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"A study of a new parameter of human growth and development was conducted. The percentage of the height of body gravity center to the stature in supine position was measured in males and females during the period of pre-puberty (l995), young and adult puberties (1995 and 1997) and male adults (1995). The parameters measured were weight, stature and the height of the gravity center. Data were calculated in obtaining arithmetic means, standard deviations of all parameters and the percentage of gravity point height to stature. The percentages of male and female means, as well as standard deviations, were compared statistically. It was shown that in the pre-puberty group the location of the gravity center to stature was the same in percentage in males compared to females, whereas in the adult group (1987, 1995) a higher percentage was found in males. Among males (1995) differences were found in the percentages, which might have been caused by differences of body typology; the mesomorphic type showed the highest percentage, the endomorphic type showed the lowest, whereas the ectomorphic type it was in between."

"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan mengenai tata letak yang akan dilakukan dalam mengkonversi mobil konvensional menjadi mobil listrik. Materi dalam penelitian ini yang akan dibahas melingkupi literatur, metode penelitian, serta hasil yang telah didapat oleh penulis. Penulis akan memfokuskan pembahasan terhadap layout tata letak komponen dan perubahan center of gravity (CG). Perubahan CG terjadi sebagai efek samping dari pergantian komponen-komponen yang masing-masing memiliki beban tertentu serta perencanaan tata letak yang mempengaruhi distribusi massa mobil. Layout baru dirancang untuk mampu mengakomodasi baterai, motor listrik, dan komponen pendukung lain sehingga didapatkan posisi CG baru yang terletak semakin menjauhi titik acuan secara longitudinal dan semakin mendekati titik acuan secara vertikal dibandingkan posisi CG pada mobil standar.

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In this research, design of layout arrangement in case of electric car conversion is discussed. The contents of this research consist of literature, researching methods and the results that have been acquired by the writer. This research will focus on discussions about arranging the layout of the components and change in center of gravity (CG). Change in CG position happens as an effect of replacing components with certain masses which will affect vehicle?s mass distribution. The new layout is designed to accommodate batteries, electric motor, and the other complementary components resulting in CG position of the vehicle that is closer to its reference point in vertical axis and further to its reference point in longitudinal axis compared to the car?s original CG in standard condition."

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Seiring berkembangnya kendaraan listrik di Indonesia salah satu usaha Universitas Indonesia dalam ikut serta terhadap penelitian yaitu mengembangkan mobil listrik hasil konversi. Namun setelah terwujudnya mobil listrik hasil konversi yang diberi nama Makara Electric Vehicle 02 masih diperlukannya peninjauan beberapa aspek salah satunya karakteristik braking. Penulis memfokuskan penelitian terhadap perubahan center of gravity dan juga total massa terhadap karakteristik pengereman yaitu gaya pengereman dan juga jarak pengereman dengan melakukan uji timbang yang setelahnya dapat diolah terhadap karakteristik tersebut. Penulis juga memaparkan hasil gaya pengereman yang diperoleh dan membandingkan dengan mobil sesama kategori M1 yaitu Toyota Agya. Data dari pengujian tersebut menghasilkan center of gravity MEV 02 mulai dari 0,56-0,64 meter seiring bertambahnya penumpang, untuk gaya pengereman yang diperoleh mulai dari 4900-6200N seiring bertambahnya penumpang, dan untuk jarak pengereman mulai dari 2-18m untuk kecepatan 20km/jam hingga 60km/jam.

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Along with the development of electric vehicle in Indonesia, one of the effort from Universitas Indonesia is developing on electric car that converted from usual car. But, after it was converted from conventional car which named Makara Electric Vehicle 02 still need crosschecking on several aspects, especially on braking. The author will focus on the effect of center of gravity and total mass  to the braking characteristics which is braking forces and stopping distance by doing weigh testing and after that data processing to the characteristics that needed. The author also explain data result and compared it to the same M1 vehicle type that is Toyota Agya. The result of the test showing that center of gravity MEV 02 start from 0,57-0,62 meter along increase in passengers, for braking force start from 4900-6200N along increase in passengers, and for stopping distance start from 2-18m for velocity on 20 km/h, 40 km/h, and 60km/h.

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"Kendaraan Listrik merupakan salah satu perkembangan transportasi yang sedang maju pada masa-masa kini. Salah satu upaya Universitas Indonesia dalam turut berpartisipasi dalam perkembangan ini adalah dengan membuat kendaraan listrik konversi yaitu Makara Electric Vehicle 02 (MEV02). Kegiatan mengonversikan kendaraan menjadi listrik akan mengubah karakteristik kendaraan tersebut salah satunya adalah distribusi massa kendaraan dan stabilitas kendaraan. Pada penelitian ini penulis membahas mengenai dampak perubahan posisi Center of Gravity dan massa total dari kendaraan terhadap stabilitas kendaraan pada saat belok dengan batasan jalan tarmac datar, suspensi kendaraan yang dianggap rigid atau kaku, dan pengaruh gaya dari angin dianggap tidak ada kecuali untuk gaya drag. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah simulasi stabilitas kendaraan yang menggunakan aplikasi Matlab. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan pengambilan data distribusi massa kendaraan yang lalu diolah untuk mendapatkan posisi Center of Gravity kendaraan. Dari data Center of Gravity, didapatkan bahwa tinggi Center of Gravity berkisar antara 0.57 – 0.62 m seiring dengan bertambahnya penumpang untuk MEV02 dan 0.63 – 0.71 m seiring dengan bertambahnya penumpang untuk Kendaraan Basis Konversi. Dari hasil simulasi menggunakan data Center of Gravity yang ada didapatkanlah nilai titik kritikal Radius Putar skid as depan yang berkisar antara 37.46 – 39.31 m, nilai Radius Putar skid as belakang yang berkisar antara 30.38 – 31.43 m, nilai Radius Putar roll as depan yang berkisar antara 24.28 – 26.94 m, dan nilai Radius Putar roll as belakang yang berkisar antara 22.64 – 25.66 m untuk MEV02 dan nilai titik kritikal Radius Putar skid as depan yang berkisar antara 37.17 – 38.72 m, nilai Radius Putar skid as belakang yang berkisar antara 28.22 – 30.39 m, nilai Radius Putar roll as depan yang berkisar antara 27.31 – 30.41 m, dan nilai Radius Putar roll as belakang yang berkisar antara 23.81 – 27.61 m untuk Kendaraan Basis Konversi pada kecepatan 60 km/h. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa MEV02 memiliki nilai vertikal Center of Gravity yang lebih rendah dan memiliki stabilitas yang lebih unggul untuk Radius Putar skid as belakang dan Radius Putar roll as depan dan belakang apabila dibandingkan dengan Kendaraan Basis Konversi.

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Electric Vehicles are one of the developments in transportation that are recently advancing. One of the efforts that are made by Universitas Indonesia to contribute to this cause is by converting conventional cars into electrified vehicles, one of them is called the Makara Electric Vehicle 02 (MEV02). Converting conventional cars will change the vehicle’s characteristics such as its mass distribution and its stability. In this research we discuss about the effects of the change in the Center of Gravity position and its total mass towards the stability of a vehicle when turning on dry tarmac road with rigid suspensions and neglected effect of wind forces except for aerodynamic drag. The method used in this research is simulation for stability using Matlab. This research starts with the acquirement of the mass distribution of a vehicle which will then be used to find the Center of Gravity of a vehicle. From the acquired Center of Gravity data it is found that the height of the Center of Gravity ranges from 0.57 – 0.62 m for the MEV02 and 0.63 – 0.71 m for the Base Vehicle following the increase of passengers. From the simulation using the acquired Center of Gravity it is found that the value for the front axle skid Turning Radius ranges from 37.46 – 39.31 m, the value for the rear axle skid Turning Radius ranges from 30.38 – 31. m, the value for the front axle roll Turning Radius ranges from 24.28 – 26.94 m, and the value for the rear axle roll Turning Radius ranges from 22.64 – 25.66 m for the MEV02 converted vehicle and the value for the front axle skid Turning Radius ranges from 37.17 – 38.72 m, the value for the rear axle Turning Radius ranges from 28.22 – 30.39 m, the value for the front axle roll Turning Radius ranges from 27.31 – 30.41 m, and the value for the rear axle roll Turning Radius ranges from 23.81 – 27.61 m for the Base Vehicle at vehicle speed of 60 km/h. From this research it is found that the MEV02 has a lower Center of Gravity height and has better stability for the rear axle skid and front and rear axle roll Turning Radius when it is compared to the Base Vehicle."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model strategi penentuan lokasi stockpile sentral batubara di Binuang, Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Center of Gravity (COG) dan Factor Rating Analysis (FRA) untuk mencapai lokasi optimal yang meminimalkan biaya transportasi dan memaksimalkan efisiensi logistik. Data dari izin usaha pertambangan dan terminal khusus dikumpulkan, dan perhitungan COG dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pusat geografis untuk aktivitas pertambangan dan pengapalan. Selain itu, kuisioner digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang paling berpengaruh dalam penentuan lokasi stockpile. Lima faktor kunci yang diidentifikasi adalah: jumlah populasi terdampak, luas lahan potensial, jarak ke COG pertambangan, jarak ke COG terminal/pelabuhan, dan perizinan lahan. Factor Rating Analysis kemudian diterapkan pada tiga kecamatan potensial: Anjir Pasar, Kapuas Murung, dan Candi Laras Utara. Anjir Pasar muncul sebagai lokasi yang paling sesuai berdasarkan skor tertimbang tertinggi. Penelitian ini diakhiri dengan rekomendasi untuk mengimplementasikan strategi yang dipilih untuk memastikan operasi stockpile batubara yang efisien dan berkelanjutan.

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This research aims to develop a strategic model for determining the location of a central coal stockpile in Binuang, South Kalimantan. The study utilizes the Center of Gravity (COG) method and Factor Rating Analysis (FRA) to achieve an optimal location that minimizes transportation costs and maximizes logistic efficiency. Data from mining permits and special terminals were collected, and COG calculations were performed to identify the geographical center for mining and shipping activities. Additionally, a questionnaire was used to identify the most influential factors in determining the stockpile location. The five key factors identified were: affected population, potential land area, distance to COG mining, distance to COG terminal/port, and land permits. Factor Rating Analysis was then applied to three potential sub-districts: Anjir Pasar, Kapuas Murung, and Candi Laras Utara. Anjir Pasar emerged as the most suitable location based on the highest weighted score. The study concludes with recommendations for implementing the chosen strategy to ensure efficient and sustainable coal stockpile operations."