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"ABSTRAKMorfologi cangkang spesies-spesies anggota Famili Thiaridae memiliki variasi intra spesies yang sangat tinggi sehingga dapat menyulitkan penentuan identitas tiap-tiap spesiesnya. Studi ontogeni, mekanisme, dan strategi reproduksi merupakan pendekatan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menyempurnakan identitas dan sistematika suatu spesies. Pengamatan terhadap morfologi cangkang pada spesies Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , dan Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 menunjukkan variasi terutama pada karakter dimensi cangkang, warna cangkang, ornamen cangkang, serta kuat lemahnya garis tumbuh spiral dan aksial. Hasil studi ontogeni dan reproduksi pada ketiga spesies tersebut menunjukkan bahwa T. granifera dan M. tuberculata bereproduksi secara euvivipar, sementara S. punctata bersifat ovovivipar. Data ontogeni memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan dalam kisaran jumlah, ukuran, dan morfologi embryonic shell antara spesies T. granifera dan M. tuberculata. Jumlah embryonic shell yang tersimpan dalam subhaemocoelic brood pouch T. granifera lebih banyak 9-203 dibandingkan dengan jumlah embryonic shell yang mampu dihasilkan oleh satu individu M. tuberculata 1- 66 . Adapun kisaran ukuran embryonic shell pada T. granifera adalah 0,22-5 mm dan M. tuberculata sebesar 0,12-5,95 mm. Informasi mengenai ontogeni dan mekanisme serta strategi reproduksi selanjutnya dapat dijadikan sebagai bukti terjadinya fenomena-fenomena biologi di alam seperti kolonisasi, radiasi atau evolusi.Kata kunci : Morfologi, ontogeni, reproduksi, variasi intraspesies, Thiaridae.

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ABSTRACTThe shell morphology of some Thiarid rsquo s species are known to have highly inter species variation. Hence, species identification based on morphological characters only is quite difficult. The morphological observation of species Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , and Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 from Indonesia indicates that interspecies variation occur especially on the characters of shell dimensions, colour, ornaments, as well as the strength of spiral and axial growth lines. Studies on ontogeny, mechanisms and strategies of reproduction is another approach that can be used to enhance the valid identity and determination of Thiarid rsquo s species. The studies on ontogeny and reproductive of that three species reveal that T. granifera and M. tuberculata reproduces by eu viviparity while S. punctata are ovo viviparous. Ontogeny data exhibit the differences in the range number of embryonic shell as well as size between embryonic shell of T. granifera and M. tuberculata. Tarebia granifera have more embryonic shell stored in a subhaemocoelic brood pouch 9 203 individu compared with the number of embryonic shell that can be produced by one individual of M. tuberculata 1 66 individu . Tarebia granifera embryonic shell sizes ranging from 0.22 to 5 mm in height. While the size of M. tuberculata embryonic shell are between 0.12 to 5.95 mm. Information about ontogeny and mechanisms as well as reproductive strategies then can be used as an evidence of the occurrence of biological phenomenon in nature such as colonization, radiation as well as evolution.Key words Morphology, ontogeny, reproductive, inter species variation, Thiaridae "

"There are 49 nominal taxa of Thiaridae known from Sulawesi and 11 species from Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi have been reported by Sarasin & Sarasin (1897 & 1898). Since then, no study on the systematic of the species from Lake Poso have been carried out. The basic information on the morphology of those species were described for the first time in 1897 & 1898. However, information on their habitat and distribution are still lacking.

Lake Poso is a tectonic-lake, which lies at 510 m above sea level and covers about 32,000 hectares. The deepest part of the lake reaches 450 meters. To study the diversity and distribution of Thiaridae in Lake Poso, snails were collected from 33 locations (outlet, inlet, and area of the lake), using sieve and by hand (at the shallow area) or small hand ?dredge? (at deep area). Morphology characters (height, width of shell and aperture; number of axial and spiral ribs at the penultimate and body whorls) were examined. Anatomical study (head, neck, tentacle, eye, snout, sole, foot groove); pallial cavity (ctenidium, osphradium, rectum, mantle edge); alimentary system (buccal mass, radula sac, radula, stomach); reproductive system (female: brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, egg, embryo, ovary; male: prostate gland, testis, testicle lobes, vas deferens); nervous system (cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion) was conducted only on Tylomelania.

Totally there are 13 species and more than eight undescribed species of Thiaridae identified in this study. Most of the species belong to the genus Brofia which occurred at the area of the lake (LP 10, LP 11, LP 12, LP 13, LP 15, LP 16, LP 17, LP 17 a, LP 18, LP 19, LP 20, LP 21, LP 22, LP 23, LP 24, LP 24 a, LP 25, LP 26, LP 27, LP 28, LP 29, LP 31), outlet (LP 1, LP 2, LP 3, LP 4) and inlet area (LP 5, LP 6, LP 7, LP 8, LP 9, LP 30). B. toradjarum, B. sca/ario psis, B. ku/i, B. centaurus were found at the area of the lake, while B. perfecta and B. robusta at the inlet and outlet respectively. There are two species of Melanoides (M. tuberculata & M. granífera) found at the area of the lake, and one species, M. punctata, occurred only at the stream of Saluopa (inlet area).

The anatomy of the genus Tylomelania was described for the first time. Comparative study on the morphology and anatomy were based on specimen of T. neritiformis, T. porcellanica, and T. carbo. The anatomical characters described and compared: the length and width of buccal mass, radula sac, ctenidium, osphradium, stomach, style-sac, albumen gland, eggs, and embryos, cerebral commissure, pedal commissure. The shape and position of anus, rectum, ctenidium, osphradium, radula, brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, genital Opening, prostate gland, ovary, testis, cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion, suboesophageal ganglion, supraoesophageal ganglion presented for the first time."

"A rapid multiresidue method for the determination of 22 organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyl compounds as POPs contaminant was described. It involved the application of modified QuEChERS procedure followed by gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC ECD) analysis. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the developed and validated method in fish tissue were 3 g/kg and 10 g/kg, respectively.The following validation parameters were within acceptable range: specificity and selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision (at levels: 10, 15 and 50 g/kg, the recovery test values were between 70 and 120% and HorRat ≤2, except hexachlorobenzene and methoxychlor). The application of the method was verified by analyzing a total of 182 freshwater animal samples produced and collected in Thailand during 2017 2018. Detectable POPs residues were found in 1.6% (3 shrimp samples) of the animal samples. One of the positive samples was contaminated with pp DDE which was DDT metabolite (<10g/kg). Two shrimp samples presented residue of PCB52 congener (<10 and 30 g/kg). No sample had contamination higher than the extraneous maximum residue limit (EMRL) set by Ministry of Public Health of Thailand and Codex. Base on the most risky freshwater animal, primary risk assessment using shrimp daily intake of Thai population data has shown that DDT and PCB compounds contain in shrimp are unlikely to pose any health risk to Thai consumers."