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"ABSTRAKMahkota Dewa as a traditional plant has been commonly used as traditional cancer medication. However, the mechanism of usage is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to know the mechanism of the protection effect of Mahkota Dewa on Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM cell line. The result showed BaP induced cell death with in CCRF-CEM cell line was dose-dependent but not based on time-course. Exposure of this cell for 24 h with variation of dose between 5-20 μM increased the percentage of apoptosis to about 15%. On the other hand, Mahkota Dewa itself has dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity and has no effect in the inhibition of BaP exposure.Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both BaP and Mahkota Dewa induced cytotoxicity has been seen but the involvement of oxidative stress is unclear. However, in other cancer cell line SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the inhibition efffect of Mahkota Dewa in BaP exposure has been seen and no cytotoxicity effect appeared in this cell line. In conclusion, Mahkota Dewa has induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cancer cell line but not in SH-SY5Y cell line, so it has a potential anticancer effect; Mahkota Dewa, however, requires more researches on DNA level using other type of cancer to observe the mechanism."

"Mahkota Dewa as a traditional plant has been commonly used as traditional cancer medication. However, themechanism of usage is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to know the mechanism of the protection effect ofMahkota Dewa on Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM cell line. The result showed BaP inducedcell death with in CCRF-CEM cell line was dose-dependent but not based on time-course. Exposure of this cell for 24 hwith variation of dose between 5-20 μM increased the percentage of apoptosis to about 15%. On the other hand,Mahkota Dewa itself has dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity and has no effect in the inhibition of BaP exposure.Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both BaP and Mahkota Dewa induced cytotoxicity has been seen but the involvementof oxidative stress is unclear. However, in other cancer cell line SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the inhibitionefffect of Mahkota Dewa in BaP exposure has been seen and no cytotoxicity effect appeared in this cell line. Inconclusion, Mahkota Dewa has induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cancer cell line but not in SH-SY5Y cell line, so ithas a potential anticancer effect; Mahkota Dewa, however, requires more researches on DNA level using other type ofcancer to observe the mechanism.Efek Penghambatan Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) pada Sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM Cell Lines yangTerpajan oleh Benzo(a)pyrene. Mahkota Dewa adalah tumbuhan tradisional yang umumnya digunakan sebagai obatkanker tradisional. Namun belum terdapat kejelasan mengenai mekanisme penggunaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui mekanisme efek proteksi Mahkota Dewa pada sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM cell line yang terpajan olehBenzo(a)pyrene. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kematian sel dalam CCRF-CEM cell line yang diinduksi oleh BaPterjadi secara dependen terhadap dosis, tetapi bukan didasari oleh jangka waktunya. Paparan sel ini dibiarkan selama 24jam dengan dosis bervariasi antara 5-20 μM dan mengakibatkan peningkatan persentase apoptosis sampai sekitar 15%.Di lain pihak, Mahkota Dewa itu sendiri telah menginduksi sitotoksisitas secara dependen terhadap dosis, dan tidakditemukan efek terhadap penghambatan paparan BaP. Fosforilasi p38 MAPK baik dalam BaP dan sitotoksisitas yangterpajan oleh Mahkota Dewa telah terlihat. Akan tetapi keterlibatan stress oksidatif tidak jelas terlihat. Meskipundemikian, dalam cell line kanker lainnya seperti SH-SY5Y sel neuroblastoma manusia, efek penghambatan MahkotaDewa dalam paparan BaP telah terlihat dan tidak terdapat adanya efek sitotoksisitas yang muncul di cell line ini.Sebagai kesimpulan, Mahkota Dewa telah menginduksi apoptosis pada cell line kanker CCRF-CEM. Namun apoptosistidak diinduksi pada SH-SY5Y cell line sehingga tumbuhan ini berpotensi memiliki efek antikanker. Meskipundemikian, perlu lebih banyak penelitian mengenai Mahkota Dewa pada level DNA dengan menggunakan jenis kankerlainnya agar mekanismenya dapat diobservasi."

"Mahkota Dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa Scheff. Boerl.] mengandung sejumlah senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid seperti kaempferol, mirisetin, naringin, kuersetin, mangiferin, benzofenon, mahkosida A dan rutin, sehingga memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Karena kandungannya tersebut Mahkota Dewa secara empiris telah digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai jenis penyakit seperti kanker, gangguan hepar, jantung, diabetes, rematik, gangguan ginjal, stroke dan tekanan darah tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi kondisi ekstraksi daging buah Mahkota Dewa menggunakan metode microwave-assisted extraction MAE dengan pelarut etanol-air untuk memperoleh kadar fenolik total dan antioksidan yang optimum serta membandingkan metode ekstraksi MAE dengan metode konvensional sokhlet dan refluks. Metode MAE dipilih sebagai metode ekstraksi karena berpotensi besar untuk mengekstraksi senyawa aktif pada tanaman. Etanol-air dipilih sebagai pelarut ekstraksi karena air dan etanol mempunyai konstanta dielektrik dan faktor disipasi yang tinggi sehingga efektif menyerap energi gelombang mikro dari alat MAE. Parameter ekstraksi yang divariasikan berjumlah empat yaitu konsentrasi pelarut etanol, rasio sampel-pelarut, waktu ekstraksi, dan daya alat MAE. Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan bantuan response surface methodology RSM. Kadar fenolik total diukur dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan diukur dengan metode DPPH. Kondisi optimum ekstraksi MAE dengan pelarut etanol-air yang menghasilkan kadar fenolik total 184,081 mg EAG/g ekstrak dan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi inhibisi radikal bebas = 31,69 adalah dengan kondisi konsentrasi pelarut etanol 80, rasio sampel dan pelarut 1:12, waktu ekstraksi 1 menit dan daya alat MAE 50. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara kadar fenolik total dengan aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil rendemen hasil ekstraksi, kadar fenolik total serta aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa metode ekstraksi MAE lebih efisien dibandingkan metode konvensional sokhlet dan refluks. Hasil perbandingan profil kromatogram KCKT antara sampel hasil metode MAE, sokhlet, dan refluks dengan standar maupun isolat menunjukkan bahwa setiap sampel ekstrak mengandung senyawa kuersetin, mahkosida A, 6,4-dihidroksi-4-metoksibenzofenon-2-O- -D-glukopiranosida, dan mangiferin.

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Phaleria macrocarpa Scheff. Boerl. contains some phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol, myricetin, naringin, quercetin, mangiferin, benzophenone, mahkoside A and rutin, that have activity as antioxidant. P.macrocarpa is empirically used as treatment for cancer, liver, heart, kidney disease, diabetes, rheumatism, stroke, and hypertension.

This study is aimed to optimize the condition of extraction using microwave assisted extraction method using ethanol water as solvent to obtain optimum total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from P.macrocarpa and to compare the MAE to conventional method soxhlet and reflux. MAE method has been selected due to its ability to extract an active compound of plant.

Ethanol water has been selected as the extraction solvent because it has a great dielectric constant and dissipation factor that effective to absorb microwave energy from MAE instrument. Extraction parameters used were ethanol concentration, ratio between sample and solvent, extraction time, and microwave power. The analysis was performed using response surface methodology RSM. Total phenolic content measured by Folin Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method.

The optimum conditions of MAE using ethanol water solvent for the highest total phenolic content 184,081 mg GAE g extract and antioxidant activity free radical inhibition 31,69 were 80 ethanol, sample solvent ratio of 1 12, extraction time of 1 min, and power of 50. The analysis of Pearson correlation indicated that there is a correlation between total phenolic content with antioxidant activity.

The results of extract yield, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity indicated that MAE is more efficient than both soxhlet and reflux. The comparison result of HPLC chromatogram profiles between extract samples of MAE, soxhlet, and reflux method with standard or isolates indicated that each of extract sample contains quercetin, mahkoside A, 6,4 dihydroxy 4 methoxybenzophenon 2 O D glucopyranoside and mangiferin. "

"AbstrakEosinophilic inflammation in combination with immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis. Although activated T-helper type (Th) 2 cells play critical roles in the local accumulation and activation of eosinophils, whether they induce eosinophilic skin inflammation, independent of the IgE-mediated pathway has been unclear. To address the functional role of T cells in allergic skin diseases, we herein transferred Th1/Th2-differentiated or naive DO11.10 T cells into unprimed BALB/c mice. Ovalbumin-specific Th2 cells, as well as eosinophils, accumulated in the skin upon antigen challenge, despite the absence of antigen-specific IgE. Neither antigen-specific Th1 nor naive T cells induced eosinophil accumulation, although Th1 cells by themselves migrated into the skin. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and eotaxin were specifically produced in the skin of antigen-challenged, Th2 cell-transferred mice, whereas interferon (IFN)-γ and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were preferentially produced in Th1 cells-transferred mice. Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-3 was enhanced by both Th1 and Th2 cells. The accumulation of eosinophils and Th2 cells in the skin was suppressed by both dexamethasone and FK506, indicating an essential role of Th2 cells in eosinophil recruitment. We conclude that Th2 cells can induce eosinophilic infiltration into the skin in the absence of antigen-specific IgE."

"AbstrakBACKGROUND:Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is one of the common causes of shellfish allergy that is increasing worldwide. One of the important problems in the management of shellfish allergy is the lack of accurate diagnostic assay because the biological and immunological properties of allergens in black tiger shrimp have not been well characterized. This study aims to detect proteins with the ability to bind and cross-link immunoglobulin E (IgE) from black tiger shrimp by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and a humanized rat basophilic leukemia reporter cell line RS-ATL8.METHODS:Sera from shrimp allergic subjects were subjected to ELISA and Western blots using raw or cooked shrimp extract as antigens. Pooled sera were used to sensitize the RS-ATL8 reporter cell line and cells were activated by shrimp extract. Eluted protein extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were tested on the RS-ATL8 cell line and subjected to mass spectrometry to identify potential candidate allergens.RESULTS:Allergic sera reacted stronger to raw shrimp extract than cooked shrimp extract (P=0.009). Western blot demonstrated that major IgE reactivity protein bands were at 32-39 kDa and 91-230 kDa in both raw and cooked shrimp extracts. The eluted protein bands at the molecular weight of 38 and 115 kDa from raw shrimp extract induced IgE cross-linking as assayed by the RS-ATL8 cell line. These protein bands were subjected to mass spectrometry for analysis. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme and crustacyanin were identified as potential candidate novel shrimp allergens.CONCLUSIONS:The RS-ATL8 reporter cell line can be used to identify potential new shrimp allergens that can functionally cross-link IgE and induce mast cell degranulation."

"ABSTRAKIn the past 10 years, recent development of targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has provided a new hope and significantly enhanced the prognosis of the disease. Three class of targeted therapy were developed, including multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex-1 kinase inhibitors, and the humanized antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody. Hence, the objective of this article was to critically examine the current evidence of targeted therapy treatment for patients with mRCC. In the majority of trials evaluating targeted therapy, patients were stratified according to Memorial Sloan Kattering Cancer Center (MSKCC) risk model and the recommendation of targeted treatment based on risk features. In first-line setting (no previous treatment), sunitinib, pazopanib, or bevacizumab plus IFN-α were recommended as treatment options for patient with favorable- or intermediate- risk features and clear cell histology. Patients who progressed after previous cytokine therapy would have sorafenib or axitinib as treatment options. Clear-cell mRCC with favorable- or intermediate- risk features and failure with first-line TKI therapy might be treated with sorafenib, everolimus, temsirolimus or axitinib. However, the current evidence did not show the best treatment sequencing after first-line TKI failure. In patients with poor-risk clear-cell and non-clear cell mRCC, temsirolimus was the treatment option supported by phase III clinical trial. In addition, several new drugs, nowadays, are still being investigated and waiting for the result of phase II or III clinical trial, and this might change the standard therapy for mRCC in the future."

"Tamarindus indica (tamarind) is an established traditional medicine. Pulpa tamarindorum includes vitamin C, protein, fat, glucose, citric acid, etc. Citric acid is a root canal irrigant and vitamin C an antioxidant. This study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxicity of 5% tamarind extract as a root canal irrigant to the cell line BHK-21. Eighteen cultures of cell line BHK-21 were divided into 2 groups. Sterile aquabidest was placed on the group 1 cultures (as control), and 5% tamarind extract was on the group 2, for 2.5 minutes each, and then the percentage of the living and dead cells were counted. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using independent t test to 0.05 limit of significance. The results showed 1% of dead cells in group 1 and 22% in group 2, and that there was a significant difference between the effect of 5% tamarind extract and that of sterile aquabidest (p<0.05). It was concluded that 5% tamarind extract is cytotoxic to the cell line BHK-21."

"Penelitian ini mempunyai dua tujuan yaitu untuk mengetahui efek diet tinggi lemak dalam meningkatkan kadar kolesterol darah tikus strain Wistardan efek ekstrak Garcinia dioicadalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah tikus Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksp erimental Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan kadar kolesterol kelompok tanpalemak tinggi lemak uji a uji b dan uji c secara berurutan adalah 71 4 g dL 73 2 g dL 28 8 g dL 28 8 dan 21 6 g dL Disimpulkan bahwa diet tinggi lemak dapat menaikkan kadar kolesterol darah tikus yang diberikan PTU tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik serta ekstrak Garcinia dioica dap at menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah tikus yang diberikan diet tinggi lemak.

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This study has two purposes to find out the effectof high fat diet in increasing blood cholesterol Wistar rat strains andto find out the effect of Garcinia dioica extract in lowering blood cholesterol level in rats The design used in this study is experimental The findings show that the cholesterol group level of without fat of high fat of test a of test b and of test c respectively is 71 4 g dL 73 2 g dL 28 8 g dL 28 8 and 21 6 g dL Conclusions of this study are that thehigh fat diet can raise rat rsquo s blood cholesterol levels given PTU even though it is not meaningful statistically and that Garcinia dioica extract can lower rat rsquo s blood cholesterol given high fat diet."