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"Latar Belakang: Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) dan Propolis Fluoride (PPF) merupakan varnish yang memiliki sifat antibakteri dan dapat mencegah demineralisasi dan memicu remineralisasi Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekerasan dentin setelah aplikasi varnish SDF dan PPF selama 30 hari dan 60 hari. Metode: Enam spesimen dentin gigi premolar dengan ukuran 4x4x2 mm diaplikasikan varnish SDF (38%) dan PPF (10%) kemudian setiap spesimen direndam dalam tube berisi aquadem lalu dikocok dengan kecepatan 45 rpm selama 30 menit setiap hari. Dan dilakukan uji kekerasan menggunakan Vickers microhardness tester setelah 30 dan 60 hari. Hasil: Nilai kekerasan dentin setelah 30 hari aplikasi SDF ialah 67 ± 2,83 VHN dan PPF ialah 61,00 ± 2,44 VHN. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan dentin setelah 60 hari aplikasi SDF ialah 69,00 ± 2,82 VHN dan PPF ialah 73,25 ± 1,71 VHN. Kesimpulan: Varnish SDF dan PPF efektif meningkatkan kekerasan dentin.

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Background: Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Propolis Fluoride (PPF) had antibacterial properties on silver and propolis contents. The fluoride content present in both varnishes could inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization Objective: This study analyzed the dentin microhardness after 30 and 60 days application of Sodium diamine fluoride (SDF) and propolis fluoride (PPF). Methods: Six dentin blocks were allocated and divided into control groups and treatment groups with SDF (38%) and PPF (10%). Each dentin block in the treatment group received a topical application of various fluoridebased varnishes and was submerged in aquadem and shaken for 30 minutes at 45 rpm every day. The dentin hardness was analyzed by a Vickers microhardness tester. Results: Dentin microhardness after 30 days application of SDF varnish was 67 ± 2,83 VHN and PPF varnish was 61,00 ± 2,44 VHN. While, Dentin microhardness after 60 days application of SDF varnish was 69,00 ± 2,82 VHN and PPF varnish was 73,25 ± 1,71 VHN Conclusion: SDF and PPF were effective for dentin remineralization and increase dentin microhardness."

"Latar Belakang: Propolis fluoride salah satu sediaan yang dapat menghambat perkembangan bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh propolis fluoride terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dalam berbagai fase. Metode: Model biofilm S.mutans di inkubasi selama 4 jam fase adesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif, dan 24 jam fase maturasi, kemudian dipaparkan dengan propolis fluoride 3,3 ; 6,6, 10 kelompok perlakuan, dan SDF 38 kelompok kontrol. Analisis Viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dilakukan dengan uji MTT untuk dibaca pada microplate reader. Hasil: Pada pemaparan Propolis 3,3, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 14,89 3,19; fase akumulasi aktif 24,37 7,43; dan fase maturasi 21,35 3,06. Pada pemaparan Propolis 6,6, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 10,10 2,43; fase akumulasi aktif 20,88 13,17; dan fase maturasi 18,82 4,51. Pada pemaparan Propolis 10, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi8,04 1,59; fase akumulasi aktif 11,17 8,90; dan fase maturasi 16,75 1,83. Kesimpulan: Propolis fluoride 10 dapat menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi.

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Background: Propolis fluoride in one of dosage could inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis fluoride on the viability of S. mutans biofilm in various phases.

Method: S. mutans biofilm models were incubated for 4 hours adhesion phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase, and 24 hours maturation phase, then presented with propolis fluoride 3.3 6.6, 10 treatment group, and SDF 38 control group. Analysis of S. mutans biofilm viability is tested by MTT in the microplate reader.

Results: Exposure of Propolis Flouride 3.3, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the adhesion phase is 14.89 3.19 active accumulation phase is 24.37 7.43 and the maturation phase is 21.35 3.06. On exposure of Propolis Flouride 6.6, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in adhesion phase is 10,10 2,43 active accumulation phase is 20.88 13.17 and the maturation phase is 18.82 4.51. On exposure of Propolis Fluoride 10, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the phase of adhesion is 8.04 1.59 active accumulation phase is 11.17 8.90 and the phase of maturation is 16.75 1.83.

Conclusion: Propolis fluoride 10 could reduced the viability of S. mutans biofilm in adhesion phase."

"Tujuan: Diketahuinya perbandingan efektiftas aplikasi silver diamine fluoride dengan propolis fluoride dalam menghambat karies gigi sulung. Metode: 224 anak usia 4-5 tahun dengan karies dentin aktif dialokasikan secara random pada satu diantara 3 kelompok perlakuan untuk pengobatan lesi karies dentin gigi sulung: Kelompok 1- Aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride, Kelompok 2- Aplikasi Propolis Fluoride, dan Kelompok 3- Kontrol. Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah 7 hari, 1 bulan dan 3 bulan untuk menilai banyaknya lesi karies yang menjadi terhenti. Hasil: Setelah 3 bulan, 163 (72,8%) anak menyelesaikan penelitian. Persentase karies yang menjadi terhenti adalah 88,68%, 55,78% dan 2,13% untuk Kelompok 1, Kelompok 2 dan Kelompok 3. Kesimpulan: Aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride atau Propolis Fluoride efektif menghambat lesi karies gigi sulung. Silver Diamine Fluoride lebih efektif dalam menghambat lesi karies dibanding Propolis Fluoride, tetapi Propolis Fluoride memiliki keunggulan tidak membuat perubahan warna gigi menjadi hitam.

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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of topical application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution and topical application of propolis fluoride in arresting active dentine caries in primary teeth.

Methods: A total of 224 children, aged 3-4 years, were randomly allocated to one of three groups for treatment of carious dentine cavities in their primary teeth: group 1- application of SDF, group 2 ? application of Propolis Fluoride, group 3 ? control. Follow-up examinations were carried out 7 days, 1 month and 3 months to assess whether the treated caries lesions had become arrested.

Results: After 3 months follow up, 163 (72,8%) children remained in the study. The caries arrest rates were 88,68%, 55,78% dan 2,13% for group 1, group 2 and group 3.

Conclusion: Application of SDF solution or Propolis Fluoride solution can arrest active dentine caries. Topical application of SDF is more effective than Propolis Fluoride in inhibiting caries lesions progression, but Propolis Fluoride has the advantage that the arrested caries lesion will not turn black in colour like SDF."

"Tujuan. Menganalisis efek aplikasi NSF dan PPF terhadap remineralisasi dentin melalui uji kristalinitas.Metode. Dentin blok dibagi dalam sembilan kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol positif dan negatif dan tujuh kelompok perlakuan. Kontrol negatif merupakan dentin normal dan kontrol positif merupakan dentin yang didemineralisasi. Kelompok perlakuan diaplikasikan NSF dan PPF dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda. Karakteristik kristal dari seluruh dentin blok diuji oleh X-Ray Diffraction XRD.Hasil. Gambaran XRD memperlihatkan senyawa apatit, senyawa kalsium, dan senyawa logam dalam kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol positif.Kesimpulan. NSF dan PPF efektif terhadap remineralisasi dentin.

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To analyze the effects of NSF and PPF application to dentin remineralization by crystallinity test.

Method. Dentin blocks were allocated to nine groups, control groups positive and negative and seven treatment groups. Control negative is sound dentin and control positive is demineralized dentin. The treatment groups were applied of NSF and PPF with different concentration. The crystal characteristics of dentin blocks were investigated by X Ray Diffraction XRD.

Result. XRD revealed precipitates of apatite compounds, calcium compounds, and metal compounds in treatment groups higher than in control positive group.

Conclusion. NSF and PPF were effective for dentin remineralization. "

"Karies gigi merupakan penyakit jaringan keras gigi, yaitu email, dentin dan sementum yang terjadi akibat demineralisasi enamel gigi oleh aktivitas bakteri kariogenik yang menghasilkan asam, khususnya Streptococcus mutans. Dalam penelitian ini permen karet digunakan sebagai sediaan dengan penambahan zat aktif kompleks CPP-ACP dan lilin propolis (0%,2%,4%,6%) dari Trigona sp untuk mencegah karies dan meremineralisasi permukaan gigi. Pembuatan komplek CPP-ACP (casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phospate) sesuai dengan paten US 2005/0037948 dengan komposisi 5% b/b tiap formulasi permen karet. Lilin propolis yang digunakan merupakan produk samping pemurnian raw propolis Trigona sp yang tersusun atas komponen resin dan lilin. Walaupun kandungan senyawa flavonoid yang terkandung dalam lilin propolis lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan porpolis murni, namun masih ampuh dalam menginhibisi bakteri S.mutans. Hasil pengujian in vitro permen karet uji menunjukkan bahwa dengan konsentrasi 6% dan CPP-ACP mampu menginhibisi 80% aktivitas S.mutans dalam pembentukan biofilm plak gigi relatif terhadap kontrol negatif. Dan hasil pengujian kualitatif permukaan gigi menunjukkan CPP-ACP dalam permen karet uji mampu memicu terjadinya proses remineralisasi pada permukaan gigi yang telah mengalami demineralisasi. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan SEM (2000x perbesaran).

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Dental caries is tooth hard tissue disease caused by demineralization of tooth enamel from the activity of cariogenic bacteria that produce organic acid, especially of Streptococcus mutans. In this research gum used as preparations with the addition of CPP-ACP complex and the active ingredients of wax propolis (0%, 2%,4%,6%) from Trigona sp. for preventing caries and remineralization tooth enamel. The generation of CPP-ACP complex (Casein Phosphopeptides-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) is in accordance with the patent US 2005/0037948 followed by the composition of 5% w/w of each gum formulation. Propolis wax that used is a by-product raw propolis purification Trigona sp. composed of resin and wax components. Although the content of flavonoid compound contained in propolis wax less than pure propolis, yet still powerful in bacteria inhibit especially S.mutans. The in vitro test showed that 6% of propolis wax and CPP-ACP in sugar-free chewing gum is able to prevent the formation of dental caries by inhibiting biofilm formation up to 80% more effective relative to the negative control. And tooth surface qualitative test results showed that the CPP-ACP in sugar-free chewing gum able to trigger the process of remineralization on tooth surfaces which have been demineralized before. Observation were carried out by using SEM (2000x magnification)."

"Latar belakang: Pemakaian heroin masih cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh penambahan natrium florida pada penyimpanan sampel darah yang mengandung heroin ( 6 monoacetylmorphine dan morfin ) di kulkas suhu 5°C - 15°.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik eksperimental dalam lingkungan yang terkontrol. Terhadap 8 subjek penelitian diambil darahnya sebanyak 9 ml yaitu yang menggunakan heroin 30 menit hingga 3 jam sebelum pengambilan darah. Kemudian 9 ml darah dibagi menjadi 3 tabung, masing- masing tabung 3 ml. Tabung pertama langsung diperiksa kadar 6 monoacetylmorphine dan morfin menggunakan Gas Choromatography Mass Spectrometry. Tabung kedua yaitu darah dengan natrium florida dan tabung ketiga darah tanpa natrium florida disimpan dikulkas suhu 5°C - 15°C selama 3 hari. Hasil: Pada pemeriksaan sampel hari pertama terhadap zat 6 monoacetylmorphine tidak ditemukan adanya zat tersebut. Karena pada kedelapan sampel , 6 monoacetylmorphinenya telah berubah menjadi morfin. Tetapi 6 monoacetylmorphine ini tetap ada hingga hari ketiga pada 50% sampel yang disimpan dengan natrium florida. Rata-rata kadar morfin hari pertama adalah 860,2 ± 669,5 ng/ml menurun pada hari ketiga menjadi 656,6 ± 425,8 ng/ml ( sampel dengan penambahan natrium florida) , 448,2 ± 270,7 ng/ml ( sampel tanpa penambahan natrium florida). Rata-rata perbedaan antara sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan pada sampel yang ditambahkan natrium florida adalah 203,6 ± 252,4 ng/ml dengan signifikansi (p) = 0,057. Rata-rata perbedaan antara sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan pada sampel tanpa penambahan natrium florida adalah 411,9 ± 475,2 ng/ml dengan signifikansi (p) = 0,044. Kesimpulan Dengan penambahan natrium florida dapat mencegah perubahan 6 monoacetylmorphine menjadi morfin pada 50% sampel penelitian. Pada sampel yang disimpan dengan natrium florida, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar morfin sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan selama 3 hari dikulkas suhu 5°C - 15°C. Pada sampel yang disimpan tanpa natrium florida , terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar morfin sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan selama 3 hari dikulkas suhu 5°C - 15°C.

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Background: Heroin consumption is still quite high in Indonesia. This study is to discuss the effect of adding sodium fluoride to the storage of blood samples containing heroin (6 monoacetylmorphine and morphine) in a refrigerator with a temperature of 5°C to 15°C.

Methods: This study is an experimental analysis in a controlled environment. To the 8 subject of study, 9 ml of blood was drawn who was using heroin 30 minutes to 3 hours before blood sampling. This 9 ml of blood were then saved into 3 tubes of 3 ml each. The first tube was directly examined for the levels of 6 monoacetylmorphine and morphine using Gas Choromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The second tube of blood with sodium fluoride and the third tube of blood without sodium fluoride were stored in refrigerator of 5°C to 15°C for 3 days.

Results: On the first day examinations, 6 monoacetylmorphine were not found, because all of the samples, 6 monoacetylmorphine has changed to morphine. But this 6 monoacetylmorphine remains until the third day in 50% of samples stored with sodium fluoride. Average concentration of morphine in the first day was 860.2 ± 669.5 ng/ml and decreased to 656.6 ± 425.8 ng/ml on the third day (samples with the addition of sodium fluoride), and to 448.2 ± 270.7 ng / ml (sample without the addition of sodium fluoride). The average difference between before and after storage in the samples added with sodium fluoride is 203.6 ± 252.4 ng/ml with significance of (p) = 0.057. The average difference between before and after storage in the samples without the addition of sodium fluoride was 411.9 ± 475.2 ng/ml with significance (p) = 0.044.

Conclusion The additions of sodium fluoride prevent changes of 6 monoacetylmorphine into morphine in 50% of the study sample. In samples stored with sodium fluoride, there is no significant difference between the levels of morphine before and after storage for 3 days in refrigerator with temperature of 5°C to 15°C. In the samples stored without sodium fluoride, while there is a significant difference between the levels of morphine before and after storage for 3 days in refrigerator temperature of 5°C to 15°C."

"Latar belakang: Silver Diamine Fluoride dan Laser CO2 merupakan alternatif perawatan yang dapat dipilih untuk menangani hipersensivitas denton.Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan Silver Diamine Fluoride dan Laser CO2 dalam menurunkan skor hipersensitivitas dentin. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain single blind, split-mouth randomized controlled trial yang melibatkan 16 subjek dengan keluhan gigi sensitif dan memiliki minimal dua gigi yang positif terhadap uji evaporatif atau uji thermal. Subjek akan diaplikasikan Silver Diamine Fluoride dan Laser CO2. Pengukuran hipersensitivitas dentin dilakukan dengan stimulus evaporatif dan termal dan DIAGNOdent pasca aplikasi, 7 hari dan 14 hari setelah aplikasi. Hasil: Terjadi penurunan skor Hipersensitivitas dan DIAGNOdent yang berbeda bermakna terhadap data baseline segera pasca aplikasi, 7 hari dan 14 hari pasca aplikasi p=0,000 untuk stimulus evaporatif, termal dan DIAGNOdent . Tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride dan aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride dan Laser CO2 pada setiap pengukuran. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan Silver Diamine Fluoride dan Laser CO2 efektif dalam menurunkan skor hipersensitivitas dentin.

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Background: Silver Diamine fluoride and CO2 Laser are a new alternative treatment for dentin hypersensitivity.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride and CO2 Laser in reducing dentin hypersensitivity score.

Methods: The study used a single blind, split mouth design randomized controlled trial involving 16 subjects with symptoms of sensitive teeth and have at least two hypersensitive teeth which are positive to evaporative or thermal test. The subject teeth surface will be applied Silver diamine fluoride and CO2 Laser will be applied to the subject teeth surface.

Results: This clinical study demonstrated that the application of Silver Diamine Fluoride and CO2 Laser reduce dentin hypersensitivity significantly in each measurement p 0,000 for evaporative and thermal stimulus. But there is no statistically significant differences between the two application.

Conclusion: The usage of Silver Diamine Fluoride and CO2 Laser are effective to reduce the degree of dentin hypersensitivity. "

"Karies merupakan penyakit infeksius yang paling sering terjadi pada anak di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan solusi yang dapat mengatasi karies, salah satunya dengan aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF). Tujuan: membahas evaluasi aplikasi SDF dalam mengatasi karies anak dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan persentase karies terhenti setelah aplikasi SDF. Metode: Studi kohort untuk evaluasi dan cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian 115 anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies dentin aktif. Kuesioner diisi oleh orangtua untuk mengetahui faktor risiko karies. Hasil: Evaluasi pada 3 dan 10 bulan memperlihatkan permukaan karies aktif berpeluang terhenti 9.9 dan 6.8 kali setelah diaplikasi SDF, dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diaplikasi. Kesimpulan: SDF efektif menghentikan karies aktif anak serta meringankan rasa sakit yang diderita anak akibat karies sehingga berpotensi meningkatkan quality of life anak.

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Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious disease in children in Indonesia. Therefore, solution to overcome caries is needed.

Objective: evaluate Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) applications to overcome caries in children and factors related to the percentage of arrested caries after SDF application.

Method: Cohort study to evaluation and cross sectional with 115 children aged 3-5 years old who had active dentin caries were the subjects. Caries risk factors questionnaires filled by parents subject.

Results: Active caries which were applied SDF had odd ratios 9.9 and 6.8 times being arrested after 3 and 10 months, respectively, compared with those not applied.

Conclusion: SDF is effective to arrest caries and decrease toothache suffered by children, thus potentially increase the quality of life of children."