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"ABSTRACTTujuan: Menilai keamanan injeksi intrakamera levofloksasin 0,5 sediaan tetes mata dosis tunggal 0,6 mL steril tanpa pengawet pada hewan coba kelinci. Desain: Penelitian ini merupakan uji eksperimental dengan desain paralel, acak, tersamar terhadap hewan coba kelinci albino New Zealand White . Metode: Dua puluh empat mata dari dua belas ekor kelinci dibagi kedalam ketiga kelompok, kelompok pertama LFX mendapat perlakuan injeksi intrakamera levofloksasin 0,5 sediaan tetes mata dosis tunggal steril tanpa pengawet 0,6 mL n = 6 , kelompok kedua CRAV mendapat injeksi intrakamera levofloksasin 0,5 sediaan tetes mata botol 5 mL n = 6 dan kelompok ketiga BSS mendapat balanced salt solution intrakamera sebagai kontrol n = 12 . Hasil: Skor klinis pada hari 1, 3, 5, dan 7 tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antara ketiga kelompok. Perubahan klinis maksimal yang ditemukan berupa kekeruhan kornea ringan serta sel dan flare ringan dalam bilik mata depan. Pemeriksaan histopatologi tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan statistik kelainan akibat efek toksik yang signifikan pada semua kelompok. Vakuolisasi endotel ditemukan pada semua kelompok sehingga tidak signifikan sebagai perubahan akibat efek toksik. Kesimpulan: Injeksi intrakamera 0,1 mL levofloksasin 0,5 dalam sediaan tetes mata dosis tunggal 0,6 mL steril tanpa pengawet memiliki keamanan yang sama dengan sediaan tetes mata botol 5 mL tanpa pengawet pada mata hewan coba kelinci dalam hal perubahan klinis dan histopatologis."

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""ABSTRACT"Purpose To evaluate the safety of intracameral injection of levofloxacin 0,5 eye drop single dose 0,6 mL preservative free LFX on rabbit eye. Methods This was an experimental, pararel, and randomized study. Twenty four eyes of twelve New Zealand White rabbit were divided to three groups. First group LFX were treated with 0,1 mL intracameral injection levofloxacin 0,5 eye drop single dose 0,6 mL preservative free n 6 , second group CRAV were treated with 0,1 mL intracameral levofloxacin 0.5 eye drop bottle 5 mL preservative free n 6 , and third group BSS were treated with 0,1 mL intracameral injection balanced salt solution n 12 . The clinical evaluation was performed on day 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th. Each eye was enucleated on day 7th and underwent histopathology examination. Results The clinical scores among three groups did not show any significant difference on day 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th p 0.05 . Mild corneal opacity, mild cells and flares in anterior chamber were the only noted in clinical scores. Histopathology score demonstrated no statistically significant difference between three groups p 0.05 . Vacuolization of corneal endothelial cells were notes in all groups, but not statistically significant.Conclusion Intracameral injection of levofloxacin 0.5 eye drop single dose 0.6 mL preservative free was safe to rabbit eye, in clinical and histopathology scores, similar with levofloxacin 0.5 eye drop bottle 5 mL preservative free"

"Latar Belakang: Fibrosis dalam bentuk adhesi jaringan maupun jaringan parut teregang menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi luaran hasil operasi strabismus. Obat golongan anti-inflamasi non-steroid, salah satunya natrium diklofenak, merupakan obat yang mampu menekan proses inflamasi sehingga dipikirkan dapat memodulasi penyembuhan luka, termasuk fibrosis pada otot ekstraokular pasca operasi strabismus.Tujuan: Membandingkan efek pemberian diklofenak sediaan oral atau tetes mata 0,1% terhadap pembentukan fibrosis pasca operasi strabismus pada hewan coba kelinci model.Metodologi: Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan pada kelinci model yang dilakukan operasi reses otot rekrus superior. Dilakukan randomisasi acak terkontrol tiga kelompok dengan membagi kelinci menjadi: kelompok dengan terapi diklofenak oral 2 x 5 mg/kg selama 3 hari (kelompok A), tetes mata natrium diklofenak 0,1% 3x sehari selama 3 hari (kelompok B), dan kontrol (kelompok C). Setelah hari ke-14 pasca operasi, dilakukan enukleasi lalu dinilai skor adhesi makroskopik, histopatologi inflamasi (haematoxylin & eosin), skor adhesi mikroskopik dan persentase area fibrosis (Masson’s trichrome), serta ekspresi α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, imunohistokimia) oleh ahli patologi anatomik menggunakan penilaian semi-kuantitatif dan kuantitatif (ImageJ) dengan nilai reciprocal staining intensity (RSI).Hasil: Enam kelinci (12 mata) terbagi dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan skor adhesi makroskopik (p=0,13), adhesi mikroskopik (p=0,28), dan histopatologi inflamasi (p=0,26). Persentase area fibrosis kelompok diklofenak tetes mata (12,44 % (8,63 - 18,29)) lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok diklofenak oral (26,76 % (21,38-37,56)) maupun kontrol (27,80 % (16,42 - 36,28); uji Kruskal-Wallis p = 0,04, post-hoc kelompok oral vs tetes mata p = 0,03 dan kelompok tetes mata vs kontrol p=0,04). Penilaian ekspresi α-SMA semi-kuantitatif tidak dijumpai perbedaan antar ketiga kelompok. Analisis RSI mendapatkan bahwa kelompok diklofenak tetes mata memiliki ekspresi α-SMA yang lebih rendah (diklofenak tetes mata = 174,08 ± 21,78 vs diklofenak oral = 206,50 ± 18,93 vs kontrol = 212,58 ± 12,06; one-way ANOVA p = 0.03; post-hoc bonferroni diklofenak tetes mata vs kontrol p= 0,04).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan skor adhesi makroskopik, mikroskopik, serta histopatologi inflamasi antara kelompok perlakuan diklofenak oral, diklofenak tetes mata, maupun kontrol. Pemberian diklofenak tetes mata 0,1% menunjukkan penurunan area fibrosis dibandingkan kelompok diklofenak oral maupun kontrol. Melalui penilaian RSI, terdapat penurunan ekspresi α-SMA dengan pemberian diklofenak tetes mata 0,1%."

"The completely revised, Third Edition of Ocular Therapeutics Handbook is directed at the needs of optometrists, nurses, and primary care physicians and provides information for the most common ocular problems encountered in a primary care setting. --The handbook is divided into three sections: Quick Reference, Ocular Therapeutics, and Appendices. The Quick Reference section covers such topic: as ocular microbiology, laboratory tests and procedures, pharmaceutical agents, and side effects of medications. The Ocular Therapeutics section discusses diseases, traumatic injuries, and ocular urgencies and emergencies, as well as in-office systemic emergencies. The Appendices provide a summary of abbreviations, conversion charts, case report sheets, and important phone numbers. --The chapters have been developed to serve as a snapshot, presenting the clinician with the most relevant information regarding the pathophysiology and etiology of diseases, patient demographics, signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, and recommended approaches to treatment. --New to this Edition --Clinical color images --Expanded laboratory tests and procedures chapter --Chapter on neuro-rehabilitation and low vision --Rapid-review chapters of clinical presentations --Update of systemic medications --Outline format and extensive use of algorithms allow readers to quickly access information --Utilizes problem-oriented approach --Resources now include pertinent and up-to-date websites"

"[ABSTRAKTujuan : Mengevaluasi ada tidaknya perbedaan kualitas air mata pada penderita glaukoma yangmengalami mata kering antara yang diberi tetes mata sodium hialuronat 0,1% mengandung bahanpengawet benzalkonium klorida dan tetes mata sodium hialuronat 0,1% tanpa bahan pengawet.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian prospektif terandomisasi. 30 pasien glaukoma yangmengalami mata kering dirandomisasi ke dalam kedua kelompok. Kelompokpertama,mendapatkan obat tetes mata artificial tear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% denganpengawet benzalkonium klorida, sedangkan kelompok II, mendapatkan obat tetes mata artificialtear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% tanpa pengawet selama 1 bulan. Pemeriksaan Schirmertest, TFBUT, OPI, dan sitologi impresi dilakukan pada kedua kelompok baik sebelum dan sesudah1 bulan penetesan obat tetes mata artificial tear.Results: Nilai median sitologi impresi sel goblet pasca penetesan artificial tear meningkat padakelompok I (118,15-485) dan kelompok II (67.0-200), namun secara statistik tidak ada perbedaanbermakna. Nilai rata ? rata TFBUT pasca penetesan pada kelompok I (14,45±7,85) dan kelompokII (13,91±7,46) meningkat dibandingkan sebelum penetesan, serta secara statitstik memilikiperbedaan yang bermakna. Nilai Schirmer test dan OPI pasca penetesan pada kedua kelompokmengalami peningkatan secara klinis dibandingkan sebelum penetesan, namun tidak terdapatperbedaan bermakna secara statistik.Conclusions : Pemberian artificial tear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% baik denganpengawet maupun tanpa pengawet selama 1 bulan memberikan peningkatan Schirmer test,TFBUT,OPI dan sitologi impresi sel goblet.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 ? 485) and group II (67, 0 ? 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes.;Objectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 – 485) and group II (67, 0 – 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes., Objectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 – 485) and group II (67, 0 – 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes.]"

"Latar Belakang: Pengawet dalam tetes mata memengaruhi permukaan okular, ditemukan terutama pada pasien yang menggunakan obat tetes anti-glaukoma. Beredar tetes mata timolol maleat dengan pengawet chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) yang belum pernah diteliti efeknya terhadap parameter permukaan okular.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pengawet chlorhexidine gluconate 0,002% dalam sediaan timolol maleat 0,5% (timolol-CHG) terhadap permukaan okular pasien glaukoma dan hipertensi okuli.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental terandomisasi dengan samar tunggal pada 54 mata pasien dengan diagnosis glaukoma maupun hipertensi okuli yang menggunakan timolol maleat 0,5% pengawet polyquaternium-1 (timolol-PQ1) <12 bulan. Dua puluh tujuh mata mengganti pengobatan ke timolol-CHG dan 27 mata melanjutkan timolol-PQ1. Dinilai tear break up time (TBUT), tear break up pattern (TBUP), skor pewarnaan kornea konjungtiva (staining), skor ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer I dan TIO awal dan sesudah satu bulan intervensi.Hasil: Nilai rerata selisih TBUT 0,15±5,28 detik pada kelompok timolol-CHG dan (- 1,30)±3,47 pada timolol-PQ1. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna selisih nilai parameter permukaan okular (TBUT, staining, OSDI, Schirmer I) maupun TIO antar kedua kelompok. Line dan dimple pattern merupakan TBUP yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kedua kelompok baik sebelum maupun sesudah intervensi. Analisis dalam kelompok mendapatkan penurunan TBUT bermakna (p < 0,05) pada kelompok timolol-PQ1 setelah dibandingkan dengan sebelum intervensi, pada kelompok timolol-CHG tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna.Kesimpulan: Timolol-CHG memiliki efek terhadap permukaan okular dan TIO sebanding dengan timolol-PQ1. Penggunaan timolol-CHG dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif jangka pendek pengobatan glaukoma.

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Background: Patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension using topical anti-glaucoma medication are more likely to have ocular surface problems. It happens mainly due to the preservatives in the eye drops. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) as a preservative have not been studied for their effects on ocular surface parameters.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate 0,002% preseved timolol maleate 0,5% (timolol-CHG) on the ocular surface of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Methods: Randomized single-blind controlled trial in 54 eyes of patients diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension that has been using polyquaternium-1 preserved timolol maleate 0.5% (timolol-PQ1) for <12 months. Twenty-seven eyes switched therapy to timolol- CHG, and 27 eyes continued with timolol-PQ1. Tear break-up time (TBUT), tear break-up pattern (TBUP), corneal-conjunctival staining score, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring, Schirmer I, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed at baseline and one month post intervention.

Results: Mean differences (1 month-baseline) of TBUT were 0.15±5.28 seconds in timolol- CHG group and (-1.30)±3.47 in timolol-PQ1 group. There were no difference (p > 0.05, for all) between groups in terms of ocular surface parameters (TBUT, staining, OSDI, Schirmer I) and IOP mean differences. Line and dimple pattern were the most common break-up pattern found in both group at baseline and at 1 month. Analysis within group found significant difference (p < 0.05) of timolol-PQ1 TBUT at 1 month compared to baseline, TBUT were lower at 1 month.

Conclusion: Timolol-CHG has comparable effects on the ocular surface and IOP comparable to timolol-PQ1. The use of timolol-CHG may be considered as a short-term alternative for glaucoma treatment."

"Endoftalmitis merupakan kegawatdaruratan dibidang mata yang bila tidak ditangani cepat akan mengalami penurunan tajam penglihatan bahkan kebutaan. Fasilitas vitrektomi sebagai terapi baku emas jarang tersedia di RS begitupula antibiotika (seftazidim) intra vitreal belum tersedia secara komersil dengan dosis yang sesuai, sehingga perlu diracik dan dapat berisiko meningkatkan kontaminasi atau kesalahan pengenceran. Tujuan mencari alternatif antibiotika intra vitreal untuk pengobatan endoftalmitis akibat Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Metode menggunakan dua belas kelinci New Zealand White terbagi dua kelompok (n=6). Dibentuk endophthalmitis dengan injeksi intra vitreal P. aeruginosa 2x105 CFU/0,1mL. Kelompok A mendapat intra vitreal levofloksasin 0,5% 0,1mL dan kelompok B mendapat intra vitreal seftazidim 2,25 mg/0,1 mL setelah 24 jam inokulasi bakteri. Penilaian klinis dilakukan hari ke-1 hingga ke-6. Pada hari ke-6 dilakukan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi dan histopatologik. Hasil selisih skor klinis hari ke-1 dan 6 kedua kelompok tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Terdapat 2 kelinci mengalami perbaikan di kelompok levofloksasin namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Penghitungan jumlah bakteri memberikan hasil kelompok A dan kelompok B mengalami penurunan menjadi 1,5x102 (4x101-7,3x103) CFU/0,1mL dengan hasil yang tidak berbeda bermakna begitu pula dengan skor pemeriksaan histopatologik. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan injeksi intra vitreal tetes mata levofloksasin 0,5% 0,1mL sama efektif dengan seftazidim dan dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam terapi endoftalmitis akibat P. aeruginosa.

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The purpose of this study was to find and evaluate intravitreal 0.5% levofloxacin as an alternative treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis in an experimental model. Twelve New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups (n = 6 in each). Vitreous cavity of the right eye was inoculated with 2x105 CFU / 0,1mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspension. Group A treated with intravitreal 0.5% levofloxacin and group B received intravitreal injection of 2.25 mg / 0.1 mL ceftazidime. Results showed mean clinical assessment scores in both groups were similar at 24 hours after inoculation (p> 0.05). Clinical score at day 1 and day 6 do not show any significant difference. Two rabbits experienced improvement in the levofloxacin group but there was no statistically significant difference. The number of microbiological bacteria results in group A and group B were decreased to 1,5x102 (4x101-7,3x103) CFU/ 0,1mL, but microbiological analysis and histopathological scoring demonstrated no statistically significant difference between both group (for each, P>0,05). The conclusion in this sudy was intra vitreal 0,5% levofloxacin ophthalmic appeared to be effective in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis in rabbits, but was not superior to intravitreal ceftazidime administration. Therefore, intravitreal 0,5% levofloxacin may be a useful alternative to ceftazidime for Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis."

"Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) mengandung asiatikosid yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam penggunaan kosmetik anti-aging yang terbukti dapat meningkatkan sintesis kolagen. Asiatikosid memiliki berat molekul yang besar dan bersifat hidrofilik sehingga menyebabkan sulit berpenetrasi melalui kulit. Transfersom merupakan salah satu sistem pembawa yang cocok untuk meningkatkan penetrasi zat aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan memformulasikan dan mengkarakterisasi transfersom ekstrak daun pegagan. Selanjutnya transfersom dengan formula terbaik diformulasikan ke dalam bentuk sediaan gel serta dibuat gel kontrol tanpa transfersom. Kedua sediaan tersebut dievaluasi dan diuji penetrasi secara in vitro menggunakan sel difusi Franz pada tikus betina galur Sprague Dawley. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan optimasi formula transfersom, yaitu F1, F2 dan F3 dengan konsentrasi asiatikosid berturut-turut adalah 0,3%; 0,5%; dan 0,7% Hasil menunjukan bahwa F1 adalah formula terbaik dengan morfologi yang sferis, efisiensi penjerapan 85,80 ± 0,22 %, Dmean volume 124,62 ± 0,86 nm, nilai indeks polidispersitas 0,125 ± 0,008, zeta potensial -36,3 ± 0,30 mV dan indeks deformabilitas 1,12 sehingga digunakan pada formulasi gel. Jumlah kumulatif asiatikosid yang terpenetrasi dari sediaan gel, yaitu 1050,85 ± 19,82 μg/cm2 untuk gel transfersom dan 540,21 ± 12,28 μg/cm2 untuk gel kontrol. Presentase jumlah asiatikosid terpenetrasi dari sediaan gel transfersom dan sediaan gel kontrol secara berturut-turut adalah 51,80 ± 0,97 % dan 26,63 ± 0,60%. Fluks dari sediaan gel transfersom dan gel kontrol berturut-turut 47,92 ± 1,74 μg/cm2/jam dan 26,57 ± 0,77 μg/cm2/jam. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa sediaan gel transfersom memiliki daya penetrasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan gel kontrol.

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Asiaticoside from Gotu kola leaves extract (Centella asiatica L. Urban) could be used as an active substance for anti-aging cosmetics. It has proven to increase collagen synthesis. Asiaticoside is hydrophillic and has a high molecular weight, therefore it would be difficult to penetrate to the skin. Transfersome is a suitable carrier system that can enhance the penetration of active substances. This study aims to formulate and characterize transfersome Gotu kola leaves extract and formulated it into a gel, a control gel also prepared without transfersome. Both gels were evaluated and penetration tested using Franz diffusion cells with the skin of female Sprague Dawley rats. Transfersome was formulated with different concentration of active substance; equals of asiaticoside 0,3% (F1), 0,5% (F2), and 0,7% (F3). The F1 transfersome were incorporated into gel dosage form, since the F1 transfersome had spherical morphology, the highest entrapment efficiency 85.80 ± 0.22%, Dmean volume 124.62 ± 0.86 nm, polydispersity index 0.125 ± 0.008, zeta potensial -36,3 ± 0,30 mV and deformability index 1.12. The cumulative amount of asiaticoside that was penetrated is 1050.85 ± 19.82 μg/cm2 for transfersome gel and 540.21 ± 12.28 μg/cm2 for control gel. Cumulative percentage of penetrated asiaticoside for transfersome gel and control gel were 51.80 ± 0.97% and 26.63 ± 0.60%, respectively. The flux of transfersome gel containing asiaticoside and control gel are respectively 47.92 ± 1,74 μg/cm2/hours and 26.57 ± 0.77 μg/cm2/hours. Based on these results it can be concluded that asiaticoside contained in transfersome gel has a better penetration compared to the control gel."

"This book comprises an integrated review of ocular therapeutics across all relevant fields. It addresses the real-world requirements of ophthalmologists, pharmacists and optometrists, as observed through working alongside these practitioners for two decades. Knowledge surrounding  agents used in ophthalmic practice has, historically, been scattered. The book facilitates understanding of ocular drug therapy by compiling all key aspects of the pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutical science, ocular biochemistry and cell biology of these agents.Chapters detail drug transfer across barriers, systemic toxicity of topically applied drugs, autonomic drugs used for diagnostics, as well as anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, glaucoma and antimicrobial therapies, and avenues for the development of new ocular drugs. Applications of extemporaneously prepared formulations are described to inform day-to-day clinical practice.  The use of mucoadhesive polymers in tear substitutes, ocular drug delivery systems, stem cell therapy, pharmacogenomics and antiangiogenic ocular chemotherapy are also explored. The book also provides insights from drugs of herbal origin, and a historical perspective on drugs for ocular use.Practicing and resident ophthalmologists, optometrists, pharmacists, nursing professionals, scholars in ocular drug research and students will equally benefit from this comprehensive guide."

"Pemeriksaan biometri sebelum operasi katarak untuk menentukan kekuatan lensa intraokular (IOL) terutama dipengaruhi oleh pengukuran panjang aksial bola mata (AXL) dan kedalaman bilik mata depan (ACD). Kondisi hipotoni bola mata membuat pemendekan kedua parameter ini. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dilakukan penelitian untuk mencari formula yang tepat yang bisa digunakan untuk mengoreksi ukuran AXL dan ACD mata yang terukur dalam kondisi hipotoni.Penelitian ini adalah studi prospektif pre-pasca eksperimental pada hewan coba. Populasi penelitian adalah mata kambing dewasa yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, eksklusi dan drop out sesuai perhitungan besar sampel.Karakteristik data TIO, AXL dan ACD pada pengukuran biometri ultrasound teknik imersi dan dino-lite pada kedua mata terdistribusi normal (p > 0,05). Terdapat hubungan linier pada pengukuran menggunakan biometri ultrasound teknik imersi antara TIO dengan AXL (p = 0,003) dan ACD (p = 0,002) maupun dengan dino-lite yaitu AXL (p = 0,001) dan ACD (p = 0,008). Ditemukan formula/persamaan model untuk memprediksi koreksi ukuran AXL dan ACD.Formula/persamaan model yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini dapat memprediksi ukuran sebenarnya bola mata kambing dewasa. Dilakukan adjustment pada data agar hasil penelitian ini dapat dioptimasi untuk diterapkan pada mata manusia yang mengalami hipotoni sebelum operasi katarak.

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Biometry examination before cataract surgery to determine intraocular lens (IOL) power is mainly influenced by the measurement of eyeball axial length (AXL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD). The condition of eyeball hypotony shortens these two parameters. Based on this, a study was conducted to find an appropriate formula that can be used to correct the measured AXL and ACD of the eye under hypotony conditions.

This was a prospective pre-post-experimental study in experimental animals. The study population was adult goat eyes that met the inclusion, exclusion, and dropout criteria according to the sample size calculation.

The data characteristics of IOP, AXL, and ACD in ultrasound biometry measurements of immersion techniques and dino-lite in both eyes were normally distributed (p > 0,05). There was a linear relationship between IOP with AXL (p = 0,003) and ACD (p = 0,002) and with dino-lite, namely AXL (p = 0,001) and ACD (p = 0,008). A formula/equation model was found to predict AXL and ACD size correction.

The formula/equation model obtained in this study can predict the actual size of the adult goat eyeball. Adjustments were made to the data so that the results of this study can be optimized for application to human eyes that experience hypotony before cataract surgery."

"Siklovalon merupakan analog kurkumin yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lebih tinggi daripada kurkumin. Akan tetapi siklovalon masih belum digunakan sebagai obat karena efeknya yang belum optimal. Substitusi basa Manich dapat meningkatkan aktivitas biologis sebagian besar senyawa. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan sintesis siklovalon tersubstitusi basa Mannich morfolin dan dievaluasi aktivitas antioksidannya. Sintesis dilakukan melalui 2 tahap. Pertama, sintesis siklovalon dengan pereaksian sikloheksanon dan vanilin hingga mengendap pada temperatur 50°C. Pada tahap kedua, dilakukan penambahan basa Mannich menggunakan paraformaldefida dan morfolin dengan pelarut asetonitril yang direfluks selama 8 jam. Senyawa tahap 1 dan 2 diuji kemurniannya menggunakan KLT dan titik lebur. Senyawa tahap 1 dielusidasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan spektrofotometri FT-IR. Sedangkan senyawa tahap 2 dielusidasi dengan tambahan spektrometri 1H-NMR dan 13C-NMR. Senyawa tahap 1 yang diperoleh memiliki nilai rendemen 58,0 %. Sedangkan senyawa tahap 2 memiliki nilai rendemen 68,3 %. Kedua senyawa diuji aktivitas antioksidan dan dibandingkan dengan kuersetin. Nilai IC 50 yang diperoleh untuk senyawa tahap 1 dan 2 sebesar 72,02 μM dan 163,09 μM. Sedangkan nilai IC 50 kuersetin sebesar 29,38 μM. Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa 2 lebih rendah dari senyawa 1.

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Cyclovalone is curcumin analogue that has antioxidant activity higher than curcumin. However, cyclovalone has not used as a drug because its effect has not optimal yet. Mannich base substitution can improve the biological activity of some compound. Therefore, synthesis of substituted cyclovalone with morpholine Mannich base was done and evaluated its antioxidant activity. Synthesis was done through two phases. First, synthesis of cyclovalone with reaction of cyclohexanone and vanillin until precipitate at 50°C. In the second stage, the addition of Mannich basic was done with paraformaldehyde and morpholine in acetonitrile by reflux method for 8 hours. The compound of phase 1 and 2 was tested for the purity by thin layer chromatography and melting point determination. The compound of phase 1 was elucidated by spectrophotometry UV-Vis and spectrophotometry FT-IR. While the compound of phase 2 was elucidated by additional spectrometry 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The compound of phase 1 that was obtained has 58.0 % yield value. While the phase 2 compound has 68.3 % yield value. Both of the compound tested with antioxidant assay and compared with quercetin. IC 50 value that was obtained for phase 1 and 2 compounds were 72.02 μM dan 163.09 μM. While quercetin?s IC 50 value was 29.38 μM. Antioxidant activity of compound 2 was lower than compound 1."