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"Latar Belakang: Mycobacterium tuberculosis merupakan penyebab tuberkulosis pada paru dan organ lain, seperti meningen meningitis tuberkulosis . Meningitis tuberkulosis dapat merupakan komplikasi tuberkulosis primer, yang bersifat laten/asimptomatik, namun risiko reaktivasi meningkat pada penurunan sistem imun/malnutrisi. Disfagia, defisit kognitif, hemiparese, dan ketidakmampuan makan mandiri juga dapat menyebabkan malnutrisi, sehingga akan meningkatkan lama rawat dan mengganggu perbaikan kapasitas fungsional. Tatalaksana nutrisi diperlukan untuk meminimalisasi kehilangan berat badan, mendapatkan imbang nitrogen positif, dan menyediakan nutrisi untuk membangun system imun. Pada pelaksanaannya, pemberian nutrisi harus memperhatikan kondisi klinis serta komplikasi berupa peningkatan tekanan intrakranial dan defisit neurologi yang terjadi. Metode: Laporan serial kasus ini menguraikan empat kasus meningitis tuberkulosis dengan tuberkulosis paru. Semua pasien datang dengan penurunan kesadaran dan telah terdiagnosis tuberkulosis paru sebelumnya, namun pasien minum obat tidak sesuai dengan anjuran dokter. Status gizi keempat pasien adalah malnutrisi ringan dan berat, obes 1 dan normal. Selama dirawat, tatalaksana nutrisi diberikan sesuai pedoman terapi nutrisi untuk penderita tuberkulosis. Asupan makronutrien diberikan meningkat bertahap sesuai kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Suplementasi mikronutrien juga diberikan. Pemantauan meliputi keluhan subjektif, hemodinamik, analisis dan toleransi asupan, pemeriksaan laboratorium, antropometri, keseimbangan cairan, dan kapasitas fungsional. Hasil: Dua orang pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis, kapasitas fungsional, hasil laboratorium, toleransi asupan, dan outcome, sedangkan dua orang lainnya mengalami perburukan dan meninggal pada hari perawatan ke-44 dan ke-24. Kesimpulan: Dukungan nutrisi infeksi tuberkulosis pada paru dan susunan saraf, dapat memberikan manfaat untuk pemulihan pasien.

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Objective: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculous in the lung and other organs, such as the meninges tuberculous meningitis . Tuberculous meningitis can be a complication of primary tuberculous, latent asymptomatic, but the risk of reactivation increases to a decrease in the immune system malnutrition. Dysphagia, defisit kognitif, hemiparese, and inability to eat independently can also cause malnutrition, thereby increasing the length of stay and interfere with the functional capacity improvement. Management of nutrients needed to minimize the lose weight, get a positive nitrogen balance, and provide nutrients for building the immune system. In practice, the nutrition must consider the clinical condition and the complications in the form of increased intracranial pressure and neurological deficits that occur.

Methods: This case series report outlines four cases of tuberculous meningitis with pulmonary tuberculous. All patients present with loss of consciousness and have been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculous before, but patients taking the medicine does not comply with doctor's advice. Nutritional status of the four patients was mild and severe malnutrition, obese and normal one. During the treatment, management of nutrition was given according to the guidelines of nutrition therapy for patients with tuberculosis. Macronutrient intake increased gradually given appropriate clinical condition and patient tolerance. Micronutrient supplementation are also given. Monitoring included subjective complaints, hemodynamic, analysis and tolerance intake, laboratory tests, anthropometric, fluid balance, and functional capacity.

Results: Two patients showed clinical improvement, functional capacity, laboratory results, tolerance intake, and outcome, while two other people suffered deterioration and died on the 44th and 24th day of treatment.

Conclusion: Nutritional support tuberkulosis infection in the lungs and nervous system, can provide benefit to the patient's recovery."

"Meningitis tuberkulosis (MeTB) merupakan manifestasi klinis berat dari infeksi TB yang menyerang sistem saraf pusat (SSP) dan menyebabkan pasien mengalami penurunan asupan nutrisi karena menurunnya kemampuan makan dan selera makan. Asam amino rantai cabang (AARC) diketahui memiliki efek meningkatkan selera makan dan protektif terhadap massa otot. Pemenuhan kebutuhan AARC berpotensi memperbaiki kapasitas fungsional pasien sehingga menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien MeTB. Empat pasien MeTB dipantau selama perawatan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Pencatatan asupan makanan pasien dilakukan dengan metode FFQ semi kuatitatif dan 24h dietary recall. Selama masa perawatan diberikan terapi medik gizi sesuai kondisi klinis pasien, dilakukan pemantauan harian termasuk penilaian kapasitas fungsional pasien hingga pasien selesai perawatan. Semua pasien menunjukkan tanda malnutrisi berdasarkan kriteria klinis menurut American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Belum ada rekomendasi terapi medik gizi khusus MeTB yang dapat digunakan, namun pada pasien dengan masalah infeksi disertai masalah neurologis rekomendasi tatalaksana TB paru dan stroke dapat menjadi acuan untuk tatalaksana pasien. Pemberian asupan kalori 35-40 kkal pada pasien dengan protein minimal 1,5 g/kgBB berpotensi meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional pasien dan mencegah perburukan penyakit. Tiga pasien mendapatkan asupan AARC diatas rekomendasi dan didapatkan peningkatan kapasitas fungsional dengan menggunakan indeks Barthel. Terapi medik gizi dengan pemberian protein dan AARC yang lebih tinggi dari rekomendasi IOM pada pasien MeTB dapat meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional pasien.

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Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has been the most severe manifestation of Tuberculosis infection attacking central nervous system (CNS) and causes the risk of malnutrition in patients due to decrease the ability of eating and loss appetite. Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) has been known having effects in appetite and protection of muscle mass. Fulfilling BCAA requirement is potential to improve patient functional capacity, furthermore lowering the morbidity and mortality of TBM patient. Four TBM patients has been observed during hospitality in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM). Patient’s dietary intake was collected using semiquantitative FFQ and 24h dietary recall. During hospitality, medical nutrition therapy was administered based on patient clinical condition, daily observation including patient functional capacity was done until patient was discharged. All patients showed malnutrition signs based on clinical criteria according to American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Recommendation of nutrition therapy on TBM patient still not exist, however in patient with infection and neurological problem, guideline of nutrition therapy in TB infection and stroke can be used. Intake of 35-40 kcal/kgBW calories and 1,5 g/kgBW of protein can be potential to increase patient functional capacity and prevent further morbidity. Three patient can fulfill their BCAA beyond the requirement and there were increase in patient functional capacity using Barthel Index. Medical nutrition therapy using protein and BCAA administration above the IOM recomendation in TBM patient can improve functional capacity."

"Latar Belakang. Prevalensi disabilitas pada pasien meningitis tuberkulosis (MTB) hampir setara dengan angka mortalitas mencapai 29-50%. Aspek luaran pasien MTB tidak cukup dinilai berdasarkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitasnya, namun mencakup kesehatan fisik, mental, dan sosial seperti yang didefinisikan oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas hidup pasien MTB selesai obat anti-tuberkulosis (OAT) dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode. Studi potong lintang (cross sectional) dilakukan pada pasien MTB, termasuk tuberkuloma selesai OAT di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo periode Mei 2019-Juni 2023. Karakteristik demografis, klinis, diagnosis, tatalaksana pasien dinilai dari data rekam medis dan wawancara. Luaran kualitas hidup pasien dinilai menggunakan kuesioner SF (Short form)-36. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan SPSS versi 19.0, yaitu Mann-Whitney dan Kruskal-Wallis untuk data kategorik, Spearman untuk data numerik. Hasil. Dari 53 subjek penelitian dengan median usia 30 (IQR 25,5-39) tahun, didapatkan median skor SF-36 yaitu, 86,5 (IQR 74,9-92,8). Median (IQR) skor pada aspek fisik (PCS) dan mental (MCS) kualitas hidup serupa, yaitu 85 (IQR 69,4-94,85) dan 88,1 (IQR 74,1-95,3). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup pasien MTB selesai OAT antara lain penghasilan (p=0,033), kejang (p=0,028), kelemahan motorik (p=0,023), dan mRS saat pulang perawatan (p=0,007). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan skor PCS adalah pekerjaan (p=0,012), penghasilan (p=0,007), kelemahan motorik (p=0,024), dan mRS saat pulang perawatan (p=0,01). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan skor MCS adalah usia (p=0,006) dan kejang (p=0,025). Kesimpulan. Kualitas hidup pasien MTB selesai OAT berdasarkan skor SF-36, PCS, dan MCS tergolong baik. Faktor yang memengaruhi kualitas hidup lebih tinggi pada pasien MTB selesai OAT adalah berpenghasilan, tanpa klinis kejang atau kelemahan motorik, dan mRS saat pulang perawatan 0-2. Faktor yang memengaruhi aspek fisik lebih tinggi adalah pekerjaan, berpenghasilan, tanpa klinis kelemahan motorik, dan mRS saat pulang perawatan 0-2, sedangkan aspek mental lebih tinggi adalah usia ≥30 tahun dan tanpa klinis kejang. Kata kunci. Kualitas hidup, meningitis tuberkulosis, selesai OAT, SF-36<

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The prevalence of disabilities among tuberculous meningitis (TBM) patients almost similar with its mortality rate (29-50%). The comprehensive evaluation of long-term outcomes should encompass not only morbidity and mortality rates but also incorporate the dimensions of physical, mental, and social well-being as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study aimed to assess the quality of life (QoL) among patients with TBM following the completion of anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) and investigating the factors that have impacts on this particular aspect. Methods. Retrospective cross sectional study of TBM patients, including tuberculoma upon completion of ATT at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital during May 2019-June 2023. Demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment characteristics were conducted by medical records and interviews. The assessment of QoL in TBM patients was performed using Short form (SF)-36 questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 19.0 (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis for categorical data, Spearman for numeric data). Result. The study involved 53 participants, with median of age 30 (IQR 25.5-39) years, demonstrated favorable median SF-36 score of 86.5 (IQR 74.9-92.8). Median of physical score (PCS) and mental score (MCS) almost similar, 85 (IQR 69.4-94.85) and 88.1 (IQR 74.1-95.3), respectively. The impact of various factors on QoL was assessed, revealing significant associations with monthly income (p=0.033), presence of seizure (p=0.028), motoric abnormalities (p=0.023), and mRS at discharge (p=0.007). Employment (p=0.012), monthly income (p=0.007), motoric abnormalities (p=0.024), and mRS at discharge (p=0.01) were identified as factors influencing the PCS score. Age (p=0.006) and presence of seizure (p=0.025) found to impact the MCS score. Conclusion. The evaluation of QoL in TBM patients after completing ATT utilizing SF-36 score, PCS, and MCS revealed favorable outcome. Several factors were found to significantly influence higher SF-36 score, including monthly income, absence of seizure and motoric abnormalities, and mRS at discharge of 0-2. Similarly, factors such as employment, monthly income, absence motoric abnormality, and mRS at discharge of 0-2 were associated with higher PCS scores. Furthermore, a higher MCS score was observed in patients aged 30 years or older and those without seizures. Keywords. Quality of life, QoL, tuberculous meningitis, completion ATT, SF-36"

"Malnutrisi dan tuberkulosis seringkali ditemukan secara bersamaan, Adanya malnutrisi pada tuberkulosis meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Serial kasus ini bertujuan mempelajari efek terapi nutrisi pada pasien TB paru dengan malnutrisi. Pada serial kasus ini tiga orang pasien mengalami malnutrisi berat dan satu pasien mengalami malnutrisi ringan. Nutrisi tahap awal diberikan ≤ 50% kebutuhan energi total (KET) dan ditingkatkan bertahap. Pada akhir masa perawatan, nutrisi dapat mencapai 90% KET. Protein diberikan sebesar 15-20% total kalori. Konseling gizi diberikan pada akhir masa rawat pada pasien dan keluarga. Terapi nutrisi sebaiknya harus menjadi bagian integral dari terapi tuberkulosis.

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Malnutrition has been found to coexist with tuberculosis (TB). Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in those with TB. Objective of this case serial is to review the impact of nutritional therapy in pulmonary TB patient with malnutrition. All of four patients were malnourished and had pulmonary TB, of which 3 were severely malnourished. Initially, nutrition therapy commenced with ≤ 50% estimated energy requirement (EER) and incrementally increased to 90% EER at the end of hospitalization. Protein was given 15–20% of total calories. Bedside counseling was provided prior to discharge. Nutrition therapy should be considered as integral part of TB treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Rendahnya ketepatan kultur bakteriologis dan kurangnya fasilitas pencitraan terutama di daerah perifer, mendiagnosis meningitis tuberkulosis (MTB) pada anak menjadi suatu tantangan.Tujuan: untuk membentuk sistem skor yang terdiri dari manifestasi klinis dan pemeriksaan laboratorium sederhana untuk membantu diagnosis MTB pada anak.Metode: Studi retrospektif menggunakan model prediktif diagnostik multivariabel dengan anak usia 3 bulan hingga 18 tahun terdiagnosis meningitis, dirawat inap selama periode Juli 2011 hingga November 2021 di rumah sakit tersier.Hasil: Dari 10 variabel yang memiliki signifikansi statistik dengan TBM, diperoleh 8 variabel untuk membangun model prediksi untuk mengidentifikasi TBM. Variabel ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian skoring yang keduanya memiliki diskriminasi dan kalibrasi yang baik, sistem skoring sistemik (4 parameter, batas nilai skor ³3, sensitivitas 78,8%, spesifisitas 86,6% dengan AUC 89,9% (p<0,001) ) dan sistem skoring neurologis (4 parameter, batas nilai skor ³2, sensitivitas 61,2%, spesifisitas 75,2% dengan AUC 73,3% (p<0,001). Sistem skoring ini bila digunakan bersamaan dan memenuhi batas nilai skor masing-masing, dapat memprediksi diagnosis TBM pada anak dengan baik (sensitivitas 47,1%, spesifisitas 95,1%, dan nilai prediksi positif 90,9%).Kesimpulan: Sistem skoring klinis yang terdiri dari dua bagian, skor sistemik dan skor neurologis, memiliki kemampuan yang baik dalam memprediksi diagnosis TBM pada anak.

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Due to the low accuracy of culture techniques in bacteriological confirmation and the lack of brain imaging facilities especially in peripheral areas, diagnosing tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in children become a challenge

Objective : to establish scoring systems consisting of clinical manifestations and simple laboratory examination to help diagnosing TBM in children.

Method: Retrospective study using a multivariable diagnostic predictive model with children diagnosed as meningitis aged 3 months to 18 years, hospitalized during July 2011 until November 2021 period in a tertiary hospital.

Result: From 10 variables that have statistical significance with TBM, 8 variables were obtained for establishing the predictive model to identify TBM. These variables divided into two scoring parts which both had good discrimination and calibration, the systemic scoring system (4 parameters, total cut-off score ³3, sensitivity of 78.8%, specificity of 86.6% with AUC of 89.9% (p<0.001)) and the neurological scoring system (4 parameters, total cut-off score ³2, sensitivity of 61.2%, specificity of 75.2% with AUC of 73.3% (p<0.001)). Furthermore, these scoring systems when used together and met the cut-off score respectively, can predict the diagnosis of TBM in children well (sensitivity 47.1%, specificity 95.1%, and positive predictive value 90.9%).

Conclusion: a clinical scoring systems consist of two parts, systemic score and neurological score, have good ability in predicting the diagnosis of TBM in children."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Deteksi Basil Tahan Asam (BTA) Ziehl Neelsen cairan serebrospinal (CSS) di RSUPN dr Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2014 tidak pernah positif. Pewarnaan Auramine-O dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas deteksi BTA. Perlu modifikasi sitosentrifugasi pada pulasan BTA, agar dapat deteksi BTA lebih banyak dan cepat.Metode: uji diagnostik pulasan BTA CSS Ziehl Neelsen metode non sitosentrifugasi, Cytospin, Cytopro serta Auramine-O Cytopro dibandingkan dengan baku emas biakan TB MGIT.Hasil: Uji diagnostik BTA Ziehl Neelsen tanpa sitosentrifugasi, tidak dapat dinilai karena BTA tidak terdeteksi di semua sampel. Uji diagnostik Ziehl Neelsen Cytospin dan Cytopro sama yaitu sensitivitas 64%, spesifisitas 85%, NPP 54%, NPN 89 %. Uji diagnostik Auramine-O Cytopro, sensitivitas 91%, spesifisitas 26%, NPP 26%, NPN 91 %.Kesimpulan: Pulasan BTA CSS metode sitosentrifugasi dapat menggantikan metode non sitosentrifugasi. Pulasan BTA CSS Auramine-O dapat me rule out diagnosis meningitis TB.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction: Detection of AFB from CSF with Ziehl Neelsen staining in 2014 at dr Cipto Mangunkusumo general hospital never gives positive result. Staining with Auramine-O smear staining can increase its sensitivity. Acid fast bacilli cytocentrifugation is needed as a modification in AFB slide preparation to gain more bacilli faster.

Methods: Diagnostic perfomance of AFB slide prepared by non cytocentrifugation, Cytospin, Cytopro with Ziehl Neelsen stain, prepared by cytopro with Auramine-O stain are compared to TB MGIT as a gold standard.

Results: Acid fast bacilli slide prepared with non cytocentrifugation method and stained by Ziehl Neelsen cannot be obtained because AFB was not detected in all samples. Acid fast bacilli slide prepared with Cytospin and Cytopro and stained with Ziehl Neelsen has sensitivity (64%), specificity (85%), PPV (54%), 89% NPV. Acid fast bacilli slide prepared with Cytopro and stained with Auramine-O has sensitivity (91%), specificity (26%), PPV (26%), 91 % NPV.

Conclusion: Detection of AFB from CSF with cytocentrifugation method can replace non cytocentrifugation method. Acid fast bacilli slide prepared cytocentrifugation and stained by Auramine-O can rule out Tuberculous meningitis."

"ABSTRACTKesulitan dalam penegakan diagnosis definitif efusi pleura tuberkulosis berdasarkan metode konvensional ataupun biopsi menyebabkan berbagai usaha untuk mencari alternatif strategi diagnostik lainnya. Kriteria diagnostik yang direkomendasikan adalah apabila pasien terdapat gejala klinik tuberkulosis dan pemeriksaan cairan pleura menunjukkan eksudat berdasarkan kriteria Light, aktivitas adenosin deaminase (ADA) > 40 U/l, dan rasio limfosit/neutrofil > 0.75, maka diagnosis efusi pleura tuberkulosis boleh ditegakkan yang dibuktikan dengan respon terapi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan nilai diagnostik real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) pada efusi pleura tersangka tuberkulosis yang memenuhi kriteria diagnostik. Penelitian uji diagnostik prospektif menggunakan 43 sampel cairan pleura dari tersangka tuberkulosis yang dipilih secara konsekutif. Diagnosis efusi pleura tuberkulosis ditegakkan berdasarkan respon terapi positif atau kultur positif. Kultur cairan pleura menggunakan media Lowenstein-Jensen. RT PCR dikerjakan menggunakan primer yang dapat mengenali gen IS6110 dan gen MPB64.Dari 43 sampel tersebut, Mycobacterium tuberculosis dapat dideteksi oleh RT PCR pada 7 sampel, 4 diantaranya dengan kultur positif. Dengan demikian, sensitivitas RT PCR adalah 16.3% yang lebih tinggi daripada sensitivitas berdasarkan kultur saja yaitu 9.3%. Nilai duga positif dan nilai duga negatif RT PCR berturut-turut adalah 100% dan 0%. Spesifisitas, rasio kemungkinan positif, dan rasio kemungkinan negatif RT PCR tidak dapat dinilai karena semua subyek penelitian memiliki respon terapi positif atau kultur positif. RT PCR memiliki keunggulan yaitu dapat digunakan untuk menegakkan diagnosis definitif efusi pleura tuberkulosis lebih sensitif dan cepat dibandingkan kultur. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini mendapatkan bahwa pada pasien yang memenuhi kriteria diagnosis efusi pleura TB, maka RT PCR merupakan pilihan metode untuk identifikasi infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis secara definitif, karena sensitivitas yang rendah maka tidak dapat digunakan sendiri (tunggal).

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ABSTRACTThe difficulty to confirm the definitive diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) based on conventional laboratory methods and pleural biopsy have lead to the searching of alternative diagnostic strategies. The recommended diagnostic criteria approach for TBPE diagnosis are if a patient has clinical feature of tuberculosis (TB) and the pleural fluid analysis showed exudate based on Light criteria, the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity > 40 U/l, and lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio > 0.75, then the diagnosis of TBPE is actually established. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic value of RT PCR on suspected TBPE that fullfiled the recommended diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic study with prospective design assessed 43 pleural fluid samples of suspected TBPE that were selected consecutively. The diagnosis of TBPE was confirmed based on positive response therapy or positive culture of the pleural fluid. Pleural fluid culture was performed using Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) was carried out using the primer that detect IS6110 and MPB64 gene.Among 43 samples of suspected TBPE, Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be detected by RT PCR in 7 samples with 4 of them had positive culture. The sensitivity of RT PCR therefore was 16.3%, it was higher than the sensitivity based on culture only which was 9.3%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RT PCR were 100% and 0%, respectively. The specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of RT PCR could not be defined because all subjects had positive response therapy or positive culture. RT PCR has an advantage that it can be used to establish definitive diagnosis of TB earlier compared to culture. Therefore, when the patient fulfilled the recommended criteria of tuberculous pleural effusion, RT PCR is the method of choice for definitive identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, due to the low sensitivity, it can not be used alone."

"Latar Belakang: Meningitis tuberkulosis (TBM) merupakan manifestasi terberat infeksi TB dan prognosisnya bergantung pada kecepatan memulai terapi. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui alur perjalanan pasien TBM serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keterlambatan dalam mendapatkan pengobatan.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dari pasien TBM yang sudah mendapatkan terapi OAT dan dirawat di RSCM pada bulan Januari 2020 – April 2022. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara terhadap pasien atau pendamping dan telusur rekam medis.Hasil: Sebanyak 99 orang subjek yang memenuhi kriteria. Terdapat 6 pola alur perjalanan pasien dengan yang terbanyak adalah mengalami gejala umum diikuti gejala neurologis, mencari pertolongan kesehatan, terdiagnosis, dan mendapatkan pengobatan (52,5%). Fasilitas kesehatan pertama terbanyak dikunjungi pasien adalah praktek dokter swasta (L1b) (35,4%). Median jumlah kunjungan yang dibutuhkan pasien untuk mendapatkan pengobatan adalah 6 (4-9) kunjungan dengan durasi keterlambatan sebagai berikut: keterlambatan pasien 17 (3-33) hari, keterlambatan diagnosis 44 (16-101) hari, keterlambatan pengobatan 1 (0-1) hari, dan keterlambatan total adalah 78 (33-170) hari. Faktor yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan keterlambatan yang lebih panjang (>78 hari) adalah jumlah kunjungan ke fasilitas kesehatan aOR=3,51 (CI95=1,36-9,10; p=0,01) dan pendidikan rendah aOR=0,30 (CI95=0,01-0,89; p=0,03).Kesimpulan: Pasien TBM di RSCM menjalani kunjungan multipel dan membutuhkan waktu 2,5 bulan sejak mengalami gejala hingga mendapatkan pengobatan dengan keterlambatan terbesar berasal dari sistem kesehatan.

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Background: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the worst manifestation of TB infection. Its prognosis is depend on timely treatment initiation. This study intend to know TBM patient pathway and factors that affect treatment delay.

Methods: This was a crossectional study of TBM patients who have received antituberculous medication and were admitted at the RSCM January 2020-April 2022. Data were obtained from interview to either patient or caregiver and medical reccord.

Results: A total of 99 subjects met the criteria. There were 6 patterns of patient pathway with the most prevalent is having general symptoms followed by neurological symptoms, first healthcare visit, diagnosed, and treated (52.5%). The first healthcare visited by most patients was private doctor's practice (L1b) (35.4%). Median number of visits before recieving treatment was 6 (4-9) visits. Delay duration are as follow: patient delay 17 (3-33) days, diagnosis delay 44 (16-101) days, treatment delay 1 (0-1) day, and total delay 78 (33-170) days. Factors that significantly associated with longer delays were number of visits to healthcare facilities aOR=3.51 (CI95=1.36-9.10; p=0.01) and lower education aOR=0.30 (CI95=0 .01-0.89; p=0.03).

Conclusions: TBM patients experienced multiple visit and had 2.5 months delay from first symptoms to treatment with the longest delay coming from the healthcare system."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Tuberkulosis merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik yang tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan global terutama di negara berkembang dan menjadi penyebab kematian kedua terbesar pada kelompok penyakit menular. Selain paru, kuman tuberkulosis dapat menginvasi hingga ke organ ektrapulmoner salah satunya usus. Infeksi kuman pada mukosa usus karena tuberkulosis usus dapat menyebabkab ulserasi hingga nekrosis lapisan mukosa yang akan memengaruhi absorpsi nutrisi. Malabsorpsi dan anoreksia dapat menjadi penyebab malnutrisi pada tuberkulosis usus. Terapi medik gizi bertujuan untuk menyediakan nutrisi adekuat, meningkatkan status gizi, menurunkan risiko kematian, memperpendek lama rawat inap, mencegah terjadinya penurunan massa otot, mendukung proses kesembuhan penyakit, memenuhi kebutuhan mikronutrien yang adekuat, dan meningkatkan sistem imunitas. Metode:Pada serial kasus ini, dilaporkan 4 kasus tuberkulosis usus pada pasien laki-laki dan perempuan yang berusia antara 24-31 tahun, dengan 1 pasien koinfeksi HIV. Keempat pasien mengalami malnutrisi, 3 diantaranya adalah malnutrisi berat dan juga didiagnosis kaheksia. Pada 3 kasus awal, tatalaksana tuberkulosis usus disertai dengan pembedahan akibat komplikasi obstruksi usus mekanik, perdarahan, dan fistula sedangkan kasus terakhir hanya diberikan AOT. Masalah nutrisi terjadi pada keempat kasus terkait dengan perubahan anatomi saluran cerna, fungsi fisologis, dan pemberian mikronutrien yang kurang adekuat. Terapi medik gizi telah diberikan sesuai rekomendasi untuk pasien dengan tuberkulosis usus dengan malnutrisi. Hasil :Kasus pertama dan keempat mengalami perbaikan keadaan klinis hingga diperbolehkan rawat jalan. Namun, kasus kedua dan ketiga meninggal dunia masing-masing pada hari perawatan ke-54 dan 28 akibat sepsis dan perdarahan. Kesimpulan:Terapi medik gizi yang diberikan telah membantu perbaikan kondisi klinis pada pasien tuberkulosis usus dengan malnutrisi.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Tuberculosis is a chronic infection that remains a global health problem especially in developing countries and become the second leading cause of death in infectious diseases. Beside lung organ, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis can invade up to an extrapulmonary organ such as intestine. Infections in the intestinal mucosa due to intestinal tuberculosis may cause ulceration to necrosis of the intestinal mucose that will be affected to nutrient absorption. Malabsorption and anorexia can be the cause of malnutrition in intestinal tuberculosis. Nutritional medical therapy aims to provide adequate nutrition, improve nutritional status, reduce the risk of death, shorten the length of stay, prevent the decrease of muscle mass, support the wound healing, giving adequate micronutrients, and improve the immune system. Methods: In this series of cases, 4 cases of intestinal tuberculosis were reported in male and female patients between 24 and 31 years old, with 1 patient co-infected with HIV. The four patients were malnourished, 3 of them with severe malnourished and also diagnosed with cachexia. In the third initial cases, management of intestinal tuberculosis was surgery due to complications mechanical bowel obstruction, hemorrhage, and fistulas while the last one was given only DOT. Nutrition problems occur in all four cases associated with altered gastrointestinal anatomy, physiological function, and inadequate micronutrient administration. Medical nutrition therapy has been given as recommended for patients with intestinal tuberculosis with malnutrition. Result: The first and fourth cases had an improvement on clinical conditions. However, the second and third cases died on the 54th and 28th day of treatment due to sepsis and bleeding. Conclusion: Medical nutritional therapy has been provided to improve clinical conditions in intestinal tuberculosis patients with malnutrition. "

"Koinfeksi HIV dan tuberkulosis masih merupakan ancaman kesehatan global saat ini. Diperkirakan sebanyak 1.4 juta kasus tuberculosis pada pasien HIV (+) dilaporkan pada tahun 2007. HIV merupakan risiko terbesar untuk tuberculosis, risiko berkembang menjdai TB laten 20 kali lipat. Tuberkulosis penyebab utama kematian pada pasien HIV.Pengobatan tuberculosis paru pada pasien HIV harus dimulai sesegera mungkin saat diagnosis ditegakkan, inisiasi dari pengobatan berkorelasi dengan menurunnya mortalitas dan risiko penularan infeksi tuberculosis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menilai perubahan radiografi toraks pada pasien HIV dengan tuberculosis selama pemberian obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) di rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Semua pasien yang menjalani pemeriksaan radiografi toraks proyeksi AP atau PA sebelum pengobatan, setelah 2 bulan dan 6 bulan setelah pengobatan diberikan dan juga bulan ke 9 dan 12 apabila pengobatan dilanjutkan. Kemudian perubahan scoring lesi radiografi toraks diamati dan dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian adalah statistic deskriptif menggambarkan perubahan scoring lesi radiogafi toraks sebelum dan 2 bulan serta setelah pengobatan 2 bulan dan 6 bulan setelah terapi diberikan. Perubahn yang terlihat pada radiografi toraks membaik 33 pasien (60%), menetap 9 pasien (16.4%) dan memburuk 13 pasien (23.6%). Perubahan lain pada bulan ke-2 dan ke-6 adalah; membaik 43 pasien (78.2%), menetap 6 pasien (10.9%) dan memburuk 6 pasien (10.9%). Kemungkinan kecurigaan kasus imune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) terdapat pada 3 pasien (5.45%). Perubahan skoring lesi pada bulan ke-2 dan ke-6 dianalisa dengan menggunakan Friedman Rank test dengan nilai confidence interval CI 95% ( p = 0.000). Kesimpulan : Perubahan skoring lesi pada radiografi toraks pasien HIV dengan tuberkulosis paru lebih terlihat membaik setelah 6 bulan sejak diberikan obat anti tuberkulosis. Radiografi toraks masih merupakan modalitas bermakna dalam mengevaluasi perubahan lesi pada pasien HIV dan tuberculosis paru.

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HIV and tuberculosis coinfection are major global health threats recently. It was estimated1.4 milionnew tuberculosis cases in patient with HIV- positive were reported in 2007. HIVconfers the greatest risk for tuberculosis, increasing the risk of latentTB reactivation 20-fold.Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death among patients with HIV.The initiation treatment of lung tuberculosis in HIV patients beginsmust be started as early as possible at the time when diagnose is made, the initiation treatment of tuberculosis correlated with decreasing mortality and risk of transmission tuberculosis infection.

The aim of this research is to observe changes of chest radiography in HIV patients with tuberculosis during administration of anti tuberculous therapy at CiptoMangunkusumo hospital. All of patients have taken chest radiography with PA or AP projection before the treatment begin and after 2 and 6 months therapy was given and also after 9 and 12 months if therapy continued, than the changes scoring lesion of chest radiography finding is observed and examined.

Descriptive statistic is provided as scoring lesion changes of chest radiography devided into changes chest radiography before and 2 month after anti tuberculous therapy was given and changes at 2 months to 6 months therapy was given. In group before and 2 months therapy, the changes was seen in chest radiography; better in 33 patients (60%), stationary condition in 9 patients (16.4%) and worse 13 patients (23.6%). Another changes in 2 and 6 months therapy was seen; better in 43 patients (78.2%), stationary condition in 6 patients (10.9%) and worse 6 patients (10.9%). Imune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was suspected in 3 patients (5.45%).

The changes of scoring lesion in 2 and 6 months therapy was examined used Friedman Rank test with confidence interval CI 95% ( p = 0.000)."