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"Diet dapat menentukan status seng selama kehamilan. Namun, beberapa penelitian mengenai hubungan antara asupan, pola makan dan kualitas makanan berbasis lokal dengan status seng masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah asupan seng, pola makan berbasis lokal PMBL dan kualitas diet berhubungan dengan kadar serum seng pada ibu hamil Minangkabau. Penelitian cross-sectional ini dilakukan dengan melibatkan 360 ibu hamil dengan usia kehamilan antara 16 dan 32 minggu. Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire SFFQ digunakan untuk memperolah data asupan makanan, dan PMBL ditentukan berdasarkan hasil principal component analysis PCA . Penelitian ini mengolah 21 kelompok makanan dengan menggunakan PCA menjadi pola makanan bersumber nabati, pola makanan bersumber ikan, ayam dan jeroan, pola makanan bersumber tepung dan pemanis, pola makanan bersumber daging, pola makanan bersumber ikan masak santan, telur dan kacang-kacangan, pola makanan bersumber seafood/hasil laut dan pola makanan bersumber susu. Kualitas diet dianalisis dengan menggunakan Healthy Eating Index HEI 2010. Kadar serum seng diukur dengan menggunakan metode atomic absorption spectrophotometric. Analisis regresi linier multivariat dilakukan untuk menilai asupan seng, PMBL dan kualitas diet dengan kadar serum seng setelah dikontrol oleh faktor perancu. Rerata kadar serum seng adalah 10.1 2.1 mol/L. Asupan seng secara signifikan berhubungan dengan konsentrasi serum seng setelah dikontrol oleh umur, usia kehamilan, asupan energi, asupan serat, lokasi geografis dan pengeluaran rumah tangga adjusted ? = 0,083, 95 CI: 0,003, 0.163, p < 0.05 . Pola makanan bersumber tepung dan pemanis berbanding terbalik dengan kadar serum seng setelah dikontrol oleh umur, usia kehamilan dan pengeluaran rumah tangga adjusted ? = -0.179, 95 CI: -0,335, -0,023, p < 0.05 ; sedangkan PMBL lainnya tidak berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kadar serum seng. Skor total HEI 2010 tidak berhubungan dengan kadar serum seng pada semua responden, tetapi skor HEI 2010 menunjukkan hasil yang berhubungan di daerah pantai setelah dikontrol oleh umur, usia kehamilan, asupan serat dan asupan fitat adjusted ? = 0.186, 95 CI: 0.066, 0.306, p < 0.05 . Secara keseluruhan, antara asupan seng, pola makanan lokal Minangkabau dengan rendah tepung dan pemanis secara positif mempengaruhi kadar serum seng selama masa kehamilan. Meskipun kualitas diet yang dinilai menggunakan HEI 2010 tidak berhubungan dengan kadar serum seng, tetapi kualitas diet menunjukkan hubungan dengan serum seng pada ibu hamil yang tinggal di daerah pantai.Kata Kunci : pola makan; kehamilan; kadar serum seng; Minangkabau; Indonesia

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Diet has consequences on zinc status during pregnancy. However, studies focusing on association of dietary intake, pattern and quality in locally produced foods with zinc status are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether zinc intake, local based dietary patterns LBDPs and diet quality are associated with serum zinc concentration among Minangkabau pregnant women. A cross sectional study was conducted involving 360 pregnant women between the 16th and 32nd weeks of gestation. Using dietary data from semi quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, LBDPs were identified by principal component analysis PCA . This study extracted 21 food groups into plant sources, fish, chicken and meat organ sources, flour and sweetness source, meats sources, fish with coconut milk, eggs and nuts sources, seafood sources and milk sources patterns by PCA. Dietary quality was analyzed by using the Healthy Eating Index HEI 2010. Serum zinc concentration was measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess zinc intake, the LBDPs, and diet quality with serum zinc concentration after adjusted for potential confounders. The mean serum zinc concentration of pregnant women was 10.1 2.1 mol L. Zinc intake significant associated with serum zinc concentration after adjusted for age, gestational age, energy intake, fiber intake, geographic location and household rsquo s expenditure adjusted 0.083 95 CI 0.003, 0.163 p 0.05 . The flour and sweetness sources pattern was inversely associated with serum zinc concentration after adjusted for age, gestational age and household rsquo s expenditure adjusted 0.179 95 CI 0.335, 0.023 p 0.05 while the other LBDPs were not significantly associated with serum zinc concentration. The overall HEI 2010 score was not significantly associated with serum zinc concentration in the total subjects, but it was associated in coastal area after adjusted for age, gestational age, fiber and phytate intakes adjusted 0.186, 95 CI 0.066, 0.306, p 0.05 . In conclusion, zinc intake and local based Minangkabau foods with less in flour and sweetness positively influence serum zinc concentration during pregnancy. Although, the dietary quality assessed by the HEI 2010 did not associate with serum zinc concentration, it clearly associated with zinc serum of pregnant women in coastal area.Keywords dietary patterns pregnancy serum zinc Minangkabau Indonesia."

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LATAR BELAKANG: Praktik diet yang kurang memadai berdampak negatif terhadap asupan zat gizi dan kejadian penyakit kronis yang berhubungan dengan gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Panduan Gizi Seimbang Berbasis Pangan Lokal (PGS-PL) berdasarkan pola makan masyarakat Minangkabau, dalam rangka perbaikan asupan gizi pada wanita usia subur (WUS) penderita dislipidemia. Selanjutnya pada tahap intervensi, dilihat efek promosi PGS-PL terhadap perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid pada WUS Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia.

METODE: Studi tahap pertama menggunakan disain potong lintang, melibatkan 74 WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, identifikasi problem nutrient dan penyusunan PGS-PL dilakukan dengan pendekatan Linear programming, menggunakan tiga dari empat modul pada software Optifood yang dikembangkan oleh WHO. Pada tahap ke dua dilakukan studi intervensi komunitas menggunakan disain pengukuran sebelum dan sesudah dengan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian ditempatkan secara acak yang dikluster ke dalam kelompok PGS-PL (mendapatkan promosi PGS-PL selama 12-minggu) atau kelompok non-PGS-PL (mendapatkan satu kali konsultasi gizi dari pelayanan kesehatan tingkat dasar). Sebanyak 102 WUS (48 pada kelompok PGS-PL dan 54 pada kelompok non-PGSPL) selama 12 minggu. Pada akhir studi, analisis perbedaan antar- dan inter kelompok perlakuan dilakukan untuk melihat perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid darah (kadar kolesterol total, Lipoprotein densitas rendah, Lipoprotein densitas tinggi, dan Trigliserid).

HASIL: Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, ditemukan bahwa asam lemak tidak jenuh (polyunsaturated fatty acid/PUFA, n-3, n-6), serat makanan, zat besi, dan seng merupakan problem nutrient pada WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. PGS-PL yang disusun menekankan penggabungan bahan makanan, kelompok atau sub-kelompok bahan makanan bernilai gizi tinggi yang tersedia secara lokal, untuk meningkatkan asupan problem nutrient tersebut. Promosi PGS-PL dapat meningkatkan skor praktik diet secara bermakna. Peningkatan terutama terjadi pada konsumsi makanan dan sub-kelompok makanan yang dipromosikan (ikan laut, unggas, produk kedelai seperti tahu dan tempe, total sayuran, sayuran hijau, buah-buahan, dan kentang). Tidak ada perubahan bermakna pada konsumsi makanan pokok, makanan selingan, telur, dan makanan yang digoreng pada akhir intervensi. Pengaruh promosi PGS-PL pada asupan zat gizi dapat dilihat pada perubahan yang bermakna pada asupan energi dan karbohidrat, persentase energi dari PUFA dan monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), serta rasio PUFA terhadap asam lemak jenuh (saturated fatty acids/SAFA) dalam makanan sehari-hari. Namun, asupan lemak jenuh tidak berubah signifikan. Terdapat perbaikan yang bermakna pada berat badan, indeks massa tubuh, dan lingkar pinggang, namun tidak bermakna terhadap penurunan prevalensi obesitas. Tidak terdapat perubahan profil lipid darah yang bermakna setelah intervensi.

KESIMPULAN: Pendekatan linier programming dapat digunakan dalam menyusun PGS-PL untuk meningkatkan praktik diet dan asupan problem nutrient pada WUS dengan dislipidemia. Promosi PGS-PL secara bermakna berdampak terhadap peningkatan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, dan status gizi, tetapi belum berpengaruh secara statistik terhadap perbaikan profil lipid WUS dengan dislipidemia.

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BACKGROUND: Given the impact of unfavorable dietary practices is on inadequate nutrient intake and nutrition-related chronic diseases, we sought the problem nutrient in the community habitual dietary practices, and developed an optimized food-based recommendation (FBR) for Minangkabau women of reproductive age (WoRA) with dyslipidemia. Although the effect of the FBR promotion seemed to be potential at planning phase, but this has not been tested in the community setting. Therefore, we conducted a community trial and explored the effect of FBR promotion using locally available foods on dietary practice, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia.

METHODS: The first stage of the study was a cross-sectional study, which involved 74 Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. Linear programming analysis using three modules of the WHO Optifood software was employed to identify problem nutrients and develop an optimized FBR. The second phase of the study was a community-based trials using pre-post with control group design. The subjects were cluster randomized into either FBR group (receiving 12-weeks of FBR promotion) or non-FBR group (receiving once standard nutritional counseling from primary health care program). At the end, 102 WoRA (48 and 54 WoRA in the FBR group and the non-FBR group, respectively) completed 12-weeks of intervention. We analyzed within- and between group differences on changes of dietary practices, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile (serum Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein and Triglyceride levels) at the completion of the study.

RESULTS: Our results identified PUFA, dietary fiber, iron, and zinc as problem nutrients among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. The final food-based recommendations emphasized the incorporation of locally available nutrient-dense foods, food groups, and sub-groups that would improve the intake of the identified problem nutrients. The FBRs promotion significantly increased the overall dietary compliance. An increase was predominantly occurred on the consumption of promoted and subgroups food items (sea fish, poultry, soybean products, total vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, and potato). There were no significant changes in the consumption of staple food, snacks, eggs, and fatty foods at the end of intervention.  Effect of FBR promotion on nutrient intake was observed through the significant changes in energy and carbohydrate intakes, percentage of energy from PUFA and MUFA, as well as PUFA to SAFA ratio in daily diet. However, intake of saturated fat remained unchanged. Marginal but significant improvements were observed in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, but the prevalence of obesity was relatively not affected. There were no significant changes of blood lipid profile at the end of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS: Linear programming approach could be potentially used to develop an optimized food-based recommendation based on the identified problem nutrients and locally available nutrient dense foods. The FBRs promotion produced significant improvement in dietary practice, nutrient intakes, and nutritional status, but did not statistically affect blood lipid profile of Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. 

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"Saat hamil terjadi peningkatan kebutuhan berbagai mikronutrien salah satunya adalah seng. Asupan seng yang adekuat selama kehamilan berperan dalam kesehatan janin. Namun, defisiensi seng sebagai akibat dari asupan yang tidak adekuat atau bioavailabilitas seng yang rendah masih menjadi masalah bagi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana hubungan antara asupan seng dalam diet dengan kadar seng serum ibu hamil trimester satu dalam rangka menurunkan angka defisiensi seng di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang dengan jumlah subjek penelitian adalah 62 ibu hamil trimester satu dipilih melalui simple random sampling. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh nilai media asupan seng pada ibu hamil trimester satu adalah 2.26 (0.3-51.8) mg/hari. Sebanyak 90.3% subjek penelitian tidak memenuhi asupan seng sesuai rekomendasi AKG. Nilai median kadar seng serum ibu hamil trimester satu dalam penelitian ini adalah 61.29 (39.0-102.0) ug/dL. Terdapat korelasi negatif lemah dan bermakna secara statistik antara kadar seng serum dan asupan seng dalam diet ibu hamil trimester satu (r = -0.266, p = 0.037). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar seng serum perlu dipertahankan dalam interval normal, antara lain dengan kecukupan asupannya dari makanan dan suplementasi, khususnya selama masa kehamilan

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There is an increasing need in micronutrient including zinc as adequate zinc intake plays role in fetal health. Nevertheless, zinc deficiency as a result of insufficient intake or low bioavailability is a problem in developing countries including Indonesia. This research observe the association between zinc intake and the serum level of zinc in first trimester pregnancy with the goal to reduce zinc deficiency in Indonesia. There are 62 subjects of first trimester pregnant women and this study is done using cross-sectional design with simple random sampling.

It is found that the median of zinc intake in first trimester pregnant women is 2,26 (0,3-51,8) mg/day. This research found that 90,3% of subjects did not fulfill the recommended dietary allowances for zinc intake. The median serum level of zinc in first trimester pregnant women is 61,29 (39,0-102,0) ug/dL. There is weak inverse correlation that is significant statistically between zinc serum level and zinc intake in first trimester pregnant women (p = 0,037, r = -0,266). It is concluded that zinc serum level must be maintained in the normal interval, such as an adequate intake and supplementation, especially during pregnancy"

"Kelimpahan relatif dan rasio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes mikrobiota usus dipengaruhi oleh asupan makan dan mempengaruhi kesehatan anak dan dewasa. Namun, penelitian pada ibu hamil di daerah urban masih terbatas dan hasil yang dihubungkan dengan pola makan masih berbeda-beda, terutama di negara berpenghasilan rendah-menengah. Penelitian ini menilai hubungan antara pola makan dengan kelimpahan relatif mikrobiota usus (filum dan genus) dan rasio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan di Puskesmas di empat kota di Jakarta (Pusat, Tengah, Barat dan Utara) merekrut 90 ibu hamil yang datang pada kunjungan Ante Natal Care (ANC). Data asupan makan ibu dengan menggunakan semi quantitative food frequency questioner (SQ-FFQ) diambil oleh enumerator yang sudah ditraining. Data asupan makan dianalisis menggunakan principal component anlysis (PCA) yang akan membentuk pola makan. Sampel feses diambil dan dianalisis dengan Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 16S rRNA untuk mendapatkan hasil kelimpahan relatif mikrobiota usus . Terbentuk 4 pola makan yaitu pola makan tinggi sumber protein, pola makan tinggi sumber susu dan produk susu, pola makan tinggi sumber karbohidrat dan serat serta pola makan tinggi sumber buah-buahan. Dua filum terbesar yaitu (Firmicutes dan Bacteroidetes) dan 3 genus terbanyak yaitu Prevotella, Faecalibacterium dan Blautia dengan rerata kelimpahan relatif berurutan 69,5%, 12,6%, 5,98%, 8,59% dan 6,59%. Pola makan tinggi karbohidrat dan serat, namun tidak dengan pola makan lain, memiliki nilai p signifikan dengan kelimpahan relatif Faecalibacterium setelah disesuaikan dengan Pendidikan dan suku pada analisis multivariat (β 1,01, CI 95% 0,27-1,73 dan p=0,008). Kesimpulannya, setiap kenaikan pola makan tinggi sumber karbohidrat dan serat dapat menaikkan kelimpahan relatif dari Faecalibacterium sebesar 1,01%. Edukasi tentang pemilihan pola makan yang sehat dan baik untuk serta asupan karbohidrat dan serat yang bervariasi sangat penting dilakukan.

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Relative abundance influenced by diet and affect children and adults’ health. However, evidence among urban pregnant women is limited and results on the link of this outcome with dietary pattern is conflicting especially in low-middle income nations. We assessed the relationship between maternal dietary pattern and the relative abundance of gut microbiota and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. A cross-sectional study was conducted in primary health care in four districts in Jakarta (Central, East, West and North areas) recruiting 90 pregnant women during their ante natal care visits. Maternal food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire by trained enumerators and analyzed using principal component analysis to form a dietary pattern. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed with the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 16S rRNA to obtain the relative abundance of gut microbiota results. Four eating patterns were formed, namely a high protein sources diet, a high milk and dairy products sources diet, a high carbohydrates and fiber sources diet and a high fruit sources diet. Two largest phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and three largest genera (Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Blautia) were identified with an average relative abundance value of 69.5%, 12.6%, 5.98%, 8.59% and 6.59%, respectively. High carbohydrate and fiber sources diet, not the other patterns, had a significant value with Faecalibacterium abundance after adjusting for education and ethnicity in multivariate model (β 1.01, CI 95% 0.27- 1.73 and p=0.008). In conlussion, increase high carbohydrate and fiber source diet could increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium by 1.01%. Education to choose healthy diet and variety carbohydrate and fiber sources will be needed."

"Prevalensi hipertensi dan diabtes saat kehamilan meningkat setiap tahunnya. Diet adalah salah satu factor resiko yang dapat dirubah dapat berpengaruh terhadap komplikasi saat kehamilan, tetapi data terkait kualitas diet dan pengarunya terhadap tekanan dan gula darah dianatara ibu hamil masih sedikit. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas diet dengan tekanan darah dan gula darah pada ibu hamil di Jakarta. Studi potong lintang ini adalah bagian dari projek Brain Probiotic and LC-PUFA Intervention for Optimum Early Life (BRAVE) yang melibatkan 174 ibu hamil yang direkrut secara consecutive sampling berlokasi di tiga area di Jakarta. Kualitas diet di tentukan dengan menggunakan skor Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy diperoleh dari 2 hari 24-hour recall. Gula darah kapiler puasa digunakan untuk mengukur konsentrasi gula darah pada responden, sedangkan tekanan darah diukur menggunakan sphygmomanometer otomatis. Karakteristik subjek dinilai menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Hubungan antara kualitas diet dengan tekanan darah dan gula darah dianalisis menggunakan multiple linear regression. Mayoritas subjek berada pada rentang usia 20 dan 34 tahun (75.9%), multiparitas (61.5%), tidak memiliki riwayat gestational diabetes (97.1%) dan hipertensi (93.1%). Nilai median dari skor kualitas diet sebesar 47.44 (19.18-76.6). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang ditemukan antara kualitas diet dengan gula darah (β 1.02, p=0.36) setalah dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap edukasi, riwayat diabetes mellitus dan riwayat gestational diabetes mellitus. Selanjutnya, hubungan total skor dari kualitas diet dengan tekanan darah sistolik tidak ditemukan (β-0.16, p=0.87), namun terdapat hubungan yang hampir signifikan dengan tekanan darah diastolik β-1.23, p=0.09) setalah dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap merokok, riwayat hipertensi dan riwayat keluarga hipertensi. Kesimpulannya kualitas diet memiliki hubangan yang hampir signifikan dengan kualitas diet.Kualitas diet menjadi salah satu faktor resiko dari pola hidup yang dapat dimodifikasi untuk mepertahakan kesahatan ibu hamil. Selama hamil dan sebelum melahirkan, ibu perlu menjada kualitas dietnya.

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Prevalence of gestational hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy are increasing over the years. Diet is modifiable risk factor that may influence these problems, but data regarding diet quality affecting blood pressure and glucose profile-among pregnant women remain scarce. We assessed associations of diet quality with blood pressure and glucose level among pregnant women in Jakarta. This cross-sectional study was part of preliminary study of Brain Probiotic and LC-PUFA Intervention for Optimum Early Life (BRAVE) project, which recruited 176 pregnant women by using consecutive sampling in three districts of Jakarta. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants were identified by trained field-enumerators using a structured questionnaire. Diet quality indicated by Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) score was obtained from the calculation of multiple 24-hour recalls. Blood pressure was measured using automated sphygmomanometer, while fasting capillary glucose was performed to assess blood glucose level. The associations between diet quality with blood pressure and glucose levels were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Most of women were between 20 and 34 years old (76%), do not have history of gestational diabetes (97%) and hypertension (93%). The median score of dietary quality was 47.4 (19.1-76.6). There was no association between AHEI-P score with blood glucose (β 1.02, p=0.36) after adjustment for education, history of diabetes mellitus and history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, association between total score of diet quality and systolic blood pressure was not found (β-0.16, p=0.87), however there was a borderline significant association with diastolic blood pressure β-1.23, p=0.09) after adjustment for smoking, education, history of hypertension and family history hypertension. In conclusion, diet quality had borderline significant association with blood pressure among pregnant women, whereas diet quality was not significantly associate with blood glucose among pregnant women in Jakarta, even though after adjustment for confounding factors. Diet quality is one of lifestyle risk factor that can be modified during pregnancy in order to maintain optimal health of the mother. Pregnant women should maintain quality of the diet, as well as prior pregnancy. "

"ABSTRAKDefisiensi besi menganggu proses eritropoiesis sehingga dapat berlanjut menjadi anemia defisiensi besi. Defisiensi besi dan anemia didefinisikan berdasarkan indikator status besi, berupa parameter hematologi dan biomarka darah, yaitu hemoglobin, hematokrit, ferritin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, dan retikulosit. Salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya defisiensi besi pada ibu hamil adalah kurangnya asupan zat besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan zat besi dan status besi ibu hamil trimester 1 yang diukur melalui kadar hemoglobin, hematokrit, ferritin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, dan retikulosit. Rancangan penelitian adalah potong-lintang pada trimester 1 kehamilan. Asupan zat besi diukur menggunakan metode food frequency questionnaire dan 24 hour recall. Uji korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan kedua variabel. Terdapat 120 sampel ibu hamil, 53,3 berpendidikan tinggi, 58,3 bekerja, dan median usia 28 tahun. Nilai median asupan zat besi pada seluruh sampel adalah 10,64 mg. Sebanyak 86,67 sampel tidak memenuhi kecukupan asupan zat besi pada ibu hamil trimester 1 berdasarkan AKG 26 mg/hari. Sebanyak 8,33 sampel mengalami anemia Hb0,05 . Disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara asupan zat besi dan status besi ibu hamil pada trimester 1.

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ABSTRACTIron deficiency disrupts erythropoiesis process that leads to iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency and anemia are defined by iron status indicator, in the form of hematological parameters and blood biomarkers, such as hemoglobin, hematocrite, ferritin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and reticulocyte count. One of the factors causing iron deficiency in pregnant women is inadequate iron intake. This research aims to assess the relationship between iron dietary intake and iron status of pregnant women in 1st trimester. Iron status is measured by the value of hemoglobin, hematocrite, ferritin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and reticulocyte. This research implemented a cross sectional design during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Iron dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and 24 hour recall. Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between the two variables. There were 120 samples of pregnant women, 53.3 were high educated, 58.3 were employed, with the age median of 28 years old. The median of iron dietary intake is 10.64 mg, with 86.67 of samples did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 26 mg. There were 8,33 of pregnant women with anemia Hb0.05 . It was concluded that iron dietary intake is not related to iron status of pregnant women in 1st trimester."

"Pemahaman mengenai pola makan pada ibu hamil perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah populasi tersebut sudah mengkonsumsi makanan yang penuh zat-gizi. Akan tetapi, informasi terkait faktor pembentuk pemilihan dan keputusan makanan dikenal sebagai food environment masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian potong lintang ini adalah mengukur hubungan antara food environment dengan pola makan pada Ibu Hamil di Jakarta. Studi ini dilakukan di 7 puskesmas sebagai bagian dari tahap perekrutan Brain Probiotic dan LC-PUFA Intervention for Optimum Early Life (BRAVE), yang melibatkan 204 ibu hamil. Pola makan dinilai menggunakan Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Aspek food environment mencakup lingkungan rumah, masyarakat, konsumen, dan lingkungan makan di luar rumah.. Principal Component Analysis digunakan untuk menentukan komponen food environment dan pola makan. Terdapat dua pola makan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pola makan tinggi gula, garam, dan lemak (TGGL) dan sayuran, sumber protein (SSP). Terdapat sembilan komponen food environment: ketersediaan makanan di rumah, aksesibilitas makanan sehat di rumah, aksesibilitas makanan masyarakat modern, kemudahan akses makanan masyarakat, motivasi pribadi untuk mengakses makanan, ketersediaan makanan di toko, pilihan makanan terjangkau dan sehat, makanan online, dan makanan 'warung'. Hubungan antara food environment dan pola makan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier ganda. Terdapat kecenderungan hubungan antara ketersediaan pangan di rumah dengan pola makan TGGL (β 0,12; p = 0,06) dan pola makan SSP (β 0,13; p = 0,06) setelah dikoreksi dengan faktor perancu. Food Ketersediaan makanan di rumah merupakan salah satu faktor food environment yang mempengaruhi pola makan, menjadikannya sebagai sasaran intervensi dalam merancang program gizi untuk kehamilan yang lebih sehat.

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Assessment of dietary pattern among pregnant women are needed to identify whether this population have consumed nutrient-dense food to support their pregnancy. However, information of factors that affected food choice and decision known as food environment was limited. Therefore, this cross-sectional study measured association between food environment and dietary patterns among pregnant women in 7 primary health centers in Jakarta as a part of the baseline of Brain Probiotic and LC-PUFA Intervention for Optimum Early Life (BRAVE) project involving 204 pregnant women. Dietary pattern was collected using Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Four aspects of the food environment assessed in this study: home, community, consumer, and eating out of home. Principal Component Analysis used to determine component of food environment and dietary pattern. There were two dietary patterns in this study: high sugar, salt, fat (HSSF), and vegetables, protein source (VP) dietary pattern. Furthermore, nine components of food environment in this study: home food availability, healthy food accessibility, modernized community food accessibility, easy community food accessibility, personal motivation to access food, food availability at stores, affordable and nutritious food choice, online food, and ‘warung’ food. The association between the food environment and dietary pattern analyzed using multiple linear regression. There was a tendency association of home food availability with HSSF (β 0.12, p=0.06) and VP dietary pattern (β 0.13, p=0.06) adjusted by confounders. Home food availability is one of food environment factor influenced dietary pattern that can be a useful intervention to design nutrition-related program for a healthier pregnancy."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan vitamin A dan kadar retinol dengan status anemia pada dua kelompok ibu hamil trimester tiga, yaitu kelompok anemia dan non anemia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilaksanakan di sepuluh puskesmas kecamatan Jakarta Timur dan merupakan bagian dari penelitian besar Departemen Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia yang berjudul “Peran Gizi, Faktor Maternal dan Pelayanan Kesehatan pada Ibu Hamil Trimester Ketiga terhadap Komposisi Mikrobiota Ibu dan Berat Lahir Bayi: Studi Kohort di Jakarta”. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2015. Sebanyak 113 subjek ibu hamil trimester tiga dengan usia kehamilan diatas 32 minggu ikut dalam penelitansetelah memenuhi kriteria penelitian dan dibagi dalam dua kelompok berdasarkan kadar hemoglobin yaitu anemia (Hb<11g/dL) dan non anemia (Hb≥11g/dL). Setelah itu dilakukan pengukuran antropometri, wawancara asupan, pemeriksaan hemoglobin, dan serum retinol. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik demografi, antropometri, asupan makanan (makronutrien dan mikronutrien), kadar hemoglobin, dankadar serum retinol. Rentang usia subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 19-44 tahun. Sebagian besar subjek (59,6%) memiliki tingkat pendidikan menengah (lulus SMP atau SMA). Rerata usia kehamilan pada subjek penelitian ini adalah 34,32 ± 1,86 minggu pada kelompok anemia dan 35,18±1,73 minggu pada kelompok non anemia.Rerata asupan protein pada kedua kelompok ibu masih berada di bawah AKG yaitu <77g/hari. Rerata asupan lemak pada kelompok anemia lebih tinggi daripada kelompok non anemia (p=0,04). Asupan Fe kedua kelompok sudah sesuai dengan AKG yaitu 40mg/hari (p=0,82). Asupan folat pada kelompok anemia lebih rendahdan kurang dari AKG dibandingkan kelompok non anemia (p=0,16).Asupan vitamin B12, hampir tidak ada perbedaan rerata antara dua kelompok dan sudah sesuai dengan AKG. Median asupan vitamin A pada kelompok non anemia lebih tinggi dari kelompok anemia (p=0,52). Rerata kadar retinol pada kelompok anemia adalah 1,40±0,50 dan pada kelompok non anemia adalah 1,45±0,44. (p=0,55).Tidak didapatkan hasil yang bermakna setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat sebagai kontrol perancu.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to determine the relationship between vitamin A and retinol levels with anemia status in two groups of three trimester pregnant women, namely the anemic and non anemic. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in ten sub-district Government Health Centre in East Jakarta and which part of a large research department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, entitled "The Role of Nutrition, Maternal Factors and Maternal Health Services with the Composition of the Microbiota in Third Trimester Maternal and Infant Birth Weight : The study cohort in Jakarta". Data was collected from April untill May 2015. A total of 113 third trimester pregnant women with gestational age above 32 weeks (35.0 ± 1.8) were participated in research after met the study criterions. They were divided into two groups based on the levels of hemoglobin which were anemic (Hb<11g /dL) and non anemic(Hb≥ 11g / dL), and continue with anthropometric examination, interview and Hb measurement. The data collected included demographic characteristics, anthropometry, food intake (macronutrients and micronutrients), hemoglobin, and serum retinol. The age range of the subjects in this study was 19-44 years old. Most subjects (59.6%) had secondary education (graduated from high school or high school). The mean gestational age of the subjects was 34.32 ± 1.86 weeks in anemic group and 35.18 ± 1.73 weeks in non anemic. Mean of protein intake in both groups are still under RDA which < 77g/day. The mean of fat intake in anemic group was higher than non-anemic group (p=0.04). Iron intake in both groups are in accordance with the RDA which 40mg/day (p=0.82). Folate intake was lower in anemia group than non-anemic group (p=0.16). There was no difference between vitamin B12 intake in both group andwere in accordance with RDA. The median of vitamin A intake in non-anemic group was higher than non-anemic group (p = 0.52). The mean retinol serum levels in anemic group was 1.40 ± 0.50 and non-anemic group was 1.45 ± 0.44. (P = 0.55). No significant results obtained from multivariate analysis in order to control the confounders., The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between vitamin A and retinol levels with anemia status in two groups of three trimester pregnant women, namely the anemic and non anemic. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in ten sub-district Government Health Centre in East Jakarta and which part of a large research department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, entitled "The Role of Nutrition, Maternal Factors and Maternal Health Services with the Composition of the Microbiota in Third Trimester Maternal and Infant Birth Weight : The study cohort in Jakarta". Data was collected from April untill May 2015. A total of 113 third trimester pregnant women with gestational age above 32 weeks (35.0 ± 1.8) were participated in research after met the study criterions. They were divided into two groups based on the levels of hemoglobin which were anemic (Hb<11g /dL) and non anemic(Hb≥ 11g / dL), and continue with anthropometric examination, interview and Hb measurement. The data collected included demographic characteristics, anthropometry, food intake (macronutrients and micronutrients), hemoglobin, and serum retinol. The age range of the subjects in this study was 19-44 years old. Most subjects (59.6%) had secondary education (graduated from high school or high school). The mean gestational age of the subjects was 34.32 ± 1.86 weeks in anemic group and 35.18 ± 1.73 weeks in non anemic. Mean of protein intake in both groups are still under RDA which < 77g/day. The mean of fat intake in anemic group was higher than non-anemic group (p=0.04). Iron intake in both groups are in accordance with the RDA which 40mg/day (p=0.82). Folate intake was lower in anemia group than non-anemic group (p=0.16). There was no difference between vitamin B12 intake in both group andwere in accordance with RDA. The median of vitamin A intake in non-anemic group was higher than non-anemic group (p = 0.52). The mean retinol serum levels in anemic group was 1.40 ± 0.50 and non-anemic group was 1.45 ± 0.44. (P = 0.55). No significant results obtained from multivariate analysis in order to control the confounders.]"

"Salah satu faktor yang menentukan BB lahir bayi adalah asupan nutrisi ibu yang adekuat. Beberapa nutrien diketahui memiliki efek terhadap BB lahir bayi di antaranya adalah protein dan seng. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dan dilakukan di 10 puskesmas kecamatan di Jakarta Timur sejak Februari hingga April 2015 dengan subjek ibu hamil berusia 19–44 tahun dengan usia kehamilan 32–37 minggu. Data asupan protein didapatkan dengan metode 24-hour recall, sedangkan asupan seng dengan metode Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire dan 24-hour recall. Pengambilan darah dilakukan sebelum ibu melahirkan dan diperiksa dengan metode Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Berat badan lahir bayi diukur segera setelah bayi lahir. Sebanyak 116 subjek mengikuti penelitian hingga akhir. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan protein dengan kadar seng serum (r = 0,042, p = 0,653), tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan seng dengan kadar seng serum (r = 0,155, p = 0,096), tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan seng dengan BB lahir bayi (r = - 0,09, p = 0,303), dan tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar seng serum dengan BB lahir bayi (r = -0,116, p = 0,215). Penelitian ini belum berhasil menemukan hubungan antara asupan protein, seng, dan kadar seng serum dengan BB lahir bayi.

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One of the factors affecting birth weight is mother’s adequate nutrient intake. Several nutrients are known to its effect to birth weight, which among them are protein and zinc. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 district public health centres in East Jakarta since Februari until April 2015. Subjects of the study were pregnant mothers aged 19–44 years old whose gestational age between 32–37 weeks.

Protein intake was computed based on 24-hour recall method, while zinc intake was computed based on Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour recall method. Blood specimens were collected before giving birth and being assesed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. Birth weight was measured soon after the baby was born. One hundred and sixteen subjects followed the study until the end.

Statistical analysis showed there were no correlation between protein intake and maternal zinc serum (r = 0,042, p = 0,653), no correlation between zinc intake and maternal zinc serum (r = 0,155, p = 0,096), no correlation between zinc intake and birth weight (r = -0,09, p = 0,303), and no correlation between maternal zinc serum and birth weight (r = - 0,116, p = 0,215). This study has not been able to prove any relationship between maternal intake of protein, zinc, zinc serum and birth weight."

"ABSTRAKFokus penelitian ini membahas terkait dengan pengembangan kebijakan pariwisataberbasis kearifan lokal di Indonesia (Kasus di Nagari Pariangan, Sumatera Barat).Adapun dalam pengembangan kebijakan pariwisata harus memperhatikan prinsipprinsippengembangan pariwisata berkelanjutan tanpa mengabaikan kebutuhan lokal.Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian berbagai studi literatur terkait dengan konseppengembangan pariwisata, sistem indigenous tourism, proses pengembangan kebijakanpariwisata, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan pariwisata.Adapun kombinasi dari konsep-konsep tersebut menghasilkan tiga (3) buah aspek, yaituaspek lingkungan, pengaturan kelembagaan, dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post-positivism dengan jenis penelitiandeskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam semi terstruktur danstudi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa dalam aspek pengembanganlingkungan terkait dengan lingkungan fisik masih perlu mendapatkan perhatianpemerintah. Dari aspek lingkungan ekonomi, pariwisata sudah memberikan peluangusaha bagi masyarakat, tetapi distribusi manfaat ekonominya masih belum meratakarena belum adanya pemberlakuan retribusi dan pungutan terkait kegiatan pariwisataini. Dari aspek politik sudah melibatkan berbagai stakeholders dalam perencanaanpengembangannya, tetapi belum adanya dukungan alokasi anggaran dan keuangan yangtetap, serta tidak adanya aturan yang jelas terkait keterlibatan swasta. Dari aspek sosialbudaya,masyarakat sudah sangat terbuka menerima pengunjung dan berkomitmenmelestarikan tradisi budaya melalui berbagai kegiatan. Kemudian, dari aspek hubungankelembagaan terkait dengan pembagian wewenang yang mayoritas pariwisata dikelolamasyarakat dan nagari, sistem pengawasan masih belum tetap, kurangnya ketersediaanpromosi yang profesional, dan kurangnya komunikasi dan koordinasi antara pemerintahdengan masyarakat. Selanjutnya, aspek pengembangan sumber daya manusia sudahditempatkannya pendamping lokal dan sudah dibentuknya Kelompok Sadar Wisata(Pokdarwis). Pengembangan sumber daya manusia melalui pemberdayaan masyarakatmenunjukkan kesadaran masyarakat yang mulai meningkat terkait pariwisata danadanya pemberian pendidikan dan pelatihan.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is to analyze the development of tourism policy based on localwisdom in Indonesia (Case in Nagari Pariangan Indigenous Village, West Sumatra). Inthe development of tourism policy, it has to consider the principles of developingsustainable tourism without ignoring local needs. This study uses the various conceptsas tourism development, system of indigenous tourism, process of tourism policydevelopment, and influencing factors of tourism policy implementation. Thecombination of these concepts produces three aspects, namely the environmental aspect,institutional arrangements, and human resource development. This study used a postpositivistapproach with a type of descriptive research. The technique of collecting datathrough semi-structured in-depth interviews and literature study. The results of thisstudy show that it still needs the role of government in the aspect of environmentaldevelopment related to the physical environment. In the economic aspect, tourism hasprovided employment opportunities for indigenous people, but the distribution ofeconomic benefits is still not evenly distributed due to the lack of fees and leviesregarding tourism activities. In the political aspect, it has involved various stakeholdersin its development planning, but there has been no support for a fixed budget andfinancial resources, as well as the lack of regulation regarding private involvement. Inthe socio-cultural aspect, the community has been very receptive to tourists and iscommitted to preserving cultural traditions through various activities. Then, in theaspect of institutional relations related to the authority, that is the majority of tourism ismanaged by the indigenous people and Nagari, the uncertainty of the supervisionsystem, lack of availability of professional promotions, and lack of communication andcoordination between the government and indigenous people. Furthermore, localgovernment have been assign local guide and Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) inaspects of human resource development. The development of human resources throughcommunity empowerment describes the increasing awareness of the indigenous peoplein tourism and the provision of education and training."