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"Pusuk Buhit adalah salah satu lapangan di Indonesia dengan potensi geotermal, dibuktikan oleh keberadaan fumarole, hot spring, dan cold spring. Penelitian bertujuan membangun model konseptual yang menggambarkan komponen-komponen sistem geotermal fokus wilayah penelitian yang belum ada sebelumnya, menggunakan data primer geofisika dan data sekunder geologi dan geokimia. Inversi 3-dimensi magnetotellurik mampu menggambarkan komponen sistem geotermal dari variasi resistivitas. Claycap memiliki resistivitas 0-16 Ωm, reservoir 16-80 Ωm, dan basement 80-300 Ωm, dengan pola updoming di antara basement diduga sebagai sumber panas. Model gravitasi 2-dimensi digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi jalur fluida ke zona reservoir dan nilai densitas dari komponen sistem geotermal, dengan lapisan piroklastik densitas 1.92 gr/cc, batuan gamping 2.3-2.4 gr/cc, dan batuan dasar metamorf 2.7 gr/cc, yang menunjukkan korelasi dengan model magnetotellurik. Kedua metode didukung data geologi yang menunjukkan korelasi antara struktur dengan manifestasi permukaan, serta data geokimia yang menunjukkan fluida reservoir bertipe bikarbonat, suhu di reservoir 240-270°C, dan pergerakan fluida lateral ke arah manifestasi air, serta upflow menuju fumarole. Integrasi data menunjukkan area prospek geotermal berada di bawah lapisan batuan teralterasi konduktif di antara struktur graben wilayah penelitian.

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Pusuk Buhit is one of the fields in Indonesia with geothermal potential, evidenced by the presence of fumaroles, hot springs, and cold springs. The research aims to build a conceptual model depicting the components of the geothermal system in the focus area, which has not been previously studied, using primary geophysical data and secondary geological and geochemical data. The 3-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion can illustrate the geothermal system components based on resistivity variations. The clay cap has a resistivity of 0-16 Ωm, the reservoir 16-80 Ωm, and the basement 80-300 Ωm, with an updoming pattern within the basement suspected to be the heat source. A 2- dimensional gravity model is used to confirm fluid pathways to the reservoir zone and the density values of the geothermal system components, with pyroclastic layers having a density of 1.92 gr/cc, limestone 2.3-2.4 gr/cc, and metamorphic basement rocks 2.7 gr/cc, which show correlation with the magnetotelluric model. Both methods are supported by geological data showing a correlation between structures and surface manifestations, as well as geochemical data indicating bicarbonate-type reservoir fluids, reservoir temperatures of 240-270°C, lateral fluid movement towards water manifestations, and upflow towards fumaroles. Data integration indicates that the geothermal prospect area is located beneath the conductive altered rock layer within the graben structures of the study area."

"The study area has been subjected to intense fracturing or brittle deformation resulting in five main trends of lineaments and faults, i.e. (1) the Group A (the Perantanaan Fault Group) with a mean of direction N95°E/ N275°E, (2) the Group B (the Gorontalo Fault Group) with a mean of direction N125°E/ N305°E, (3) the Group C (the Paleleh Fault Group) with a mean of direction 165°E /N335°E, (4) the Group D (the Randangan Fault Group) with a mean of direction N25°E/ N205°E and (5) the Group E (the Kuandang Fault Group) having a mean of trend of N55°E/ N235°E. The complexity of structural pattern in the study area has been interpreted to be due to stress system evolution during Neogene - Pleistocene. The changing stress system orientation has reactivated the preexisting faults of the five groups with different sense of movements from the older deformation.The nearly E-W trending lineaments of Group A or the Perantanaan Fault Group coincide with trend of the long axis of ridges and valleys or depression areas which are covered by volcanic rocks, lake deposits, and alluvium of Quaternary age. This group of structures was presumably developed as reverse or thrust faults during Late Neogene which later on to have beem reactivated as normal faults due to extensional tectonics of the North Sulawesi area during Plesitocene."

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Cekungan Ardjuna merupakan cekungan hidrokarbon busur belakang yang sudah matang. Cekungan tersebut mampu berproduksi dan menyimpan resources migas yang belum dapat terpetakan dengan baik. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian dari integrasi metode sikuen stratigrafi, inversi seismik, dan evaluasi petrofisika untuk memprediksi potensi hidrokarbon secara lebih rinci dan lebih akurat. Integrasi ini mampu menghasilkan informasi pada struktur contingent mulai dari Play konsep, sistem petroleum, dan property dari karakteristik reservoir, hingga pemetaan kawasan prospect serta evaluasi resiko temuan eksplorasi. Pemahaman karakteristik internal seismik membantu penarikan marker sikuen seismik stratigrafi dalam penampang seismik. Inversi seismik dapat membantu dalam determinasi penyebaran lithofasies, porositas, fluida di penampang seismik. Peta distribusi inversi seismik overlay dengan peta struktur kedalaman reservoir memberikan parameter luasan perangkap untuk reservoir target yang berada pada sistem pengendapan pasang surut. Evaluasi petrofisika dapat membantu memberikan property porositas, netpay thickness, saturasi fluida air, minyak dan gas. Sumberdaya contingent resources ditemukan pada zona target sebesar 5,92 MMBOE (P10 OOIP) dan 10,56 BCF (P10 OGIP). Sumberdaya Prospective Resources sebesar 12,25 MMBOE (P10 OOIP) dan 22.12 BCF (P10 OGIP).

 

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The Ardjuna Basin is a mature back arc hydrocarbon basin. The basin is capable of producing and storing oil and gas resources that cannot be properly mapped. Therefore it is necessary to do a study of the integration of the stratigraphic sequence method, seismic inversion, and petrophysical evaluation to predict hydrocarbon potential in more detail and more accurately. This integration is able to produce information on contingent structures ranging from Play concepts, petroleum systems, and properties from reservoir characteristics, to prospect area mapping and evaluation of risk of exploration findings. Understanding of seismic internal characteristics helps draw stratigraphic sequential seismic markers in seismic cross sections. Seismic inversions can help in the determination of the spread of lithofasies, porosity, fluid in seismic sections. The overlay seismic inversion distribution map with a map of reservoir depth structure provides trapping area parameters for the target reservoir located in the tidal deposition system. Petrophysical evaluation can help provide porosity properties, netpay thickness, water, oil and gas fluid saturation. Contingent resources were found in the target zone of 5,92 MMBOE (P10 OOIP) and 10,56 BCF (P10 OGIP). Prospective Resources are 12,25 MMBOE (P10 OOIP) and 22,12 BCF (P10 OGIP).

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"Lapangan 'X' adalah salah satu lapangan penghasil minyak di Cekungan Sumatera Tengah. Cekungan Sumatera Tengah merupakan salah satu cekungan sedimen penghasil minyak terbesar di Indonesia. Lapangan 'X' adalah area dengan Formasi Bekasap onlaping ke Tinggian Basement. Fitur onlapping berpotensi untuk perangkap stratigrafi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi perangkap stratigrafi, distribusi reservoir batu pasir, tipe fasies, dan lingkungan pengendapan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data seismik 3D, log sumur, dan data inti batuan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis elektrofasies berdasarkan log sumur, atribut seismik, dan model geologi konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada potensi perangkap stratigrafi dalam bentuk perangkap intra-formasi dan regional. Jebakan intra-formasi dibentuk oleh perselingan batupasir dan litologi serpih secara vertikal dan perubahan fasies lateral, sedangkan jebakan regional dibentuk oleh lapisan serpih Formasi Telisa dan Formasi Bekasap dengan onlap di Tinggian Basement. Berdasarkan inversi AI, dekomposisi spektral 20 Hz, atribut envelope, dan atribut rms amplitudo  menunjukkan distribusi reservoir batupasir A Formasi Bekasap berarah Timurlaut - Baratdaya pada zona onlapping ke Tinggian Basement. Berdasarkan integrasi analisis data batuan inti, elektrofasies, inversi AI, dekomposisi spektral 20 Hz, dan atribut rms amplitudo lingkungan pengendapan reservoir diinterpretasikan sebagai wave dominated delta yang terdiri dari empat fasies: upper shoreface, lower shoreface, distributary channel, dan offshore.

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The 'X' field is an oil-producing field in the Central Sumatera Basin. Central Sumatera Basin is one of the largest oil-producing sedimentary basin in Indonesia. The field is an area in the form of onlaping Bekasap Formation to the Basement High. The onlapping feature has potential for stratigraphic traps. This study aims to identify the potential stratigraphic traps, the distribution of sandstone reservoirs, facies types and the depositional environments. The data used in the study are 3D seismic data, well log, and core data. The research methods used including the analysis of electrofacies based on well log, seismic attributes, and conceptual geology model. The research shows that there is a stratigraphic trap in the form of intra-formation and regional traps. Intra-formation traps were formed vertically by the intersection of sandstone and shale lithologies and lateral facies changes, whereas the regional traps are formed by the shale layer of Telisa Formation and Bekasap Formation with onlapping on the Basement High. Based on AI inversion, spectral-decomposition 20 Hz, envelope, and rms amplitude attributes show the distribution sandstone reservoir A of Bekasap Formation is Northeast - Southwest on onlaping zone to the Basement High. Based on integrated of core data, electrofacies, AI inversion, spectral-decomposition 20 Hz and rms amplitude attributes, the depositional environment of reservoir is interpretated as wave dominated delta which is of four facies: upper shoreface, lower shoreface, distributary channel, and offshore facies."

"This comprehensive textbook presents an overview of petroleum geoscience for geologists active in the petroleum industry, while also offering a useful guide for students interested in environmental geology, engineering geology and other aspects of sedimentary geology. In this second edition, new chapters have been added and others expanded, covering geophysical methods in general and electromagnetic exploration methods in particular, as well as reservoir modeling and production, unconventional resources and practical petroleum exploration."

"Lapangan SP merupakan lapangan eksplorasi yang terletak di Cekungan Arjuna. Berdasarkan data sumur FD-01 pada Main Formation ditemukan keberadaan hidrokarbon. Data Drill Steam Test pada Top B-28B dan Top B-29A menunjukan keberadaan hidrokarbon gas. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan karakterisasi reservoar pada zona target tersebut dengan menggunakan metode Impedansi Akustik (IA), AVO, dan Lambda Mu Rho. Tahapan pengolahan data pada penelitian ini yaitu melakukan inversi IA, dilanjutkan analisa respon AVO dan Lambda Mu Rho. Hasil inversi IA mampu memisahkan lapisan reservoar sandstone dan non reservoar shale. Nilai IA yang di golongkan sebagi reservoar sandstone B-28B dan B-29A terletak pada rentang nilai 10.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) - 12.500 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Sedangkan yang non reservoar memiliki nilai IA antara 13.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) - 15.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Nilai IA sandstone lebih rendah dibanding shale secara geologi mengidikasikan reservoar sandstone tersebut bersifat unconsolidated. Berdasarkan delineasi sebaran impedansi akustik, sandstone B-28B dan B29-A pada arah timur - barat menipis kearah cekungan di sebelah barat, dan pada arah utara - selatan sandstone menipis ke arah cekungan di sebelah selatan. Analisa respon AVO pada data gather menunjukan AVO kelas IV, yang berasosiasi dengan low impedace contrast yang sesuai dengan hasil inversi Impedansi Akustik. Respon AVO kelas IV secara geologi berasosiasi dengan lapisan unconsolidated sandstone dengan penutup shale di atasnya. Lambda Mu Rho dapat mendelineasi keberadaan reservoar sandstone yang berisi gas. Nilai Mu Rho yang di interpretasi sebagi sandstone B28-B dan B-29A memiliki nilai 0,75 (GPa)(gr/cc) - 1,40 (GPa)(gr/cc). Sandstone B-28B dan B-29A memiliki nilai Lambda Rho antara 1 (GPa)(gr/cc) - 5,8 (GPa)(gr/cc). Berdasarkan delineasi Lambda Rho dan Mu Rho, sumber pengendapan sandstone B-28B dan B-29A pada cekungan arjuna berasal dari arah utara dan timur. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bisa menjadi masukan dalam penentuan titik pengeboran sumur eksplorasi yang baru. Secara geologi dan hasil dari Lambda Mu Rho sebaiknya diletakan pada pada lintasan SP02 CDP 1005050. Dimana titik tersebut terletak pada puncak antiklin dan memiliki nilai Lambda Rho rendah yang berasosiasi dengan gas.

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SP exploration field, which is located at Arjuna Basin, shows hydrocarbon potential in Main formation based on well data FD-01. Drill Steam Test data at Top B-28B and Top B-29A shows any gas hydrocarbon. Therefore, reservoir characterization in target zone is needed using several method such as Acoustic Impedance (AI), AVO, and Lambda Mu Rho. This research has been divided into three domain step: AI inversion, AVO responses analysis, and Lambda Mu Rho.

The result from AI inversion can separate lithology between sandstone reservoir and shale non reservoir. AI value from sandstone reservoir B-28B and B-29A in range 10000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) – 12500(ft/s)(gr/cc) and non reservoir has AI value in range 13000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) – 15000 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Giologically, AI value of sandstone is lower than shale which indicating sandstone reservoar has unconsolidated properties. Based on deliniation of AI distribution, B-28B and B-29A sandstone at East - West direction decrease toward to west basin, and sandstone at North - South direction decrease toward to south basin.

AVO response analysis on gather data shows class IV AVO, this response associated with low impedance contrast related to AI inversion result. Geologically, Fourth class of AVO response associates between unconsolidated sandstone layer overlaid with shale caprock on top. Lambda Mu Rho result can delineate any gas bearing sand. Sandstone reservoir B-28B and B-29A has Mu Rho value in range 0.75 (Gpa)(gr/cc) – 1.40 (Gpa)(gr/cc) and Lambda Rho in range 1 (Gpa)(gr/cc) - 5.8 (Gpa)(gr/cc). According to Lambda Rho and Mu Rho delineation, depositional source of sandstone B-28B and B29-A are from north and east Arjuna Basin.

Results from this research can be used as a guidance to locate a new wellbore exploration. From geological and Lambha Mu Rho results, the wellbore should be put on line SP02 CDP 1005050, where this area is located at top of anticline and has a low Lambdha Rho value which is associated with gas potential."