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"Cage aquaculture has main income of most Sungai Alang villagers who live along side the Riam Kanan River. Cage aquaculture is intensive fish farming systems with artificial feeding. The uneaten feed and excretion from cage aquaculture will affect the feasibility of water quality for cultivated fish. To evaluate the impact of the cage aquaculture, the study has been done on water quality profile around aquaculture activities in the Sungai Alang village. Water sampling locations set by purposive sampling: one site on the upstream (~c50 m from the fish cage), two site in the cage aquaculture area and one site at down stream (~c 50 m from the fish cage). Water sampling and measurement of water quality include: temperature, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, total �P, NH3-N, NO3-N was held from May 15, 2011 till September 4, 2011 with 15 days interval of observation. Cage aquaculture activities on Riam Kanan River which conducted by Sungai Alang society has caused the decreased levels of DO in the downstream and cage aquaculture area. At the level of technology and scale that are developed today, cage aquaculture activities still has not shown a critical level in water quality."

"Waduk resapan Universitas Indonesia (UI) telah dibangun sejak 5 tahun yang lalu. Namun kegiatan monitoring dan evaluasinya sangatminim dilakukan. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui laju resapan, dan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi kuantitas dan kualitas air waduk resapan selama musim kemarau dan penghujan. Pengukuran kedalaman muka air, intensitas curah hujan dan penguapan dilakukan untuk menentukan ketersediaan air, laju resapan, dan imbangan air waduk. Sejumlah air permukaan diambil dari waduk resapan dan sungai di tiga titik sampling untuk mengetahui kondisi kualitas air eksisting. Hasil studi menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara laju resapan musim kemarau (3,2 mm/hari) dan musim penghujan (6,1 mm/hari). Imbangan air waduk resapan menunjukkan nilai yang berlimpah. Berbagai parameter fisik dan kimia air (kekeruhan, warna, TDS, pH, dan Cl) mempunyai konsentrasi di bawah standarbaku mutu. Temuan dari studi ini antara lain bahwa air permukaan waduk masih layak untuk diimbuhkan ke dalam lapisaquifer sehingga mendukung keberlanjutan gerakan konservasi air, dan ketersediaannya sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber air baku tambahan bagi kebutuhan air domestik di lingkungan Kampus UI Depok.

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AbstractThe UI recharge pond has been constructed 5 years ago. However, monitoring and evaluation activities on its performances are very lack. Aims of this study are to understand the recharge rate, and to evaluate existing quantity and water quality of the pond during dry and rainy season. Measurement of water depth, rainfall intensity, and evaporation is conducted to determine water availability, recharge rate, and water balance of the recharge pond. Amount of surfacewater is collected from recharge pond and river at three sampling point to determine existing water quality of the pond. The results showed that recharge rate of the pond between dry season (3.2 mm/day) and wet season (6.1 mm/day) are considered as insignificant different. The water balance of the recharge pond shows an excessive rate. Various physics and chemical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS, pH, and Cl) are found to have concentration lower than the waterquality standard. The results suggest that the pond surface wateris remain suitable to be recharged into aquifer zone so that sustaining ground water conservation campaign, and it is potential to be utilized as an additional raw water source for domestic water demand of UI Campus Depok. "

" The fish cage farming in Sungai Alang, Village, Riam Kanan River has been increasing and the excess numbers of cage per unit area and improper management of the cage replacement have decreased the river water quality. The study was conducted to calculate the carrying capacity of the river to support the cage fisheries based on the Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP) loadings into the waters as well as the dissolved oxygen (DO) availability. The study was done by determining the organic waste load of two cages group where each consisted three units: A) Control cages (stocking rate: 50 fish m-2), and B) Public cages (stocking rate: 114 fish m-2). Cages sixe was 2.50 x 1.75 x 1.00 m3 unit-1, the fish studied was Cyprinus carpio (fry size 5-7 cm) and the observation was 16 weeks. Waste load per unit cage in groups A and B respectively for organic matter were 18.7 g day-1 and 200.1 g day-1, the levels of TN were 1.94 g day-1 and 11.35 g day-1, and the levels of TP 0.035 g day -1 and 0.207g day-1. The carrying capacity per 100 m length of river for group A was 60-65 cages unit and group B was 16-18 cages unit."

"Peningkatan aktivitas industri kayu lapis, dermaga, dokapal, pertanian, permukiman penduduk, transportasi, dan lain-lainnya, selain memberikan dampak positif sebagai tempat pendapatan ekonomi masyarakat,juga memberikan indikasi adanya dampak negative,yaitu seperti berupa limbah cair dan padat (baik organik maupun non organik). Limbah cair seperti minyak hasil pembuangan dari kapal baik yang berlabuh maupun yang melakukan pengedokan kapal, begitu juga limbah cair dan padat yang berasal dari industri kayu lapis, permukiman rumah tangga , dan lain-lainnya.Di sisi lain, lingkungan wilayah sungai Somber bagian hilir,muara sungai hingga ke pesisir memiliki keanekaragaman hayati seperti ,ekosistem hutan mangrove dan organisme perairan lainnya. Oleh karena itu ,apabila kegiatan penduduk tidak dikelola dengan baik akan menjadi sumber pencemar bagi lingkungan dan dampaknya dapat mengancam kelangsungan hidup ekosistem perairan di sekitarnya.Perumusan masalah ; mengkaji aspek persepsi masyarakat dengan adanya indikasi pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan sebagai adanya penurunan kualitas air di Sungai Somber, mengkaji aspek penurunan kualitas air Sungai Somber melalui parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi.Pertanyaan penelitian ; apa saja persepsi masyarakat mengenai penurunan kualitas air Sungai Somber?, faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air?, bagaimana pola penurunan kualitas air Sungai Somber sehubungan dengan kegiatan penduduksaat pasang dan surut ?Tujuan penelitian ; untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat tentang kegiatan penduduk sebagai sumber pencemar yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air sehubungan dengan adanya jenis-jenis kegiatan penduduk, untuk mengetahui karakteristik mengenai pola penurunan kualitas air Sungai Somber saat pasang dan surut.Dari hasil pembahasan dapat di simpulkan sebagai berikut;1. Berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat, penurunan kualitas lingkungan perairan Sungai Somber sudah di tandai adanya pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan.Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya kegiatan penduduk seperti aktivitas dermaga ,dok kapal, industri kayu lapis, dan lalu lintas kapal pada sungai yang ditandai adanya cemaran minyak dan aktivitas penduduk dari permukiman yang pembuangan sampah dan limbah lainnya langsung ke sungai Somber.2. Kegiatan penduduk, diwilayah penelitian sudah memberikan dampak terhadap penurunan kualitas air Sungai Somber bagian hilir,a) Penurunan konsentrasi oksigen terlarut (DO) saat surut Sungai Somber di lokasi Batu Ampar (I), Muara Rapak (II), Margo Mulyo(III) ini disebabkan oleh kegiatan dari industri kayu lapis, dermaga,pertanian,dll.b) Kegiatan penduduk telah meningkatkan kandungan BOD (menurunkan kualitas air) seat pasang di Lokasi II (Muara Rapak). Begitu juga Lokasi I dan II saat air surut telah melampaui baku mutu. Hal ini disebabkan karena aktivitas industri kayu lapis, permukiman penduduk, pertanian dan lain-lainnya.c) Saat air surut, pencemaran Sungai Somber ditandai oleh tingginya kandungan COD. Kondisi ini menerangkan adanya aktivitas dermaga,industri kayu lapis, lalu lintas kapal ini sebagai penyebab penurunan kualitas air berupa cemaran bahan organik yang tidak mudah terurai terutama minyak dan di bekas dan lain-lainnya. Kondisi ini terjadi di semua lokasi penelitian di Sungai Somber.d) Saat surut , pencemaran Sungai Somber ditandai tingginya kandungan koli tinja(fecal coli),disebabkan oleh aktivitas penduduk, disekitar dermaga/pelabuhan,dok kapal,dan permukiman penduduk ikut memberikan kontribusinya terhadap penurunan kualitas air di wilayah penelitian (I,1I,IIl,IV,V).3. Pada saat surut, pola purifikasi bahan organik terdegradasi pada daerah Baru Tengah (V) ke hilir (muara) sungai, sedangkan pada saat pasang polanya terjadi pada daerah Batu Ampar(I) dan Muara Rapak (II) ke arah hulu sungai.Dari hasil pembahasan dapat di sarankan hal-hal sebagai berikut ;1. Penelitian ini studi awal dengan metode diskriftif analisis dan keterbatasan dana serta waktu,periu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjutan dengan parameter yang lebih beragam dan dengan uji statistik untuk melihat hubungan atau korelasinya. Hal ini untuk membuktikan pencemaran dari aktivitas dok kapal yang terindikasi sangat sulit terurai dalam air dan melihat hubungan serta dampaknya pada kehidupan biota perairan.2. Mengingat badan perairan Sungai Somber mempunyai fungsi untuk perairan umum dan pembudidayaan biota sungai dan laut (pesisir), maka segala kegiatan penduduk perlu di evaluasi mengenai pengolahan limbah dan penatagunaan lahannya.3. Berdasarkan karakteristik limbah yang sulit terurai hal ini terindikasi adanya kegiatan dok kapal, maka disarankan untuk mengkaji lebih mendalam mengenai parameter limbah dari aktivitas dok kapal, terutama dari limbah buangan berupa minyak dan logam berat serta plankton dan benthos yang mengendap pada dasar sediment (substrat).E. Dattar kepustakaan : 48 (1971- 2002)

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The increasing activities of plywood industry, quay, dockside, agriculture, residence, transportation, et cetera, have resulted in some positive impacts to the income obtained by community. On the other hand, it has also resulted in some negative impacts in the form of liquid waste and solid waste (both organic and inorganic). Some liquid wastes such as the disposed fuel from an anchored ship or the docking ship, and also the liquid and solid wastes deriving from some plywood industries, people residence, et cetera.On the other aspect, the environmental geography of downstream Somber River, river estuary and coastal area, have various biology, such as ecosystem of mangrove forest and other water organisms. Therefore, if the various activities carried out by the people are not managed properly, then various sources of environmental contaminators will arise, the impact of which will be very threatening to the survival of water ecosystem in its environs.Problem formulation : to analyze the aspect of community's perception on the existing indication of environmental contamination caused by the quality degradation at Somber River, to analyze the aspect of water quality degradation at Somber River by means of parameters of physics, chemistry, and biology.Questions of study : what are some perceptions of community relating to the water quality degradation of Somber River?, what factors may cause the water quality degradation?, what is the type of water quality degradation of Somber River in relation to various activities carried out by people in the tide period?Objective of study : to identify the community's perception regarding the activities carried out by people as the sources of contaminator which may cause the water quality degradation, to identify some factors which may cause the water quality degradation relating to the existing types of activities carried out by the people, to identify some characteristics regarding the type of water quality degradation of Somber River in the tide period.Based on the results of analysis :1. Based on the community's perception, the quality degradation at the Somber River environment has been indicated by the existence of various activities carried out by people, such as activities at the dock, ship doc, plywood industry, and ship traffic at the rives which are indicated by the contamination of fuel and various activities carried out by people at the residence which directly dispose their wastes to Somber River.2. Various activities carried out by the people at area of research have indicated some impacts on the water quality degradation of downstream Somber River :a) Degradation of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in the tide period at Somber River located at Batu Ampar (I), Muara Rapak (II), Margo Mulyo (III), caused by the some activities relating to plywood industry, dock, agriculture, etc.b) Some activities carried out by the people have increased the BOD content (decreasing the water quality) in the tide period at Location Il (Muara Rapak). The subsided water at Location I and II has surpassed the quality standard. This is caused by the existence of activities relating to plywood industry, people's residence, agriculture and others.c) In the tide period, the contamination at Somber River is indicated by the high BOD content. This condition indicates that the existence of activities at the dock, plywood industry, and ship traffic as the cause of water quality degradation in the form of organic substance contamination, especially used fuel, oil, and others. This condition has occurred at all study location at Somber River.d) In the tide period, contamination of Somber River which is indicated by the high content of fecal coli, caused by the activities carried out by the people around the dockside/harbor, ship dock, and people residence, has contributed to the water quality degradation at the area of research (I, II, III, IV, V).3. In the subsided period, the type of purification of organic substance degraded at Baru Tengah (V) downstream the river, while in tide period,' the type can be found at Batu Ampar (I) and Muara Rapak (II) to the upper course of river.Based on the results of discussion, it can be suggested as follows :1. This preliminary study is based on the method of descriptive analysis and limited fund and time. It should be carried out an advanced study which is based on various parameters and statistical testing in order to identify the existing correlation. This is aimed at proving the contamination resulting from some activities performed at the ship dock and at identifying the its correlation and impacts one the life of water biota.2. Considering that the water agency of Somber River has the function of general water and cultivation of river's and sea's biota (coastal area), then all activities carried out by the people should be evaluated relating to the waste handling and land utilization.3. Characteristics of waste have indicated the existence of activities carried out at the ship dock. It is then suggested to perform a deep analysis on the parameter of waste based on the activities carried out at the ship dock, especially for the wastes in the form of fuel and heavy metal as well as plankton and benthos found at the substrate.E. Number References : 48 (1971 - 2002)"

"Danau Maninjau diketahui memiliki aktivitas KJA yang intensif dan fenomena kematian massal ikan di perairan tersebut sering terjadi. Tubo Belerang", adalah istilah yang ditandai dengan adanya kematian massal ikan yang dipelihara pada karamba jaring apung (KJA) di Danau Maninjau. Untuk mengenali indikasi "tubo Belerang" di Danau Maninjau, telah dilakukan pengamatan pola stratifikasi beberapa parameter kualitas air, meliputi suhu, oksigen terlarut (DO; Dissolved Oxygen) dan kadar bahan organik total (TOM; Total Organic Matter). Pengamatan dilakukan pada Agustus, Oktober, Desember 2011 dan Maret 2012 di lima stasiun yang berbeda, pada strata 0 , 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 dan 150 m, yang disesuaikan dengan kedalaman masing-masing stasiun. Pada Desember 2011 dan Maret 2012, parameter DO diukur pada kedalaman 5, 10, 15 dan 20 m. Sebagai paremeter pendukung, diukur kandungan klorofil pada kedalaman 0, 1,5, 3,0 dan 4,5 m, kedalaman Secchi, dan juga kadar total fosfor (TP) dan total nitrogen (TN) pada lapisan permukaan. Berdasarkan kadar klorofil, kedalaman Sechi, kadar TP dan TN, perairan Danau Maninjau menunjukkan kondisi eutrofik. Suhu air relatif stabil pada kedalaman di bawah 25 meter, kondisi anoksik ditemukan pada lapisan air hingga kedalaman 15 m. Kadar TOM berkisar 5,9-24,9 mg/L, dan tidak ada pola khas pada distribusi vertikal TOM. Kondisi ini secara umum sering digambarkan sebagai upwelling tetapi sebenarnya merupakan proses turnover."

"Pertumbuhan penduduk DKI Jakarta yang pesat adalah salah satu permasalahan yang kompleks bagi penyediaan air bersih terutama karena limbah domestik yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan masyarakat. Sungai sebagai badan air penerima limbah domestik menjadi salah satu sumber daya alam yang rentan terhadap pencemaran. Sungai Krukut adalah salah satu sungai yang digunakan sebagai air baku air bersih PDAM dan saat ini telah tercemar akibat kegiatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis mutu air dan menentukan upaya pengendalian pencemaran air Sungai Krukut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode gabungan antara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Metode SWOT (Strength, weakness, opportunity, and Threat) digunakan untuk menentukan upaya pengendalian pencemaran air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status mutu air pada 5 titik pemantauan dengan metode Indeks Pencemar yaitu (8,18), (8,02), (7,39), (7,09) dan (9,58), sehingga mutu air tergolong dalam kategori tercemar sedang. Upaya pengendalian pencemaran air yang dapat diterapkan di Sungai Krukut adalah (1) Melakukan penertiban masyarakat yang tinggal dan usaha di daerah sempadan sungai (2) Mengadakan sosialisasi dan pelatihan kepada masyarakat dan UMKM tentang pentingnya pengelolaan limbah (3) Bantuan pemerintah dalam membuat sistem dan menerapkan IPAL terpadu untuk kegiatan UMKM dan permukiman kumuh (4) Implementasi program pengendalian pencemaran air.

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The rapid growth of population is one of the complex cause for the clean water provision in Jakarta, mainly due to the accumulation of domestic waste from community activities. River as the water body that receives domestic waste is one of the natural resources which vulnerable to pollution. Krukut River is one of the rivers used as the raw water for clean water supply which currently polluted due to waste produced by the community activities.

This study aims to analyze water quality and determine efforts to control Krukut River water pollution. The study combines both quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the water quality, while SWOT (Strength, weakness, opportunity, and Threat) is used to determine water pollution control efforts.

The results showed that the water quality status at 5 monitoring points with the Pollutant Index method was classified as moderate contamination with the value (8,18), (8,02), (7,39), (7,09) and (9,58) at each point. Water pollution control efforts that can be applied in the Krukut River are (1) Controlling communities and the business near the river border area (2) Creating a socialization and training for the community and Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise`s (MSME) on the importance of waste management (3) Government assistance in making systems and implementing integrated WWTPs both MSME and slum settlements (4) Implementation of water pollution control programs"

"A surveyon water quality was conducted in Cimanuk river in 1999/2000 representing the upstream down to estuary region...."

"ABSTRAKSagu (Metroxylon sp) merupakan sumber karbohidrat yang cukup potensial, dan merupakan salah satu sumber daya hayati yang lestari (renewable) dan mempunyai prospek yang dapat membantu memecahkan masalah pangan dan energi.Industri pengolahan sagu yang terdapat di Kabupaten Bogor Propinsi Jawa Barat umumnya berkapasitas antara 300 ? 400 kg tepung sagu kering setiap harinya. Untuk mendapatkan tepung tersebut dibutuhkan air sebanyak 41.943,5 liter. Sebanyak 14.335,9 liter terbuang merupakan air buangan sisa pengolahan sagu, dam sebanyak 0.420,9 liter air terbawa bersama ampas dan terbawa bersama pati sebanyak 24.543,6 liter.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh air buangan industri sagu terhadap kualitas badan air penerima, dilakukan analisis laboratorium di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri Hasil Pertanian Bogor.Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah pencemaran terjadi serta dilaksanakan pada musim hujan dan musim kemarau.Analisis statistikk untuk mengolah data dilakukan dengan metode Uji Beda dan dilanjutkan dengan Uji T.Hasil analisis air buangan sisa industri pengolahan sagu tidak memperlihatkan adanya unsur beracun atau kandungan logam, beberapa parameter memperlihatkan nilai yang cukup tinggi seperti Daya Hantar Listrik (DHL) 847,0 mikromhos per cm, Kebutuhan Oksigen Kimia (COD) BB4,6 mg/liter, Kebutuhan Oksigen Biokima (BOD) 582,2 mg/liter dan padatan tersuspensi 808,0 mg/liter.Parameter lainnya memperlihatkan nilai yang kecil dibawah nilai baku mutu air limbah. Dengan tingginya nilai BOD dan COD diperkirakan air buangan sisa industri dapat mempengaruhi kualitas air sungai tersebut.Hasil analisis kualitas air sungai Cikasungka yang dilanjutkan dengan Uji statistik menunjukkan adanya beda nyata beberapa parameter di musim kemarau seperti COD, Alkalinitas, Salinitas dan Kesadahan, sedangkan parameter lainnya tidak tidak memperlihatklan perbedaan nyata. Pada musim hujan parameter BOD, COD, SAR dan Salinitas memperlihatkan perbedaan nyata sedangkan lainnya tidak memperlihatkan perbedaan yang nyata, bahkan beberapa parameter tidak dapat dibedakan karena nilainya kecil.Sungai Cidurian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan nyata antara sebelum terjadi pencemaran dengan sesudah adanya pencemaran pada parameter Oksigen terlarut (DO) dan zat padat total pada musim hujan, sedangkan di musim kemarau hanya parameter DOD yang memeperlihatkan perbedaan nyata. Parameter lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata antara sebelum dan sesudah terjadinya pencemaran, bahkan beberapa parameter tidak dapat dibedakan karena nilai yang didapat kecil.Dari hasil Analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa air buangan industri sagu pada waktu masuk ke badan air penerima dapat menimbulkan pencemaran terlihat dari tingginya nilai DOD dan COD. Pencemaran yang ditimbulkan air buangan sisa pengalahan sagu tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas badan air yang diperuntukkan bagi keperluan pertanian dan perikanan.Walaupun demikian tidaklah berarti air buangan dapat dibuang begitu saja ke perairan karena air sungai tersebut juga merupakan sumber air minum bagi masyarakat banyak.

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ABSTRACT

Sago (Metroxylon sp) is a potential carbohydrate resources and one of renewable resources that could solve food and energy problem. In Bogor, West Java, capacity of the sago processing industries are usually between 300 - 400 kg dry sago starch per day. To produce this amount of sago starch, 41.943,5 liters of water is required where 14.335,9 liters of the water are disposed as liquid waste and B.420,9 liters are discarded together with solid waste.

In order to find out the effect of waste water of sago industries to the quality of water stream river, water analysies was carried out at Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industry Hasil Fertanian Bogor.

Sample was collected from the Cikasungka river and Cidurian river. From each river sample was taken before and after pollution during the rainy and dry season. Difference test method and T test were used for data analysies.

Analysis of waste water taken from the industries before disposed to the river showed that there was no metal and poisonous element found, although some indicators showed high value of DHL (847,0 micromhos/cm), COD (884,6 mg/liter), BOD (582,2 mg/liter) and suspended solid (808,0 mg/liter).

The result of water analysis of Cikasungka river during the dry season indicated that there is significant difference among parameters such as COD, Alkalinity, Salinity and Hardness. While in the rain season, parameters, such as BOD,COD,SAR and Salinity showed significant difference for both before and after pollution.

Water analysis of Cidurian river during the rainy season showed that there was significant difference between DO and total solid for before and after pollution. In the dry season only BOD content showed significant difference.

Due to the high value of BOD and COD it is presumed that sago industry waste water could effect the quality of the river stream water.

Based on the standard quality of waste water for Agriculture and Fishery, it is obvious that pollution caused by the waste water of sago industries does not influence the quality of river stream water that is used for Agriculture and Fishery. However this does not mean that sago industries waste water can be discarded directly to the river, because the river is also used as drinking water resources for the people."

"Kali Surabaya adalah sumber air baku PDAM Surabaya yang mengalir sepanjang 41 km melewati wilayah Mojokerto, Gresik, Sidoarjo, dan Surabaya. Kegiatan manusia di sekitar sungai dan konversi lahan sempadan sungai telah memberikan dampak buruk pada ekosistem sungai. Pemanfaatan lahan sempadan Kali Surabaya telah mengkonversi sebagian besar wilayah sempadan menjadi kawasan terbangun dan menghilangkan fungsinya sebagai penyangga ekosistem Kali Surabaya. Konversi tanah sempadan ini disebabkan oleh lemahnya pengawasan pemerintah (Gubemur, DPU Pengairan Propinsi Jawa Timur, dan Perum Jasa Tirta) pada penggunaan daerah sempadan Kali Surabaya. Lemahnya pemantauan dan pengawasan pada pembuangan limbah menyebabkan industri terus membuang limbahnya yang tidak diolah ke Kali Surabaya. Selama ini tidak ada tindak lanjut pada hasil pemantauan rutin, sehingga industri yang limbahnya terpantau jauh melampaui ambang batas, tetap melanggar baku mutu limbah cair pada pemantauan bulan berikutnya.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kualitas air dan keanekaragaman makroinvertebrata bentos Kali Surabaya di sekitar sempadan bagian hulu dengan kegiatan utama pertanian, bagian tengah dengan kegiatan utama industri dan bagian hilir dengan kegiatan utama permukiman. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji pelaksanaan kebijakan pengelolaan bahan sempadan dan pengendalian pencemaran air Kali Surabaya oleh Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi Jawa Timur.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada dua waktu pemantauan yaitu 25 Mei 2002 yang mewakili akhir musim hujan dan 21 Agustus 2002 yang mewakili akhir musim kemarau. Sampel air dan makroinvertebrata diambil dari 7 stasiun pengambilan sampel yaitu Sumberame dan Sumengko (Kali Surabaya bagian hulu), Driyorejo, Kali Tengah dan Karang Pilang (Kali Surabaya bagian tengah), serta Pereng dan Jambangan (Kali Surabaya bagian hilir).Nilai Indeks Canberra yang mengindikasikan tingkat kesamaan kualitas air memperlihatkan adanya 3 kelompok kualitas air. Pada 25 Mei 2002 kelompok kualitas air terburuk ditemukan di Kali Tengah dan Jambangan, kualitas air menengah ditemukan di Karang Pilang dan Pereng dan kualitas air yang masih baik ditemukan di Sumberame, Sumengko, dan Driyorejo. Pada 21 Agustus 2002 kelompok kualitas air terburuk ditemukan di Kali Tengah, kualitas air menengah ditemukan di Karang Pilang dan Jambangan, sedangkan kualitas air yang masih baik ditemukan di Sumberame, Sumengko, Driyorejo, dan Pereng. Analisis statistika dengan uji Mann-Whitney dengan a 0,05 memberikan kesimpulan bahwa jumlah bahan pencemar organik (nilai BOD dan COD) pada Kali Surabaya bagian hulu berbeda nyata dengan jumlah bahan organik pada Kali Surabaya bagian tengah dan permukiman, sedangkan jumlah bahan pencemar organik pada Kali Surabaya bagian tengah tidak berbeda nyata dengan jumlah bahan organik pads Kali Surabaya bagian hilir.Meskipun pengukuran fisika kimia memperlihatkan kualitas air pada Kali Surabaya bagian hulu masih baik, nilai indeks diversitas makroinvertebrata menandakan kualitas air Kali Surabaya bagian hulu telah mengalami tingkat pencemaran ringan. Hal ini berarti bahwa makroinvertebrata memberikan respon yang lebih peka dibandingkan pengukuran parameter fisika kimia, sehingga dapat dijadikan indikator untuk menilai kualitas air.Pada pemantauan 25 Mei 2002, indeks diversitas makroinvertebrata terendah dijumpai di Jambangan, sedangkan pada pemantauan 21 Agustus 2002, indeks diversitas terendah dijumpai di Kali Tengah. Analisis statistik dengan uji korelasi Spearman Rank memberikan kesimpulan bahwa indeks diversitas memiliki korelasi negatif yang cukup kuat dengan BOD (nilai koefisien korelasi -0,653) dan korelasi negatif lemah dengan COD (nilai koefisien korelasi -0,339).Komunitas makroinvertebrata pada Kali Surabaya bagian hulu dicirikan oleh tingginya persentase species tidak toleran pada pencemaran organik dari jenis larva serangga, keong (gastropoda) prosobranchia, kerang dan udang air tawar. Pada Kali Surabaya bagian tengah terjadi penurunan persentase species tidak toleran dan kenaikan persentase species toleran yaitu cacing Tubifex lubifex, Lumbriculus variegalus dan Chironomus sp. Pada Kali Surabaya bagian hilir persentase species toleran sangat tinggi dan hampir tidak dijumpai jenis makroinvertebrata tidak toleran. Species toleran yang banyak dijumpai adalah cacing Tubifex lubifex.Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran kualitas air dan pemantauan makroinvertebrata bentos dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat pencemaran air Kali Surabaya berkisar antara tercemar ringan hingga tercemar berat dengan pencemaran terberat dijumpai di Kali Tengah (Kali Surabaya bagian tengah). Kegiatan industri di sempadan sungai dan pembuangan limbah industri ke Kali Surabaya perlu mendapat prioritas dalam pengendalian dan pengawasan pencemaran air di Kali Surabaya, terutama di Kali Tengah yang memberikan beban pencemaran terberat.Untuk memulihkan ekosistem Kali Surabaya dari kerusakan, pemerintah harus memperketat pengawasan pada industri khususnya di Kali Tengah dan mewajibkan semua industri untuk mengolah limbahnya hingga memenuhi baku mutu limbah cair. Disamping itu perlu dilakukan penertiban bangunan liar di sempadan sungai yang melanggar ketentuan dan mengembalikan peruntukannya sebagai kawasan lindung.Upaya penertiban harus dilakukan secara manusiawi dan didahului dengan sosialisasi kepada semua masyarakat pengguna lahan sempadan yang akan ditertibkan. Pemerintah perlu memikirkan solusi untuk menyediakan lahan pengganti bagi permukiman penduduk sempadan sungai atau membangun sistem pengolahan limbah terpadu untuk mengolah limbah industri dan domestik sebelum dibuang ke Kali Surabaya.Pembersihan bangunan liar di sempadan harus disertai dengan rehabilitasi tanah sempadan untuk dilanjutkan dengan kegiatan reboisasi dan membuat hutan kota yang dapat dijadikan wahana ekowisata dan sarana pendidikan lingkungan bagi masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat agar ikut partisipasi aktif dalam melestarikan fungsi Kali Surabaya sebagai sumber air baku untuk air minum warga Surabaya.

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The Impact of Human Activity at Riparian Area on Water Quality and Benthic Macro-invertebrate Diversity of Surabaya RiverSurabaya River is a source of raw water supply for local potable water company (PDAM) in Surabaya. It flows along 41 km from Mojokerto passes through Gresik, Sidoarjo and Surabaya to the Strait of Madura. The utilization of riparian land of Surabaya River seems to be uncontrolled, most part of the riparian land has been converted into a developed area and its function as a buffer of Surabaya River ecosystem have been gradually destroyed. The increase in riparian land conversion was largely caused by lack of control from the provincial government (East Java Governor, Provincial Office of Public Work Department for Water and Irrigation, and Perum Jasa Tirta I).The present study aims to assess water quality and diversity of benthic macro-invertebrate community of Surabaya River near the riparian area that is being used as agricultural, industrial and residential land. The present study also aims to assess the effectiveness of local government policy on the riparian land management and water quality control. The study was an analytical descriptive research. Water and substrate samples were collected from Surabaya River on 25th May 2002 represented the end of rainy season and 215 August 2002 represented the end of dry season.Water samples and macro-invertebrates were collected from seven sampling stations along Surabaya River i.e. Sumberame and Sumengko (up-stream section of Surabaya River), Driyorejo, Kali Tengah, and Karang Pilang (middle section), Pereng and Jambangan (down-stream section).The management of Surabaya River is conducted separately by governments of 4 municipalities along the river. There is lack of coordination and there is no integrated planning in the Surabaya River management. The local government control to the utilization of riparian zone and water pollution control in Surabaya River is still ineffective. Therefore, the improper uses of riparian land were still increasing and the water quality was declining. This condition threatens the sustainability of river function as source of raw water for drinking water company. The houses built on the riparian land were also not safe for the inhabitants, since the land is labil and some houses on the riparian land have collapsed lately.The monitoring program seems to be only formality without any evaluation and follow-up action to the wastewater and water quality monitoring results. The industrial wastewaters that exceed the wastewater standard will still exceed the standard on the next monitoring results. There is no sufficient control to the wastewater disposal into Surabaya River.The water assessment results showed that on 25th May 2002, the worst water quality of Surabaya River were found in Kali Tengah (middle section of Surabaya River) and Jambangan (down-stream of Surabaya River). On that day, presumably there were no waste disposal activity in Kali Tengah, hence the water quality in Kali Tengah was quite good and almost the same with water quality in Jambangan. On 2151 August 2002, it was presumed that there were waste disposal activities in Kali Tengah so that the water quality in Kali Tengah was the worst as compared to other stations in Surabaya River. The worst water quality was indicated by high values of BOD, COD, TOC, TSS and DHL in Kali Tengah on 21" August 2002.The water quality of up-stream section of Surabaya River complied with the water quality standard of Class 1 according to PP No.81/2001 (can be used as raw water for drinking water), while the water quality at middle and down-stream section of Surabaya River exceeded that water quality standard.The Mann-Whitney Test result with a 0,05 showed that the organic content (measured as BOD and COD) at up-stream section of Surabaya River was significantly different from those at the middle and down-stream section of Surabaya River. In contrast, the organic content at middle section of Surabaya River was not different significantly from that at and down-stream section.Although the measurement of physical and chemical parameters of water sampled showed that the water quality at up-stream section of Surabaya River was still in good condition and complied the water quality standard of class 1, the biodiversity index of benthic macro-invertebrate community indicated the occurrence of mild water pollution. The result suggests that benthic community monitoring is more sensitive than the physical and chemical measurement. It can be used as bio-indicator of water quality in the habitat.On 25th May 2002, the lowest diversity index was found at Jambangan while on 21s` August 2002 the lowest diversity index was found at Kali Tengah. The correlation coefficient index of Spearman rank showed a significant relation of diversity index to BOD and COD concentration. The diversity index has a moderately strong negative correlation with BOD content (coefficient correlation - 0,653) and it has a weak negative correlation with COD content (coefficient correlation - 0,339).Macro-invertebrate community at up-stream section of Surabaya River was characterized by the high percentage of sensitive species such as insect larva, prosobranchia gastropod, mussels and decapods. At middle section of Surabaya River, the percentage of sensitive species decreased and the percentage of tolerant species, such as Tubifex tub fex, Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironamus sp. increased. At down-stream section of Surabaya River, the tolerant species were predominant so high and only few sensitive species were found in this area. The most abundant tolerant species was Tubifex lubifex.In order to restore the ecosystem of Surabaya River, the government should increase the wastewater disposal control and command all industries to treat their wastewater. The illegal uses of the riparian zone should be terminated and the illegal buildings should be cleared from that protected area. The riparian land then should be rehabilitated and replanted with local vegetation species and a plan to convert the zone into a city riparian forest as a public park should be initiated. The city riparian forest should be supported by Surabaya River information centre as a facility to environmental education program. This centre will act as training facility to increase the understanding and awareness of the people in conserving the Surabaya River Ecosystem as a whole unit that interfered by their activity so that the river function as a source of raw water for drinking water will keep in sustainability."