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"Kedelai merupakan komoditi tanaman pangan nomor tiga setelah padi dan jagung. Kedelai merupakan salah satu tanaman penting karena merupakan sumber protein nabati utama yang berguna untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia, ternak dan juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri. Sebagai tanaman nomor tiga setelah padi dan jagung, biji kedelai kandungan protein yang relatif tinggi yaitu sekitar 34,9%. Oleh karena itu kedelai cukup potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber makanan tambahan."

"The study was aimed to determine a proper time of measuring soybean nitrate reductase activities, and to what extend direct and indirect effect of those traits to the soybean yield and its component.The experiment was arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design with three blocks as replications. Six soybean varieties: Burangrang, Wilis, Tanggamus, Cikuray, Mallika, and Gamallika were used. In-vivo nitrate reductase activities were measured at seedling stage (14 dap), when root nodule start to be active (25 dap), maximum growth stage (34 dap), flowering stage (42 dap), and grain filling period (63 dap). Correlation and path analysis was applied to the data collected to determine direct and indirect effect of nitrate reductase activity, growth and yield components to the soybean yield.The results showed that the proper time of measuring nitrate reductase activity was at 42 dap (flowering stage). Large direct effect to grain yield per plant was indicated by seed number per plant, total dry weight, 3-seeded pods per plant and nitrate reductase activity total leaf fresh weight at 42 dap; meanwhile, number of filled pods per plant, number of branch per plant, and number of productive node per plant had a negative direct effect but the indirect effect was larger through seed number. It indicated that the seed number per plant, total dry weight, 3-seeded pods per plant and nitrate reductase activity total leaf fresh weight at 42 dap may be used for soybean yield selection."

"ABSTRAKKedelai adalah salah satu tanaman pangan strategis dan penting di Indonesia. Komoditas ini digunakan untuk bahan pangan, pakan ternak, dan berbagai produk industri. Papua memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan kedelai karena didukung oleh lahan dengan luas mencapai 2,75 juta ha yang tersebar di sentra pengembangan kedelai, yaitu Kabupaten Keerom, Nabire, Jayapura, Merauke, dan Sarmi. Selain lahan yang cukup luas, teknologi budi daya spesifik lokasi juga sudah tersedia untuk dikembangkan di Papua. Pengembangan kedelai di Papua memerlukan dukungan kebijakan pemerintah, baik di tingkat pusat maupun daerah. Kebijakan yang diperlukan antara lain berupa program dan insentif bagi petani kedelai agar mereka berpartisipasi penuh menerapkan teknologi yang telah dihasilkan melalui penelitian. Kebijakan lainnya dalah mendorong BUMN, swasta, dan koperasi untuk mengembangkan agroindustri di Papua. Keterpaduan program pemerintah pusat dan daerah diharapkan dapat mendorong minat petani mengembangkan kedelai sebagai tanaman prioritas. Penyediaan sarana produksi, pengembangan pasar, dan harga yang layak bagi petani mutlak diperlukan untuk menjamin keberlanjutan produksi kedelai di Papua."

"Perubahan iklim menjadi ancaman bagi ketahanan pangan. Perubahan pola curah hujan dan kenaikan suhu dapat menyebabkan kekeringan dan salinisasi tanah yang berdampak pada produktivitas tanaman pangan, seperti kedelai (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Brassinosteroid (BR) diketahui berperan dalam mendorong pertumbuhan tanaman dan merespons cekaman abiotik, seperti cekaman salinitas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dampak pra-perlakuan melalui metode priming brassinosteroid terhadap tanaman kedelai yang diberi cekaman salinitas, terutama pada kedelai varietas Dering 1 yang toleran terhadap kekeringan. Pada penelitian ini, biji kedelai diberi pra-perlakuan priming dengan akuades sebagai kontrol, BR (1 and 5 μM), NaCl (50, 100, dan 200 mM), dan kombinasi BR (1 dan 5 μM) yang diberi NaCl (50, 100, dan 200 mM). Pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tinggi tanaman yang paling baik tampak pada tanaman yang diberi BR 5 μM dan yang paling kerdil yaitu kombinasi 5 μM; NaCl 200 mM. Respons molekuler dinilai berdasarkan ekspresi gen toleran cekaman salinitas GmNAC11 dan GmST1, secara semi-kuantitatif dengan RT-PCR. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pita gen GmNAC11 secara konsisten diekspresikan pada setiap perlakuan dan pengamatan pada 3 interval waktu. Sebaliknya, GmST1 hanya konsisten diekspresikan pada kedelai dengan pra-perlakuan BR 5 μM, NaCl 50 mM, dan kombinasi BR 5 μM; NaCl 200 mM. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi BR 5 μM diduga merupakan konsentrasi yang optimal untuk menginisiasi ekspresi gen toleran cekaman salinitas GmST1 pada kedelai varietas Dering 1.

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Climate change poses a threat to food security. Changes in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures can lead to drought and soil salinization, both of which adversely affect the productivity of staple crops, including soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Brassinosteroids (BRs), that are known to promote plant growth and enhance tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including salinity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of brassinosteroid priming as a pre-treatment on the response of soybean plants to salinity stress, especially soybean variety Dering 1, which is relatively higher to drought stress. In this study, soybean seeds were primed with aquades for control, BR (1 and 5 μM), NaCl (50, 100, and 200 mM), and combinations BR (1 and 5 μM) followed by NaCl (50, 100, and 200 mM). Morphological observation showed that higher plant height was observed in plants treated with BR 5 μM, while the most stunted growth occurred in combinations of BR 5 μM and NaCl 200 mM. Regarding to the molecular response, the expression of salinity tolerance-related genes GmNAC11 and GmST1, was analyzed semi-quantitatively using RT-PCR. The results showed that the GmNAC11 gene was consistently expressed across all treatments and the observation at time points. In contrast, GmST1 was only consistently expressed in the soybean pre-treated with BR 5 μM, NaCl 50 mM, and combination of BR 5 μM and NaCl 200 mM priming. This indicates that the 5 μM concentration may serve as an optimal dose for initiating the expression of the salt-tolerant gene GmST1, which is potentially associated with enhanced salinity tolerance in the Dering 1 soybean variety."

"Salinitas adalah satu dari berbagai masalah pertanian yang cukup serius yang mengakibatkan berkurangnya hasil dan produktivitas pertanian. Salah satu strategi untuk menghadapi tanah salin adalah memilih kultivar tanaman pertanian yang toleran terhadap kadar garam yang tinggi. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menilai persentase perkecambahan dan ketahanan sepuluh galur dan varietas tanaman kedelai (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) terhadap cekaman garam. Perlakuan salinitas dilakukan dengan penambahan NaCl 70, 80, 90, dan 100 mM pada media basal. Berdasarkan beberapa kriteria berupa pengamatan secara visual, persentase perkecambahan, rasio berat basah/berat kering dan persentase kematian tunas apikal dapat disimpulkan galur yang toleran garam adalah Wilis, Malabar dan Sindoro, galur sensitif adalah Lumut, Yellow Biloxy, Si Cinang dan Sriyono, sedangkan yang sedang adalah Genjah Jepang, Lokan, dan Tidar.

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Screening of Soybean Cultivars Glycine max (L.) Merrill under Sodium Chloride Stress Condition. Salinity is one of the most serious and widespread agricultural problems resulting in losses of yield. Generally, as land is more intensively cultivated, the salinity problem becomes more severe. A high concentration of NaCl greatly reduces growth of both the shoot and the root. One strategy available to cope with saline soil is to choose salt-tolerance crops or to select salt-tolerance cultivars within a crop. Experiments were conducted to asses the performance of ten cultivars soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) to salt stress at germination and seedling stages. Salinity treatments were begun by adding 70, 80, 90, and 100 mM NaCl to the basal nutrient solution. According to germination percentage, fresh weight/dry weight ratios, and the percentage of dead apical buds we suggest that Wilis, Malabar and Sindoro were tolerant lines, Genjah Jepang, Lokan, and Tidar were moderate and the sensitive lines were Lumut, Yellow Biloxy, Si Cinang and Sriyono."

"Nanopartikel perak (NPAg) merupakan salah satu nanomaterial yang intensif dikaji dalam bidang nanoteknologi. Nanopartikel perak telah banyak digunakan dalam bidang pertanian karena memiliki efek stimulasi dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman. Selain itu, NPAg juga memiliki sifat toksik karena dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman. Sintesis NPAg secara biologis disebut biosintesis. Metode biosintesis NPAg menjadi alternatif yang memiliki keunggulan, seperti metode lebih sederhana, hemat biaya, ramah lingkungan dan mudah ditingkatkan untuk hasil atau produksi yang tinggi. Metode biosintesis menggunakan agen biologi seperti ekstrak tanaman sebagai pereduksi. Contoh biosintesis NPAg yang telah dikembangkan yaitu menggunakan ekstrak daun bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.). NPAg tersebut perlu dikaji secara luas efeknya pada tanaman, baik efek positif maupun negatif. Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merr) menjadi salah satu tanaman yang menarik untuk diteliti terkait interaksinya dengan NPAg. Kedelai merupakan salah satu tanaman dengan permintaan pasar yang cukup tinggi, tetapi produksinya rendah. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi kedelai yaitu dengan mendorong kemampuan perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian pertama bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi toksisitas NPAg hasil biosintesis ekstrak bisbul serta dampak paparannya terhadap karakteristik biometrik dan fisiologis pada perkecambahan kedelai varietas Anjasmoro. Penelitian ini dirancang dalam lima kelompok perlakuan: kontrol (air), NPAg 20, 40, dan 60 mg/L, serta AgNO₃ 0,01 M. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa paparan NPAg tidak memengaruhi perkecambahan, dengan tingkat perkecambahan lebih dari 95% pada semua perlakuan. Sementara itu, tidak ada benih yang berkecambah pada perlakuan AgNO₃. Secara signifikan, NPAg 20 mg/L meningkatkan indeks vigor benih I dan panjang tunas, sedangkan NPAg 60 mg/L menurunkan panjang akar. Kandungan klorofil a, klorofil b, dan total klorofil secara signifikan meningkat dibandingkan kontrol, dengan peningkatan tertinggi pada konsentrasi 40 mg/L untuk klorofil a dan pada 60 mg/L untuk klorofil b. Penelitian kedua bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh paparan NPAg melalui berbagai metode aplikasi terhadap karakteristik biometrik dan fisiologis pada pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai varietas Anjasmoro. Tujuan lainnya yaitu untuk menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap fenofase perkembangan dan produktivitas tanaman. Penelitian ini dirancang menjadi empat kelompok: kontrol, paparan NPAg 20 mg/L melalui nanopriming, foliar spray, dan kombinasi (nanopriming dan foliar spray). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode kombinasi menyebabkan penurunan signifikan pada beberapa parameter pertumbuhan seperti panjang akar, jumlah bintil akar, bobot segar dan kering, serta jumlah daun, yang sejalan dengan peningkatan akumulasi H₂O₂ dan fenolik akibat stres oksidatif. Di sisi lain, metode foliar spray dan kombinasi memberikan hasil lebih optimal pada fenofase (pembungaan dan pembuahan) dan produktivitas kedelai. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan penting tentang potensi aplikasi NPAg dalam pertanian. Meskipun NPAg dapat meningkatkan perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan tanaman, penggunaannya memerlukan strategi pengelolaan yang cermat untuk memaksimalkan manfaat sekaligus meminimalkan risiko. Pengamatan jangka panjang diperlukan untuk memahami dampak penggunaan NPAg terhadap seluruh siklus hidup tanaman kedelai, termasuk potensi akumulasi residu dalam jaringan tanaman dan pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas hasil panen. Selain itu, disarankan melakukan analisis molekuler dan metabolomik pada tanaman kedelai yang diberi perlakuan NPAg untuk memperoleh data yang lebih komprehensif.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most extensively studied nanomaterials in nanotechnology. They are widely used in agriculture due to their stimulatory effects on plant growth and productivity. However, AgNPs also possess toxic properties that can inhibit plant growth. The biological synthesis (biosynthesis), offers advantages such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendly, and scalability for high production. Biosynthesis uses biological agents, such as plant extracts, as reducing agents. For example, biosynthesis using bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) leaf extract, which has shown potential but requires extensive evaluation of its effects on plants, both positive and negative. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), a crop with high market demand but low productivity, is of particular interest for studying AgNPs interactions. Enhancing seed germination and plant growth is one strategy to improve soybean productivity, and this can be achieved by using biosynthesized AgNPs. The first study aimed to analyze the toxicity potential of AgNPs synthesized using bisbul extract and their effects on the biometric and physiological characteristics of soybean germination. The experiment consisted of five treatment groups: control (water), AgNPs at 20, 40, and 60 mg/L, and 0.01 M AgNO₃. The results indicated that AgNPs exposure did not affect germination, as all treatments achieved germination rates above 95%, except for the AgNO₃ group where no seeds germinated. AgNPs at 20 mg/L significantly increased seed vigor index I and shoot length, while AgNPs at 60 mg/L reduced root length. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents increased significantly compared to the control, with the highest increases observed at 40 mg/L for chlorophyll a and 60 mg/L for chlorophyll b. The second study aimed to evaluate the effects of AgNPs exposure through different application methods on the biometric and physiological characteristics of soybean growth, reproductive phenophase, and productivity. Four treatment groups were designed: control, 20 mg/L AgNPs exposure via nanopriming, foliar spray, and a combination of nanopriming and foliar spray. The results showed that the combination method significantly reduced several growth parameters, including root length, nodule number, fresh and dry weights, and leaf number, corresponding to increased H₂O₂ and phenolic accumulation due to oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the foliar spray and a combination method gave more optimal results on phenophases (flowering and fruiting) and soybean productivity. This study provides important insights into the potential application of AgNPs in agriculture. Although AgNPs can enhance plant germination and growth, their use requires careful management strategies to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Long-term studies are needed to understand the effects of AgNPs application throughout the soybean life cycle, including potential residue accumulation in plant tissues and effects on crop quality. In addition, molecular and metabolomic analyses of AgNPs-treated soybeans are recommended to provide more comprehensive data."

"Soil fungi occurred in the rhizosphere in many cultivated crops and wild grasses in the sandy soil were effective in enhancing the growth promoting of plant. A field experiment to study the effect of soil fungi from sandy soil as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). The experiment was conducted in Clinical Laboratory of Plant Pathology and glass house Faculty of Agriculture Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta. The sandy soil was located in Samas and Bugel Yogyakarta. The treatment was conducted in Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with 5 replications. Among 33 rhizosphere fungi tested, 26 fungal isolates were hypovirulent isolate and showed the ability as PGPF i.e. Trichoderma spp. (SB32 , CB32, SB33, CB33 and CB21). They enchanced significantly the height and dry biomass of plants compare with control."

"Soybean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella treitschke) is an reported from all of soybean planting areas in Indonesia. Besides E. zinckenella, there are four others pod borer species identified in Indonesia, namely E hobsoni Butler, E.chrsoporella Meurick, E. grisea drososcia Meyrick stat n and E behrii zeller E zinckenella is wedely causing severa damage to soybean areas...."

"The growth and development of predatory beetle Chilocorus politus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on scale insect Coccus viridis Green (Homoptera: Coccidae) was studied in the Biological Control Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, from August 2004 until March 2005. Eggs of C. politus were collected from the predator generation that formerly feeding on coconut-palm scale-insect (Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Homoptera: Diaspididae)). Upon hatching, the newly first instars of the predator were then cultured on alive C. viridis that were collected from shoots and leaves of coffee. The larvae were allowed to grow and develop into adults"