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"Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2q values at 1000 °C were 32.2, 37.3, 53.8, 64.1, and 67.3 deg.

The FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide decomposed at 1000 °C has a specific vibration at wave-length 362 cm-1, which is similar to the specific vibration of Ca-O. SEM analysis of the calcium oxide indicated that the calcium oxide's morphology shows a smaller size and a more homogeneous structure, compared to those of fish bones. The use of calcium oxide as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil resulted in iod number of 15.23 g/100 g KOH, density of 0.88 g/cm3, viscosity of 6.00 cSt, and fatty acid value of 0.56 mg/KOH. These characteristic values meet the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel."

"ABSTRAKSince the increasing demand of molasses as raw material for ethanol production in Thailand, the feasibility of applying raw sugar as an alternative raw material for ethanol production is studied in this research. However, although raw sugar has higher sugar content and pure quality than molasses, raw sugar costs are higher than molasses. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the optimum proportion of raw sugar by considering the value of fermentation efficiency by analyzing the ratio of raw sugar to molasses from 0%:100% to 100%:0%. The results showed that the mixture of raw sugar and molasses in Experiment No.1 at a ratio of 20%:80% gained the highest fermentation efficiency at 82.71%. With the addition of enzyme (Experiment No.2), it would enhance the fermentation efficiency to 84.27% at a ratio of 60%:40%. Moreover, by adding enzyme and ferment nutrients (Experiment No.3) it could enhance the fermentation efficiency to 85.98% at a ratio of 80%:20%. These results indicated that the higher amount of applying raw sugar, the more fermentation efficiency in ethanol production. Furthermore, the economic results shown that even though a ratio of 80%:20% from Experiment No.3 had the highest fermentation efficiency, a ratio of 20%:80% presented the best economic result (profit) with high fermentation efficiency (around 85%). Moreover, when the prices of raw sugar and molasses were changed, the Experiment No.3 had more appropriate operation than Experiment No.1 and No.2, because the Experiment No.3 provieded the best economic results with any conditions."

"ABSTRAKRice bran oil soapstock (RBOS) is a by-product from the chemical refining process of rice bran oil production. It contains a large amount of -oryzanol. The main objective of this study was to investigate the amount of -oryzanol obtained by solvent extraction using soxhlet apparatus. RBOS was saponified and was then dehydrated and extracted with ethyl acetate. The optimum conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). BBD was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namely solid to solvent ratio (w/v), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (h). The results showed that the most suitable conditions for the extraction of RBOS that can provide the highest yield of -oryzanol (9.04% dry basis) were 1:12 solid to solvent ratio, 70.1C extraction temperature and 7.26 h extraction time."

"ABSTRAKThe aim of this work was to improve physical stability of rice bran oil-in-water emulsion by heat and alkaline treated proteins from rice bran and soybean. Rice bran protein (RBP) was extracted from defatted rice bran by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. RBP and soy protein (SP) were modified by heat and alkaline treatment (pH 9 at 60 C for 60 min). The ability of modified rice bran protein (MRBP) and modified soy bean protein (MSP) to stabilize rice bran-oil-in-water emulsion was investigated. Results showed that the MRBP and MSP to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions were better than those of RBP and SP. Emulsions with small particle sizes diameter and creaming stability could be produced at pH 6.5 for 0.4-1.0 %wt MRBP and 0.6-1.0 %wt MSP. Improved physical stability of rice bran oil-in-water emulsion by heat and alkaline treated will enhance the utilization RBP and SP as food ingredient in the food industry."

"ABSTRAKThe objective of this study was to compare the anthraquinone content of cassod tree leaves, golden shower pods and noni roots that were determined in the form of free anthraquinone and anthraquinone glycoside by Soxhlet and decoction extraction method. The anthraquinone compounds were identified by the Borntrager reaction. The determination of anthraquinone UV-Visible spectrophotometry at 325nm was used. The results show that the highest anthraquinone content in the golden shower pods with 70% (v/v) ethanol was 193.79mg/g dry plant. The suitable solvent for the anthraquinone glycoside extracts was 80% (v/v) ethanol for the cassod tree leaves. In the testing of birds, 1% of the extracted golden shower pods that cover the seeds for food consumption showed a lower amount than that consumed in the control group (p <0.05)."

"Commercialization ofbioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output andcolossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensityworldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well asturning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention ofbioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass tofuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In thisstudy, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocksas the raw materials for bioethanol production because they do not adverselyimpact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventionalfermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably forwaste biomass-to-bioethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is morecost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zerochemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biologicalconversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bioethanol, thediverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains,plusbioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmentalissues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well asfuture process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Komposit Al/SiCp coating telah dihasilkan dari gravity casting. Dengan partikel SiC dilapisi oleh lapisan metal oksida yang diperoleh dari proses electroless plating dalam larutan elektrolit HNO3, dengan konsentrasi magnesium (Mg) dalam larutan elektrolit tersebut bervariasi dari 0,002 sampai 0,012 mol dan konsentrasi aluminum (Al) dibuat tetap 0,018 mol. Partikel SiC coating tersebut, digunakan untuk membuat komposit (MMCs) dengan persen volume SiC bervariasi dari 2 sampai 20,5 vol%. Komposit aluminum yang dihasilkan, dianalisis dalam metalografi dan sifat mekanik. Dari komposit tersebut, diperoleh bahwa sifat mekanik komposit dapat meningkat dibandingkan dengan matriks aluminum, seperti kekerasan meningkat dari 76,23 BHN menjadi 96,82 BHN, porositas turun dari 8,97% menjadi 3,81% dan laju keausan turun dari 10,6 x 10-6/mm/mm3 menjadi 2,63 x 10-6/mm/mm3 karena penambahan persen volume SiC 15%. Sedangkan kuat tarik komposit Al/SiCp turun dibandingkan dengan matriks aluminumnya dari 203,31 Mpa menjadi 191,49 Mpa. Pembentukan fasa spinel MgAl2O4 di interface Al/SiC rendah, karena magnesium berinteraksi dengan silikon, membentuk fasa baru Mg2Si yang teridentifikasi oleh XRD pada semua komposisi persen volume SiC coating. Pembentukan fasa Mg2Si pada matriks aluminum, dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanis komposit Al/SiCp.

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Al/SiCp coating MMCs has been produced by gravity casting. The SiC particles were coated with metal oxide film obtained by electroless plating in liquid electrolyte HNO3, and liquid electrolyte made various magnesium (Mg) concentrations from 0.002 to 0.012 mole and a concentration aluminum (Al) have made constant is 0,018 mole. The SiCp coated, used for making MMCs was various volume percent SiCp from 2 to 20.5 vol%. The aluminum composites produced was analysed both metalography and mechanical properties. It is obtained that mechanical properties of these composites are increased compared to unreinforced, i.e hardness increased from 76.23 BHN to 96.82 BHN, porosity decreased from 8.97% to 3.81% and wear rates decreased from 10.6 x 10-6/mm/mm3 to 2.63 x 10-6/mm/mm3 due to the additions volume percent SiC up to 15%. In contrast, the tensile strength of Al/SiCp composites decreased from 203.31 MPa to 191.49 MPa. Spinel phase of MgAl2O4 at the interface Al/SiC is low, due to magnesium interact with silicon, formed a new phase of Mg2Si indentified by XRD in all composition of volume percent SiC coating. A new phase of Mg2Si formed in the matrix aluminum, increased mechanical properties of Al/SiCp composites."