic stomatitis and gherpes zoster with particular attention to the typical oral manifestations current treatment options. Dentists should recognice the clinical appearances of the diseases, so the appropriate therapy can be done."

"Every drug can produce side effect even when used according to standard or recommended methods of administration. Side effect of drugs can involve every organ and system of the body and are frequently mistaken for signs of underlying disease. Similarly, the mouth and associated structures can be affected by many drugs or chemicals. Good oral health including salivary function is very important in maintaining whole body health.Certain drugs can cause change in the oral cavity. Intrinsic discoloration can occur with the tetracyclines and extrinsic stains are associated with certain metal containing liquids. Gingival hyperplasia can occur with some anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and cyclosporin. Xerostomia are produced by antihypertensives, antipsikosis, antihistamin, antikolinergik and many other drugs. Regarding different parts of the oral system, drug side effects can be categorized to oral mucosa and tongue, periodontal tissue, dental structures, salivary glans, cleft lip and palate, muscular and neurological disorders, taste disturbances, and drug-induced oral infection.The knowledge about drug-induced oral side effects helps dentist and to better diagnose oral disease, administer drugs, improve patien compliance during drug therapy, and many influence a more rational use of drugs."