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"Issues in fisheries have been regulated in various international conventions. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) has built a regime in the field of conservation and management of fishery resources based upon maritime zones or fish species that exist and available in this zone. However, UNCLOS 1982 only focuses on the issue of fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the high seas, thus it was not sufficient to overcome the problems of high frequent of fishing in maritime zones which are fully subject to the jurisdiction of coastal states, such as in the Inland waters, archipelagic waters and the Territorial Sea. This article aims to examine the legal framework and mechanisms of fisheries subsidies in the aspects of trade and sustainable development. In this article, discussion would carried out in order to examinethe legal framework and mechanisms of marine fisheries subsidies that are implemented with the principles of fair-trade and sustainable development, both in the international level, as well as in the national level. Thus, this research is expected to be able to bridge the interests of developed countries and developing countries, especially Indonesia, in order to achieve fair trade in the field of fisheries and resource utilization of sustainable fisheries.

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Masalah perikanan sudah diatur dalam berbagai konvensi internasional. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) membangun rezim di bidang konservasi dan pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan berdasarkan zona maritim atau jenis ikan yang ada dan tersedia di zona ini. Namun, UNCLOS 1982 hanya focus pada isu perikanan di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) dan laut bebas, sehingga tidak cukup untuk mengatasi masalah penangkapan ikan yang tinggi di zona maritim yang tunduk sepenuhnya pada yurisdiksi Negara pantai, seperti di Perairan Pedalaman, Perairan Kepulauan dan Laut Teritorial. Riset ini akan meneliti kerangka hokum dan mekanisme subsidi perikanan dalam aspek perdagangan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, dalam riset ini akan dikaji dan diteliti kerangka hokum dan mekanisme subsidi perikanan laut yang dilaksanakan dengan prinsip-prinsip fair trade dan pembangunan berkelanjutan, baik di tingkat internasional, maupun di tingkat nasional. Dengan demikian, riset ini diharapkan akan mampu menjembatani kepentingan Negara maju dan Negara berkembang, khususnya Indonesia, demi tercapainya fair trade dalam bidang perikanan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan yang berkelanjutan."

"Indonesia, sebagai negara kepulauan dengan garis pantai terpanjang di dunia, memiliki potensi sumber daya laut dan perikanan yang sangat luar biasa. Namun, anugerah geografis dan potensi demikian bertolak belakang dengan realita kondisi hidup masyarakat pesisir antara lain nelayan kecil yang masih banyak terpuruk dalam kemiskinan. Hingga saat ini, sedang berlangsung putaran-putaran negosiasi di kancah multilateral untuk mengatur secara ketat aktivitas penyelenggaraan subsidi perikanan oleh negara-negara. Terdapat potensi pelarangan terhadap penyelenggaran subsidi perikanan atas nama lingkungan. Subsidi diduga memiliki dampak negatif terhadap keberlanjutan stok ikan dunia. Padahal, penyelenggaraan subsidi perikanan oleh pemerintah adalah salah satu upaya utama untuk untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan dan meningkatkan taraf hidup nelayan kecil. Berangkat dari permasalahan tersebut, Penulis akan melakukan penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif. Pertama-tama, Penulis akan memaparkan realita taraf kehidupan dan kesejahteraan nelayan kecil di Indonesia yang masih rendah. Nelayan kecil dengan segala keterbatasan sosial, ekonomi, dan teknologi masih harus berjuang dan bersaing dengan aktor perikanan skala besar dan nelayan asing. Kemudian, penelitian akan dilanjutkan kepada pembahasan instrumen-instrumen hukum mengenai manajemen sumber daya perikanan dan subsidi perikanan yang pernah dan/atau masih berlaku di tataran internasional, regional, dan nasional. Dan pada akhirnya, penelitian akan sampai pada analisis terhadap kerangka hukum yang ideal bagi kebijakan peningkatan taraf hidup nelayan kecil di Indonesia melalui pemberian subsidi perikanan, suatu kebijakan yang juga tidak akan mengancam keberlanjutan sumber daya perikanan.

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Indonesia, as an archipelagic country with the longest coastline in the world, has extraordinary potential on marine and fishery resources. However, such geographical gifts and potentials are strikingly different with the living reality of coastal communities, including small-scale fishermen, many of whom are still impecunious. Up to now, there has been rounds of multilateral negotiations occurring to strictly regulate the countries’ activities for providing fisheries subsidies. There is a possibility that numerous policies of fisheries subsidies are to be prohibited due to environmental reasons. Fisheries subsidies are deemed to negatively impact the sustainability of world fish stocks. Whilst fisheries subsidies provided by government are frankly one main effort to improve the living standards of small-scale fishermen. From the problems state above, the Author will conduct research using juridical-normative approach. The Author will begin by describing the low quality of living standards, level of prosperity, and welfare of the small-scale fishermen in Indonesia. Small-scale fishermen with all their social, economic, and technological limitations still have to struggle and compete with large-scale fisheries actors and foreign fishermen. Then, the research will continue to the study of the past and/or currently applicable international, regional, and national legal instruments on fishery resources management and fisheries subsidies. Lastly, the research will arrive at the analysis of ideal legal framework for fishery subsidies to improve the living standards of small-scale fishermen in Indonesia, the kind of policy which would not endanger the sustainability of fishery resources as well. "

"Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) merupakan perjanjian multirateral World Trade Organization (WTO) yang bertujuan untuk mendisiplinkan pemberian subsidi untuk penangkapan ikan. Perjanjian ini baru berlaku saat tiga perempat dari seluruh negara anggota WTO memberikan instrumen penerimaan kepada WTO. Namun demikian, Indonesia yang merupakan negara maritim dengan banyak nelayan kecil hingga saat ini belum mengirimkan instrumen penerimaan itu. Oleh sebab itu, Pemerintah Indonesia harus mengkaji implikasi dari AFS terhadap industri perikanan. Tulisan ini memiliki dua pokok permasalahan yaitu konstruksi larangan subsidi perikanan dalam WTO dan implikasi jika AFS berlaku terhadap industri perikanan di Indonesia. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah AFS memiliki implikasi positif dan negatif AFS jika ia berlaku terhadap industri perikanan di Indonesia. Perjanjian tersebut dapat mengurangi penangkapan ikan yang ilegal oleh kapal asing dan penangkapan ikan yang berlebih di Indonesia. Akan tetapi, AFS juga mengancam Pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait subsidi perikanan karena beberapa ketentuan subsidi di Indonesia bertentangan dengan perjanjian tersebut. Namun demikian, besarnya keuntungan atau kerugian tersebut akan bergantung terhadap bagaimana Indonesia dapat menegosiasikan pengecualian kebijakan AFS terhadap negara berkembang dan menerapkan kebijakan yang mendukung industri perikanan di Indonesia.

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The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) is a World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral agreement which aims to discipline the provision of subsidies for fishing. This agreement will only come into effect when three-quarters of all WTO member countries submit instruments of acceptance to the WTO. However, Indonesia, which is a maritime country with many small fishermen, has not yet sent the acceptance instrument. Therefore, the Indonesian Government must examine the implications of AFS for the fishing industry. This paper has two main issues, namely the construction of a ban on fisheries subsidies in the WTO and the implications if AFS applies to the fishing industry in Indonesia. This paper uses doctrinal research method. The results of this research are that AFS has positive and negative implications of AFS if it applies to the fishing industry in Indonesia. The agreement can reduce illegal fishing by foreign vessels and overfishing in Indonesia. However, AFS also threatened the Indonesian government to make changes to laws and regulations related to fisheries subsidies because several subsidy provisions in Indonesia conflict with the agreement. However, the magnitude of these benefits or losses will depend on how Indonesia can negotiate exceptions to the AFS policy for developing countries and implement policies that support the fishing industry in Indonesia."

"Skripsi ini menganalisa peran Indonesia terhadap pengelolaan perikanan tuna dari segi hukum-hukum dan juga dari sisi organisasi internasional maupun regional. Indonesia telah meratifikasi beberapa hukum dan ketentuan internasional seperti United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (1982 UNCLOS), United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (1995 UNFSA) dan juga telah berhasil meratifikasi 3 Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) yaitu Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), Conventions on Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), dan Western Central and Pacific Fisheries Organization (WCPFC). 1982 UNCLOS menyatakan bahwa masing-masing negara wajib untuk bekerja sama antara lain untuk mengelola perikanan di area laut lepas (high seas) dan juga di Zone Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE). Juga bisa di simpulkan bahwa organisasi internasional dan regional tersebut didirikan karena ada timbulnya isuisu pengelolaan perikanan dimana dapat merusak sumber daya, konservasi dan dapat menyebabkan penipisan stok ikan tuna. Pengelolaan perikanan di Indonesia banyak mengangkat isu-isu yang terkait dengan kasus Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) dimana kesalahan ini jelas tidak memenuhi ketentuan yang ditegaskan di hukum-hukum internasional. Isu tersebut mengangkat beberapa persoalan penting yang memperlihatkan kelemahan aplikasi Undang-Undang maupun Peraturan Menteri. Oleh sebab itu, skripsi ini menggambarkan bagaimana Indonesia memperoleh peran di pengelolaan perikanan yang berdasar dengan asas berkerlanjutan dan pemikiran jangka panjang.

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This thesis analyzes the role of the Indonesian tuna fisheries management under the scope of international laws and regional organizations. Indonesia has ratified several international laws and regulations such as the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (1982 UNCLOS), the United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (1995 UNFSA) and has also been successfully ratified 3 Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO), namely the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), Conventions on the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), and the Central and Western Pacific Fisheries Organization (WCPFC). Furthermore, 1982 UNCLOS states that each state is responsible to cooperate amongst another to manage the fisheries in the high seas areas (high seas) and also in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It can also be illustrated that the international and regional organizations are established because there is the urgency of fisheries management issues that may damage the resources as it can eventually cause depletion in tuna stocks. The Indonesian fisheries management has several issues of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) where such actions do not comply with the laws and standards as defined in international law. The issue raised some important issues that demonstrate the weak practical application of national Laws and Ministerial Regulations Therefore, this paper analyzes why should Indonesia’s role to be persistent in applying the conservation principles and sustainable measures in its fisheries management."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengaturan permasalahan perdagangan ikan mulai dari proses penangkapan hingga berakhir ditangan konsumen berdasarkan ketentuan internasional. Permasalahan yang disorot dalam skripsi ini adalah maraknya tindak IUU Fishing dalam proses penangkapan, kerusakan ekosistem laut akibat tindak perikanan merusak dan pembuangan limbah ke laut, pemberian subsidi pemerintah dan kewajiban sertifikasi hasil perikanan dan produk perikanan. Skripsi ini menganalisis berbagai perjanjian internasional seperti UNCLOS, GATT, peraturan FAO, serta beberapa regulasi dan praktek negara seperti Amerika Serikat, Uni Eropa, Jepang dan Indonesia dalam menangani permasalahan perdagangan ikan. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah permasalahan dalam perdagangan ikan terus terjadi karena kurangnya political will dan perbedaan nilai pandang dari negara ? negara dalam menerapkan ketentuan internasional yang telah disepakati.

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This thesis describes about problem issues on fisheries trade ranging from the catch process untill end in the hands of consumers based on international regulations. The problems which is highlighted in this research are the rampant acts of IUU Fishing, damage of marine ecosystems due to acts of destructive fishing and ocean dumping, providing government subsidies in fisheries and certification obligation of the fishery and fishery products. This thesis analyzes various of international regulation such as UNCLOS, GATT, FAO rules, regulation and pratices some countries such as USA, EU, Japan and Indonesia in addressing the problem of fisheries trade. The author uses a normative juridical research method. The result of this thesis shows that the problems in the fisheries trade still continues to occur because of lacking political will and differences in value of states? view in implementing the international regulation provisions."

"The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which were adopted by the United Nations in September 2015 are universally applicable in all 193 UN Member States and connect the big challenges of our time, such as hunger and poverty, climate change, health in an urbanised environment, sustainable energy, mobility, economic development and environmental degradation. Sustainability has the characteristics of a ‘wicked problem’, for which there are no one-size-fits-all solutions.This book tests the hypothesis that the implementation of sustainable development, and in particular the 2015 SDGs, requires tailor-made metagovernance or ‘governance of governance’. This is necessary to develop effective governance and high quality and inclusive public administration and to foster policy and institutional coherence to support implementing the SDGs. Based on the growing literature on governance and metagovernance, and taking into account the specificities of societal factors such as different values and traditions in different countries, the book presents a framework for the design and management of SDG implementation. It shows how hierarchical, network and market governance styles can be combined and how governance failure can be prevented or dealt with. The book presents an overview of fifty ‘shades of governance’ which differ for each governance style, and a sketch of a concrete method to apply sustainability metagovernance.Metagovernance for Sustainability is relevant to academic and practitioner fields across many disciplines and problem areas. It will be of particular interest to scholars, students and policy-makers studying Sustainable Development, Governance and Metagovernance, Public Management and Capacity Building."