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"A new scheme called ?Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries plus Conservation, Sustainable Management of Forests, and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks? (REDD+) is being discussed to be one of the essential elements of the post-2012 global climate change regime. Many countries have put their proposal on the architectures of such scheme to the UNFCCC and demonstrated pilot projects on the ground as well. The research has been conducted to analyze critically the extent to which the REDD+ architecture being designed in Indonesia would be able to deliver climate effectiveness, costs efficient, equity outcomes and social and environmental co-benefits (3E+). It is argued that the basic idea of REDD+ is very simple to incentivize emission-reduction activities from forestry sectors in developing countries. However, so far, the REDD+ architecture appears to contain several contentious issues. Therefore, the issues should be addressed seriously otherwise they would undermine the REDD+ objectives."

"Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan bagaimana perbedaan strategi antara REDD+ dibawah Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim (2015-2019) dan REDD+ dibawah BP REDD+ Indonesia (2010-2014), serta mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan bagaimana peran REDD+ dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Kajian ini berlandaskan metode kajian literatur serta data-data sekunder dalam mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan bagaimana perbedaan strategi antara REDD+ dibawah Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim (2015-2019) danREDD+ dibawah BP REDD+ Indonesia (2010-2014), dan bagaimana peran REDD+ dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia. REDD+ di Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan kelembagaan REDD+, dari BP REDD+ Indonesia (2010-2014) ke DirektoratJenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim (2015-2019). Secara umum, tidak terdapat banyak perbedaan strategi kedua periode tersebut. Pengentasan kemiskinan dalam REDD+ sangat terkait dengan skema kehutanan sosial. Peningkatan kesejahteraan yang lebih baik di beberapa desa perhutanan sosial dipengaruhi beberapa hal oleh pendanaan dari NGO melalui REDD+.

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This study aims to identify and explain how the different strategies are between REDD + under the Directorate General of Climate Change (2015-2019) and REDD + under BP REDD + Indonesia (2010-2014) and identify and explain how the role of REDD + in poverty alleviation in Indonesia. This study is based on a literature review method andsecondary data in order to identify and explain how different strategies are between REDD + under the Directorate General of Climate Change (2015-2019) and REDD + under BP REDD + Indonesia (2010-2014), and how the role of REDD + in povertyalleviation in Indonesia. REDD + in Indonesia has experienced institutional changes in REDD +, from BP REDD + Indonesia (2010-2014) to the Directorate General of Climate Change Control (2015-2019). In general, there are not many differences in the strategies of the two periods. Poverty alleviation in REDD + is closely related to social forestry schemes. Increasing better welfare in several social forestry villages is influenced by several things by funding from NGOs through REDD +."

"ABSTRACTRecently, research on paradoxical strategies has been considered critical in winning in the competitive dynamic landscape, characterized by uncertainty and rapid changes in the business environment. Such environmental uncertainties require firm to apply paradoxical strategies; combining strategic flexibility and strategic consistency (Parnell, 1994). This study addresses three main questions: what is the effect of strategic flexibility on firm's performance; what is the contingent effect of perceived environmental uncertainty on the relationship between paradoxical strategies and firm's performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 131 CEOs or members of top management team of Indonesian commercial banks (including sharia banks); and the 59 returned responses were analyzed to test hypotheses. The results indicate that strategic flexibility has positive effect on bank's performance, while strategic consistency does not have significant effects o bank's performance. In terms of combining these two paradoxical strategies, the results of this study confirm that the effect of strategic flexibility on bank's performance depends on strategic consistency and environmental uncertainty."

"ABSTRAKThis paper presents short notes and comment on the problems of a scientist in writing and publishing a book in his/her field of majoirty or interest, either in exact (mathematical, statistical, and technical) sciences or social-economics, supported by my observation. Based on my observation and experiences, a scientist has lack of interest in writing a text or reference book, because of (i). The problem with the publisher, (ii) the capability and willingness of the scientist to present special and unique materials compare to other books, and (iii) lack of willingness of other scientists in using the book at least for a reference of their lecturers."

"Kyoto Protocol merupakan instrument utama dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim dengan periode komitmen pengurangan emisi yang akan berakhir pada tahun 2012. Hingga saat ini, belum terdapat keputusan mengenai bentuk mitigasi perubahan iklim setelah berakhirnya periode komitmen pertama tersebut. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) merupakan konsep mitigasi perubahan iklim khusus kehutanan yang telah menjadi wacana sejak tahun 2005 dan berpotensi menjadi skema pengurangan emisi untuk periode komitmen kedua. Sebagai pemilik wilayah hutan yang relatif besar, Indonesia telah aktif dalam berbagai program REDD, dan pada tahun 2011 menandatangani letter of intent dengan Norwegia yang berujung pada moratorium hutan nasional. Sebagai skema yang belum baku dalam tataran hukum lingkungan internasional, Indonesia dan Norwegia tidak wajib untuk mengurangi emisi dalam bentuk REDD. Namun kegiatan moratorium hutan tetap dilaksanakan dan hal tersebut tidak menutup kemungkinan Indonesia dapat memiliki peran dalam negosiasi periode komitmen kedua.

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Kyoto Protocol is the main instrument in the mitigation of climate change in the emissions reduction commitment period which ends in 2012. Up until today, there has not been any decision regarding the mitigation of climate change after the end of the first commitment period. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a concept of climate change mitigation that has the potential of becoming the emissions reduction scheme in the second commitment period. As the owner of a relatively large area of forest, Indonesia has been active in various programs of REDD, and in 2011 it has entered a letter of intent with Norway that resulted in the application of national forestry moratorium. As a scheme that has not been standardized in the scope of international environmental law, Indonesia and Norway do not have the obligation to reduce emissions through REDD. However, forestry moratorium is still conducted and such activity opens the possibility of Indonesia to have a big role in the negotiations of the second commitment period."