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"This book contains everything engineers and designers need to make sound technical judgments about which stainless steels to use and how to use them. Extensive composition and property information on all five families of stainless steel, including newest alloys is included. Coverage addresses selection for corrosion resistance, processing, and major applications, FREE access to Thermo-Calc software for 3 element phase diagram simulation."

"Analisa kegagalan adalah suatu metode atau usaha untuk menyelidiki sebab-sebab kegagalan suatu komponen peralatan. Suatu komponen dikatakan gagal apabila komponen tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi seperti yang dirancang. Sucker Rod Pump sebagai salah satu dari metode produksi artificial lift memiliki beberapa keuntungan, beberapa diantaranya yaitu efisien dan mudah dalam pengoperasian di lapangan, masih bisa digunakan untuk megangkat fluida pada sumur yang mengandung pasir, dapat dipakai pada sumur bengkok (directonal), dapat digunakan pada sumur yang memiliki tekanan rendah, fleksibel karena kecepatan pompa dan stroke length dapat disesuaikan, dapat digunakan pada berbagai ukuran tubing. Namun tak jarang pula Sucker Rod Pump ini mengalamai masalah yang menyebabkan berkurangnya kemampuan berproduksi suatu sumur minyak, bahkan menyebabkan terhentinya produksi (off). Masalah yang terjadi kebanyakan disebabkan oleh kerusakan yang dialami oleh ball, seat, and cage yang merupakan salah satu bagian vital dalam operasi stucker rod pump. Ball, seat, dan cage yang dipergunakan martensitic stainless steel. Dalam klasifikasi AISI termasuk dalam AISI 440. Banyak alternatif penanggulangan kerusakaan ball, seat, adn cage yang dapat dilakukan, namun perlu disesuaikan dengan kondisi sumur atau lapangan dimana sumur tersebut berada. Dari beberapa alternatif itulah akan dipih cara penanggulangan yang efisien baik secara pemilihan material maupun peralatan penunjang lainnya."

"Progress in the understanding of corrosion and corrosion resistance properties of sintered stainless steels has lead to new applications that benefit from net shape processing and more efficient material utilization."

"Material high chrome austenitic stainless steel grade 253MA merupakan material yang banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi pada temperatur tinggi. Hal ini dikarenakan material ini memiliki sifat mekanis dan ketahanan creep yang sangat baik. Ketahanan creep yang cukup baik ini salah satunya disebabkan oleh kandungan karbon dan nitrogen yang tinggi. Pemakaian dalam jangka panjang dapat membuat perubahan pada struktur mikro yang berakibat pada ketahanannya akan creep (umur material menjadi lebih pendek). Oleh karenanya, penulis melakukan studi mengenai struktur mikro hasil uji creep material high chrome austenitic stainless steel grade 253MA. Pengujian creep pada temperatur 700 °C dengan pembebanan 150 MPa dilakukan setelah baja dilakukan pretreatment berupa anil dengan variasi temperatur. Ukuran butir setelah dilakukan proses heat treatment diukur untuk melihat pengaruh temperatur anil terhadap ukuran butir baja austenitic 253MA. Ukuran butir dan morfologi dari fasa setelah uji creep diamati dengan scanning electron microscope dan mikroskop optik. Hasil dari pengukuran butir menunjukkan semakin tinggi temperatur anil maka semakin besar ukuran butir. Ukuran butir terbesar yaitu ±41,51µm didapat dari baja yang dilakukan anil pada suhu 1100°C. Hasil uji creep menunjukkan resistansi creep terbaik ditunjukkan oleh material yang memiliki ukuran butir paling besar dengan waktu patah selama 282jam.

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High chrome austenitic stainless-steel grade 253MA is a material that widely used for high temperature. This is due the fact this material has excellent mechanical properties and creep resistance. However, changes in microstructure can occur in long-term use, which will affect the creep resistance (shortened service life of the material). The microstructure of High Chrome Austenitic Stainless-Steel 253MA creep test specimens was investigated. Creep testing at a temperature of 700 °C with a loading of 150 MPa was carried out. The cold rolling process with 53% reduction in thickness was applied followed by annealing at 900, 1000, and 1100°C for 3600s to obtain different grain size. Grain size after annealing and after creep test was measured to see the effect of annealing temperature on the grain size of tested steel and to see its effect on creep resistance based on the creep test conducted. Grain size and morphology of the phase after creep test were observed by scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. The results of the grain measurements show that the higher the annealing temperature, the larger the grain size. The largest grain size of ±41.51µm was obtained from steel which was annealed at 1100°C. The creep test results showed that the best creep resistance was shown by the material with the largest grain size with a fracture time of 282 hours."

"?Chemical engineers designing, operating and maintaining their ever-expanding industry during the second half of the 20th century relied heavily on stainless steels. Few, however, were familiar with or understood its history. This treatise satisfies that shortcoming in an interesting, readable manner. The ?Timeline? alone is a remarkable presentation.? Richard Leonard, retired, Hercules, Inc."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh prestrain terhadap perilaku korosi retak tegang stainless steel AISI 304 dalam larutan H2SO4 konsentrasi 10% dengan pembebanan kantilever statis (ASTM E-1681). Prestrain dilakukan dengan meregangkan spesimen hingga mencapai regangan merata 5% dan 10% diatas tegangan luluh bahan, menggunakan servopulser UTM 9506 dengan kontrol kecepatan 0,3 mm/sec.Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa spesimen dengan 5% prestrain lebih cepat mengalami kegagalan daripada spesimen 10% prestrain dan tanpa prestrain. Hal ini disebabkan menurunnya keuletan dan periode inkubasi yang singkat. Perubahan defleksi hanya dapat diamati pada pembebanan 20% tegangan luluh bahan. Retak intergranular ditemukan pada spesimen 10% prestrain pada pembebanan statis 616 MPa. Sedangkan pada specimen 10% prestrain ditemukan retak transgranular pada pembebanan statis 554,4 MPa. Retak kombinasi ditemukan pada specimen 5% prestrain pada pembebanan statis 369,6 MPa. Semakin tinggi densitas dislokasi pada lapisan permukaan akibat deformasi plastis, semakin sulit difusi hidrogen pada ujung retak. Konsekuensinya, periode inkubasi dapat diperlama.

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Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Stainless Steel 304 in the Sulfuric Acid Environment Due to Prestrain. The aim of research is to investigate the effect of prestrain on the stress corossion cracking behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel in the sulfuric acid of 10% concentration under the static cantilever loading according to ASTM E-1681 standart. The specimen of 304 Stainless steel was strain up over the yield strength until reaching the uniform strain of 5% and 10% using servopulser UTM 9506 under the displacement control of 0,3 mm/sec.The results of test show that the prestrain of 5% specimen is faster failure than both of the prestrain of 10% and unprestrain specimen. It was caused by both of the decrease of ductility and the short incubation period. The change of deflection could be only recorded under the loading 20% of yield strength. Intergranular crack was the prestrain of 10% specimen under the static loading of 616 MPa. Whereas, for the prestrain of 10% specimen transgranular crack was found under the static loading of 554,4 MPa. The prestrain of 5% specimen was mixed crack under the static loading of 369.6 MPa. Higher dislocation density on the layer surface due to plastic deformation with increasing the percentage of pre-strain, so more difficult hydrogen diffused into the crack tip. Consequently, The incubation period can be prolonged."

"The type of stainless steel that is most commonly used in bone implants is austenitic 316L stainless steel, which has an excellent corrosion resistance and high strength. The Center for Materials Technology, BPPT, in cooperation with a local industry, is currently undertaking research into integrating, refining and alloying processes for the production of medical grade 316L stainless steel, using raw material originating from the ferronickel of Pomalaa. Natural resources of ferronickel, one of the main raw materials for stainless steel, are locally available in Indonesia. Other alloy metals such as steel scrap, ferro chrome and ferro molybdenum are bought in the market. The charging calculation is done by computer-aided simulation, before the melting processes are carried out. The melting facility used is an induction furnace of 250 kg capacity, following the procedures commonly used in the industry. Chemical composition analysis is done by a spectrophotometer. Tensile and hardness tests are conducted, and a microstructure observation is also carried out using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The selection of raw material inputs and refining and annealing processes affect the quality of the alloy. In our study, we found various forms of oxide inclusions in the stainless steel microstructure: triangular, hexagonal and spherical. The tensile strength of the specimen of 316L stainless steel casting materials was influenced by the presence of oxide phases."