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"The oral mucosa is the target of a number of infectious processes caused by a range of organism. Viruses is one of the organism which is considered in oral mucosa damage. Recently, the main viruses causing oral mucosal infections are the large herpes group. This article discuss herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus that cause herpetic stomatitis and gherpes zoster with particular attention to the typical oral manifestations current treatment options. Dentists should recognice the clinical appearances of the diseases, so the appropriate therapy can be done."

"An ulcer is an area of discontinuity of an epithelial surface. Ulceration is the commonest oral soft tissue disorders and vary greatly in term of etiology signs and symptoms, prognosis and treatment. Abnormalities of immune system can cause oral mucosal ulceration. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of some of the more common oral ulcer associated with immunologic disorders. Because the natural history and treatment varies with the diagnosis, the practitioner should became familiar with the clinical aspects of the various type of ulcerations so that appropriate treatment can be instituted."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan genetik pada p53 menyebabkan imortalisasi dan kecenderungan sel bertransformasi menjadi neoplasma. Imortalisasi ini berhubungan dengan pemeliharaan panjang telomer oleh telomerase. hTERT adalah komponen kunci telomerase yang aktivitasnya ditekan oleh p53.Tujuan: Menganalisis profil protein hTERT pada sel galur KSSRM HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa mulut normal. Metode: Profil protein hTERT dianalisis menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan Gel Doc, Quantity One.Hasil: Protein hTERT diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM mulut tipe HSC 3 dan HSC 4 serta 2 dari 17 sampel protein jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Simpulan: Protein hTERT yang diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM berhubungan dengan kondisi mutan p53. Adanya ekspresi protein hTERT pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal diperkirakan karena adanya sel keratinosit dan infiltrasi sel hematopoietik.

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Backround: Genetic alteration on p53 allows cellular immortalization and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. This immortalization is related to telomere length maintenance by telomerase. hTERT is a key component of telomerase, which activity is suppressed by p53.Objectives: To analyze the hTERT protein profile in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa tissue. Methods: SDS-PAGE and Gel Doc, Quantity One were used for analyzing hTERT protein profile.Results: hTERT protein expressed in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and 2/17 protein samples of normal human oral mucosal tissues.Conclusion: hTERT protein that was expressed by OSCC cell lines is related to their status of mutant p53. The existing of hTERT protein on normal human oral mucosas tissue may be caused by keratinocyte cells and infiltrated hemapoietic cells."

"The condition of oral cavity in HIV positive patients - AIDS who are treated in the ward of Atma Jaya Hospital, is no different with the result of studies of surveys in several countries. In patients with undetected HIV, candidiasis, gingivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma is often found in the oral cavity. These opportunistic infections have clinical symptoms that should be recognized by every fellow dentist, so that appropriate steps could be taken along with the anticipations, considering many HIV positive patients are not detected."

"One of the traditional plants that has been broadly known as the healthand healing plants is Aloe vera. It is often use to treat burns, wounds, abrasions, skin disease, alopecia, and irritation. It is further more used as a hair washed to promote hair growth and as general cosmetics to improve the complexion and to smoothen the skin. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the reaction of fresh Aloe vera and distillate Aloe vera on the inflammed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used in this research and divided into 4 groups; fresh Aloe vera group (4rats), distillate Aloe vera group (4 rats), control group I (3 rats), and control group II (3 rats). All rats in each group received 9x10 minutes application of hydrogen peroxide 10% on their vestibulum mucosa, for 3 days, except rats in control group I received application of aquadest. On the 4th day, all rats in each group received 9x5 minutes with their own group's material for 3 days. The histological examination was done by scoring the density of lymphocytes in the inflammation area. Statistical result shows that there are differences of oral mucosa reactions between distillate Aloe group and fresh Aloe group. Fresh Aloe group shows the decrease of lymphocytes cell higher than distillate Aloe group. Based on this research, it can be concluded that application with fresh Aloe vera can cure oral mucosa inflammation cause by hydrogen peroxide 10% than application with distillate Aloe vera."

"Every drug can produce side effect even when used according to standard or recommended methods of administration. Side effect of drugs can involve every organ and system of the body and are frequently mistaken for signs of underlying disease. Similarly, the mouth and associated structures can be affected by many drugs or chemicals. Good oral health including salivary function is very important in maintaining whole body health.Certain drugs can cause change in the oral cavity. Intrinsic discoloration can occur with the tetracyclines and extrinsic stains are associated with certain metal containing liquids. Gingival hyperplasia can occur with some anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and cyclosporin. Xerostomia are produced by antihypertensives, antipsikosis, antihistamin, antikolinergik and many other drugs. Regarding different parts of the oral system, drug side effects can be categorized to oral mucosa and tongue, periodontal tissue, dental structures, salivary glans, cleft lip and palate, muscular and neurological disorders, taste disturbances, and drug-induced oral infection.The knowledge about drug-induced oral side effects helps dentist and to better diagnose oral disease, administer drugs, improve patien compliance during drug therapy, and many influence a more rational use of drugs."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 435-438Heat Shock Protein (HSP) is a molecular chaperone that prevents stress induced aggregation of partially denatured proteins and promotes their return to native confimations when the condition is favorable. Asmolecular chaperones, the HSP protect protein structure and activity, thereby preventing disease, but they may contribute to cell malfunction if they are perturbed. In inracellular quantities and cellular localizalion of HSP was changed in response to anoxia/hypoxia, heat and oxidation, and in relation to pathological status. This review discuses the role of HSP in several human medical condition particularly in oral mucosa."

"Behçet’s Disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral-genital ulcers, ocular inflammation and frequently involves the joints, skin, central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. We reported a case of severe BD in 30 years old male patient with oral-genital ulcerations and ocular involvement. He had suffered from the disease since twelve years ago and ocular involvement has lead to blindness of the right eye. Eye drop treatment for eight years, was suspected to cause lichenoid lesion on the buccal mucosa. Management of this patient included the application of topicalsteroid, 1 % povidone iodine and oral hygiene promotion. We concluded that disease condition, poor oral hygiene, disability and less compliance of the patient could slowed the acceleration of lesions healing. Elimination local exacerbating factors and a good coordination between dentist-patient and among medical team work are required to achieve the optimal recovery and to minimize complication of its treatment in the oral cavity."

"Oral mucous inflammation is common in our community. Therefore we need an anti-inflammatory medicine with affordable price, relative low adverse effects, and easily obtained in our environment. Sweet fennel is a plant that widely used in our community as a decorating plant, food flavouring and herbal medicine for various diseases. The affectivity for fennel has not been clinically examined. Therefore we are interested in finding our the affectivity of sweet fennel as an alternative anti-inflammatory. The aim of this research is to examine and compare reaction of both crushed and distilled fennel fruit on inflamed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used and divided into 4 groups, and controls (6 rats). They received hydrogen peroxide 10% applications on vestibulum mucosa for there days to make the inflammation. After that they received crushed and distilled fennel. There days later they were killed and the vestibulum mucosa was excised for microscopic slides. The results show that the crushed the redness of oral mucosa. The conclusion is fennel could reduce an inflammation and there is no difference of healing either by crushed or distilled fennel."

"ABSTRAKEfek samping gastroduodenal sering terjadi pada pengunaan aspirin jangka panjang, bahkan pada dosis yang sangat rendah (10 mg/hari). Saat ini angka kejadian kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal akibat penggunaan aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang di Indonesia belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan gambaran endoskopi kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal pada pengguna aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang pada pasien yang berobat di RSCM, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada pasien poliklinik dan ruang perawatan RSCM usia ≥ 18 tahun yang mengkonsumsi aspirin dosis rendah (75-325 mg) lebih dari 28 hari. Didapatkan 95 subjek penelitian melalui metode konsekutif dalam periode Desember 2015 ? April 2016. Temuan endoskopi berupa erosi mukosa dan ulkus peptikum dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok kerusakan mukosa. Hasil: Kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal ditemukan pada pada 49 subjek (51,6% (95% IK 41,6-61,7%)), dengan gambaran erosi mukosa pada 38 subjek (40% (95% IK 30,2-49,9%)) dan ulkus peptikum pada 11 subjek (11,6% (95% IK 5,2-18,0%)). Hanya 44,9% pasien dengan kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal memiliki keluhan dispepsia. Kombinasi antitrombotik meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kerusakan mukosa (OR 3,3 (95% IK 1,3 ? 8,5)). Sedangkan penggunaan obat golongan proton pump inhibitors (PPI) menurunkan risiko (OR 0,2 (95% IK 0,04 ? 0,60)). Kesimpulan: Kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal terjadi pada lebih dari separuh pasien yang menggunakan aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang. Kombinasi aintitrombotik meningkatkan risiko kerusakan mukosa. Sedangkan penggunaan PPI efektif dalam menurunkan risiko tersebut.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Long-term aspirin therapy can induces gastroduodenal mucosal injury, even in a very low dose (10 mg daily). The frequency of gastroduodenal injuries among long-term low-dose aspirin users in Indonesia is currently unknown.Aim: To determine the gastroduodenal mucosal injury prevalence, endoscopic findings, and influencing factors among long-term low-dose aspirin users in RSCM. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Subjects were ≥ 18 years old patients that have been using low-dose aspirin (75-325 mg) for at least the preceding 28 days. Ninety five subjects were recruited consecutively in the period of December 2015 ? April 2016. Endoscopic findings such as erosions and ulcers were assessed as mucosal injuries. Results: Mucosal injury was found in 49 subjects [51.6% (95% CI 41.6?61.7%)]; mucosal erosion in 38 subjects [40% (95% CI 30.2?49.9%)] and ulcers in 11 subjects [11.6% (95% CI 5.2?18.0%)]. Only 44.9% patients with mucosal injury had dyspepsia symptoms. Double antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of mucosal injury [OR 3.3 (95% CI 1.3?8.5)]. However, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) decreases the risk [OR 0,2 (95% IK 0,04 ? 0,60)]. Conclusions: Gastroduodenal mucosal injury was found in more than half of long-term low-dose aspirin users. Double antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of mucosal injury, while PPI effectively reduced the risk.;"