Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"The bunch size represented by the fruit number is the main parameter of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) yield. Thefruit number, which is determined during the initial phase of development, is related to various factors, including thegenetic properties of the trees. Trees that have more pistillate flowers have more fruit. The diversity of MADS-boxgenes assumed can be used as a marker for trees that have a higher number of pistillate flowers. Therefore, the aims ofthis research were to isolate and identify the MADS-box genes from flowers of tenera oil palm using PCR techniques.The SQUAMOSA (SQUA) gene and the GLOBOSA (GLO) gene are members of the MADS-box genes family that areresponsible for sepal, petal and stamen organ development. The genomic DNA of the staminate flowers of trees thathave more staminate flowers (P1) and the genomic DNA of the pistillate flowers of trees that have more pistillateflowers (P2) were isolated using the CTAB+ PVP method. The CTAB+PVP method was more efficient for isolatingpistillate flower genomic DNA than staminate flower genomic DNA. The genomic DNA of P1 and P2 was amplifiedwith two primers: BMS and BMG. The BMS primers gave a PCR product size of 1250 bp for the genomic DNA of P1and P2. Meanwhile, the BMG primers gave a PCR product size of 1250 bp and 1300 bp for P1 and P2, respectively.The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed for homology using the GenBank database. BLAST analysis showedthe PCR products have high homology with the SQUA1 gene and the GLO2 gene. Alignment analysis showed that theDNA fragments amplified with the BMS primers of the P1 and P2 sequences have variations in the exons and introns,and the variations were observed only in the introns of the DNA fragments amplified with the BMG primers.Identifikasi Gen MADS-box pada Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Ukuran tandan yang dipresentasikandengan jumlah buah merupakan parameter utama pada produksi kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Jumlah buah,yang dapat diduga selama fase awal perkembangan tanaman, berkaitan dengan berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalahproperti genetik pohon. Pohon yang mempunyai bunga betina lebih banyak mempunyai buah lebih banyak. Keragamangen MADS-box diduga dapat digunakan sebagai marka untuk pohon yang mempunyai banyak bunga betina. Tujuandari penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi gen MADS-box dari bunga kelapa sawit Teneramenggunakan teknik PCR. Gen SQUAMOSA (SQUA) dan gen GLOBOSA (GLO) termasuk dalam famili gen MADSboxyang berperan pada perkembangan organ sepal, petal dan stamen. DNA genom bunga jantan dari pohon yangmempunyai bunga jantan lebih banyak (P1) dan DNA genom bunga betina dari pohon yang mempunyai bunga betinalebih banyak (P2) diisolasi menggunakan metode CTAB+PVP. DNA genom P1 dan P2 diamplifikasi menggunakan duaprimer: BMS dan BMG. Primer BMS menghasilkan produk PCR berukuran 1250 bp untuk DNA genomP1 dan P2.Primer BMG menghasilkan produk PCR berukuran 1250 bp dan 1300 bp untuk P1 dan P2. Produk PCR disekuensingdan dianalisis homologinya menggunakan database GenBank. Analisis BLAST menunjukkan bahwa produk PCRmempunyai homologi yang tinggi dengan gen SQUA1 dan gen GLO2. Analisis alignment menunjukkan fragmen DNAyang teramplifikasi primer BMS dari sekuen P1 dan P2 mempunyai keragaman pada ekson dan intron, keragamanhanya terdeteksi pada intron fragmen DNA yang teramplifikasi primer BMG."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai identifikasi protein alergen serbuk sari akasia (Acacia auriculiformis dan Acacia mangium) dan kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi protein alergen serbuk sari tanaman Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, dan kelapa sawit. Ekstrak protein sampel serbuk sari menunjukkan hasil negatif pada uji dot blotting karena konsentrasi protein sampel rendah. Protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit dengan berat molekul (BM) 31 kDa diduga sebagai alergen utama karena bereaksi positif terhadap > 80% serum individu alergi maupun individu normal. Individu normal bereaksi positif terhadap protein tersebut diduga karena faktor atopi.

---

The research was about identification of allergenic pollen protein from acacia (Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The aim of the research was to identify allergenic pollen protein from Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and oil palm. Protein extract of pollen sample which was extracted by phenol extract method showed negative result in dot blotting assay because protein concentration of sample was low. Oil palm pollen protein with 31 kDa molecular weight was suspected as major allergen because it showed positive reaction to >80% of serum either allergy or normal individual. Normal individual which showed positive reaction to the protein was suspected cause of atopy."

"Jatropha is one of the many biodiesel plants developed in tropical countries. Efforts to increase its productivity can be done using various methods of breeding. One of the breeding methods is the introduction of genes into the Jatropha plant. The aim of this study is to assess the success of genetic transformation using the Inhibitor of Meristem Activity (IMA) gene in Jatropha curcas. The research procedures included inoculation of explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, callus induction, screening test of selection media, regeneration, and gene expression analysis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). IMA is one of the genes that controls flowering genes and ovule development. It was first isolated from tomato plants and has been successfully overexpressed in these plants using the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. In this experiment, plant transformation was performed on J. curcas as the target. Explant callus formation in both the control and treated samples was good, but shoot formation decreased dramatically in the treated explants. PCR analysis indicated that IMA genes can be inserted into J. curcas with the size of the IMA gene is 500 bp.

---

Transformasi Gen Inhibitor of Meristem Activity ke Tanaman Jatropha curcas L. Jarak Pagar merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil biodiesel yang banyak dikembangkan di beberapa negara tropis. Usaha peningkatan produktivitasnya terus ditingkatkan dengan berbagai metode pemuliaan. Salah satu metode pemuliaan tersebut adalah dengan menyisipkan gen-gen yang unggul ke tanaman Jarak Pagar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan transformasi genetik yang menggunakan gen IMA (Inhibitory Meristem Activity) ke dalam tanaman Jatropha curcas L. Tahapan penelitian meliputi inokulasi eksplan dengan Agrobacterium tumefaciens, induksi kalus, seleksi, regenerasi, dan analisis ekspresi gen IMA dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Gen IMA merupakan salah satu gen yang dapat mengontrol pembungaan dan perkembangan ovul. Gen ini diisolasi pertama kali dari tanaman tomat dan peningkatan ekspresi telah berhasil dilakukan pada tanaman tomat itu sendiri menggunakan promoter 35S Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV). Pada percobaan ini dilakukan transformasi gen ke dalam tanaman target J. curcas. Pembentukan kalus pada menunjukkan hasil yang baik eksplan kontrol dan eksplan yang mengalami perlakuan, tetapi pada eksplan perlakuan hasil sangat menurun pada tahap pembentukan tunas. Analisis dengan PCR mengindikasikan bahwa gen IMA dapat disisipkan ke J. curcas dengan ukuran gen IMA sebesar 500 bp."

"Two flavonoid compounds, 5,7,3?,4?-tetrahydroxy-6-geranylflavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-β-glucose (2) have beenisolated from the leaves of Macaranga hispida (Blume), Mull.Arg. Isolation and purification were conducted bychromatography methods and chemical structure characterization was carried out by spectroscopic methods. The5,7,3?,4?-tetrahydrxyi-6-geranyl flavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-glucose (2) had moderate cytotoxic activity againstmurine leukemia P-388 cell lines with IC50 value of 0.22 and 101.5 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for antioxidantactivities of (1) and (2) were 2.83 and 13.95 μg/mL, respectively. The LC50 of (1) and (2) from BSLT were 350 and>1000 μg/mL, respectively.Identifikasi dan Studi Bioaktifitas Senyawa Flavonoid dari Macaranga hispida (Blume) Mull.Arg. Dua senyawaflavonoid, 5,7,3?,4?-tetrahidroksi-6-geranilflavonol (1) dan kaemferol 7-O-β-glukosa (2) telah diisolasi dari daunMacaranga hispida (Blume) Mull. Arg. Isolasi dan pemurnian dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi dan karakterisasistruktur kimia dilakukan dengan metode spektroskopi. 5,7,3', 4'-tetrahidroksi-6-geranil flavonol (1) kaemferol 7-Oglukosa(2) memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik sel murine leukemia P-388 dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing 0,22 dan 101,5μg/mL. Aktivitas antioksidan (1) dan (2) dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 2,83 dan 13,95 μg/mL.Nilai LC50 dengan uji BSLT (1) dan (2) masing-masing 350 dan >1000 μg/mL."

"Sludge oil contains 30%?50% hydrocarbon fractions that comprise saturated fractions, aromatics, resins, andasphaltene. Asphaltene fraction is the most persistent fraction. In this research, the indigenous bacteria that can degradeasphaltene fractions from a sludge oil sample from Balikpapan that was isolated using BHMS medium (Bushnell-HassMineral Salt) with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract, and 2% (w/v) sludge oil. The ability of thefour isolates to degrade asphaltene fractions was conducted by the biodegradation asphaltene fractions test using liquidcultures in a BHMS medium with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract and 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract as a carbon source. Theparameters measured during the process of biodegradation of asphaltene fractions include the quantification of TotalPetroleum Hydrocarbon (g), log total number of bacteria (CFU/ml), and pH. There are four bacteria (isolates 1, 2, 3, and4) that have been characterized to degrade asphaltic fraction and have been identified as Bacillus sp. Lysinibacillusfusiformes, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp., respectively. The results showed that the highest ability todegrade asphaltene fractions is that of Bacillus sp. (isolate 1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolate 2), withbiodegradation percentages of asphaltene fractions being 50% and 55%, respectively, and growth rate at the exponentialphase is 7.17x107 CFU/mL.days and 4.21x107 CFU/mL.days, respectively.Isolasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Fraksi Aspaltik dari Lumpur Minyak Bumi. Lumpur minyak bumi mengandung30%-50% fraksi hidrokarbon yang terdiri dari fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspaltik. Fraksi aspaltik merupakanfraksi yang paling sulit didegradasi. Pada penelitian ini, bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspaltik merupakan bakteriindigenos yang diisolasi dari sampel lumpur minyak bumi di Balikpapan dengan menggunakan media Bushnell-HassMineral Salt (BHMS) dengan 0.01% (b/v) ekstrak ragi, 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik, dan 2% (b/v) lumpur minyakbumi. Kemampuan isolat mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik diuji menggunakan media BHMS yang ditambahkan 0.01% (b/v)ekstrak ragi dan 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik sebagai sumber karbon. Selama uji biodegradasi dilakukan pengukuranparameter yaitu Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (g), jumlah total bakteri (CFU/mL), dan pH. Empat isoat bakteri (isolat1,2,3, dan 4) yang telah dikarakterisasi mampu mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik dan teridentifikasi secara berurutansebagai, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Bacillus sp. (isolat 1) danLysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolat 2) memiliki kemampuan terbaik dalam mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik, kemampuanbiodegradasi fraksi aspaltik secara berurutan adalah 50% dan 55%, dan laju pertumbuhan pada fase eksponensial secaraberurutan adalah 7.17x107 CFU/mL.hari dan 4.21x107 CFU/mL.hari."

"An F2 rice population developed from a cross between a backcross inbred line (BIO-148) and its recurrent parent(IR64) was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for awn, panicle exertion and total spikelet number. BIO-148 isa BC2F8 line derived from a cross between IR64 (a high-yielding lowland rice variety) and Gajah Mungkur (an uplandtropical japonica rice variety). Two hundred plants were grown in the greenhouse, and their DNAs were isolated forgenotyping using SSR markers. Panicle exertion was observed during the grain-filling stage. The awn length of the seedand the total spikelet number per panicle were observed after harvesting. A total of four QTLs were identified usingsingle-marker regression with LOD>3, explaining 8.4-18.1% of phenotypic variation. A QTL for awn was identified onChromosome 8. A QTL for incomplete panicle exertion was identified on Chromosome 4. Two QTLs for total spikeletnumber were identified on Chromosome 4, in which the BIO-148 allele contributed to a higher number of spikelets perpanicle. The QTLs identified in this study will be useful in the improvement of yield potential for modern lowlandindica rice varieties by harnessing the hidden useful alleles from upland tropical japonica rice varieties.Identifikasi Lokus Sifat Kuantitatif (Quantitative Trait Loci/QTL) untuk Sifat Panjang Sungut, Eksersi Malaidan Jumlah Spikelet pada Populasi F2 Tanaman Padi yang berasal dari Galur Silang Balik antara Bio-148dengan Tetua Berulangnya, IR64. Populasi F2 dikembangkan melalui persilangan antara galur silang balik inbrida(Bio-148) dan tetua berulangnya (IR64) dan digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi lokus sifat kuantitatif (QTL) untuk sungut(awn), eksersi malai dan jumlah total spikelet per malai. Bio-148 merupakan galur BC2F8 yang berasal dari persilanganantara IR64 (varietas unggul hasil tinggi-dataran rendah) dengan Gajah Mungkur (jenis padi japonica tropis-datarantinggi). Dua ratus individu tanaman ditanam di rumah kaca dan diisolasi DNAnya untuk digenotip menggunakan markaSSR. Eksersi malai diamati pada fase pengisian bulir. Panjang sungut biji dan jumlah total spikelet per malai diamatisetelah panen. Sebanyak 4 QTL berhasil diidentifikasi menggunakan regresi marka tunggal (SMR) dengan LOD>3,yang menjelaskan 8.4-18.1% variasi fenotipik. Sebuah QTL untuk sungut diidentifikasi pada kromosom 8, QTL untukeksersi malai yang tidak sempurna diidentifikasi pada kromosom 4. Dua QTL untuk sungut diidentifikasi padakromosom 4, dimana alel dari Bio-148 berkontribusi terhadap tingginya jumlah spikelet per malai. QTL yangdiidentifikasi dalam studi ini akan berguna bagi peningkatan potensi hasil varietas padi indica dataran rendah denganmemanfaatkan alel-alel berguna yang tersembunyi yang berasal dari varietas padi tropical japonica dataran tinggi."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Produksi CPO (Crude Palm Oil) Indonesia pada tahun 2021 sebesar 46,8 juta ton dan diperkirakan akan terus meningkat di tahun selanjutnya. Di sisi lain, Pemerintah menerbitkan Inpres Nomor 8 Tahun 2018, mengenai pelaksanaan penundaan perizinan perkebunan kelapa sawit (moratorium) dan peningkatan produktifitas kelapa sawit. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan produktifitas kelapa sawit di tengah-tengah kebijakan moratorium lahan yaitu dengan peremajaan (replanting). Keberhasilan dalam proses peremajaan kelapa sawit tidak terlepas dari penggunaan alat berat excavator untuk proses penumbangan sampai pencacahan (chipping) pohon kelapa sawit. Salah satu model excavator yang yang diageni oleh PT United Tractors yang digunakan untuk pekerjaan chipping kelapa sawit adalah Komatsu PC200-10M0 CE. Di sisi lain, PT Karya Terang Utama yang merupakan salah satu pelanggan PT United Tractors mempunyai unit Komatsu PC200-10M0 CE yang berdasarkan data logistik produktifitas masih di bawah target yang ingin dicapai, sehingga perlu dilakukan evaluasi untuk performanya. Performa yang dievaluasi yaitu produktifitas, fuel consumption, dan fuel ratio. Pengambilan data performa dilakukan secara langsung di lapangan, dimana unit akan beroperasi selama 1 jam, kemudian akan dicatat hasil produktifitas berupa jumlah batang kelapa sawit yang dapat dicacah dan fuel consumption. Untuk fuel ratio didapatkan dari perbandingan antara fuel consumption dengan produktifitas. Dari hasil pengetesan di lapangan, didapatkan hasil rata-rata produktifitas sebesar 16,94 pohon/jam, fuel consumption sebesar 19,63 liter/jam, dan fuel ratio 1,16 liter/pohon. Terbukti bahwa memang produktifitas masih di bawah dari target yang ingin dicapai, yaitu 18 pohon/jam. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan peningkatan produktitas untuk mendapatkan hasil sesuai target yang diinginkan. Peningkatan produktifitas dilakukan dengan cara memperbaiki metode chipping dengan penggunaan sudut chipping 45⁰ – 60⁰ dan perubahan desain bucket yang dibuat lebih melengkung di bagian ujungnya. Dari hasil perbaikan yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan hasil produktifitas dapat meningkat sebesar 11,1% menjadi 18,82 batang/jam, dengan fuel consumption yang relatif tidak ada perubahan maka unit lebih efisien 9,6% dibandingkan pada kondisi sebelumnya. Peningkatan produktifitas ini dapat berpotensi meningkatkan profit bagi pengguna alat sebesar 28,57%, dapat menyelesaikan kontrak pekerjaan 1 bulan lebih cepat, dan bagi distributor dan produsen alat dapat meningkatkan brand image dan penjualan unit excavator merek Komatsu di sektor perkebunan. Dalam proyek ini aspek-aspek keinsinyuran telah diterapkan sebaik mungkin baik dari sisi kompetensi professional, prinsip dasar kode etik serta keamanan, keselamatan, kesehatan, dan lingkungan hidup (K3L).

---

Indonesia is a country with the largest palm oil production in the world. Indonesia's CPO (Crude Palm Oil) production in 2021 is 46.8 million tons and is expected to continue to increase in the following year. On the other hand, the Government issued Presidential Instruction Number 8 of 2018, regarding the implementation of the suspension of oil palm plantation permits and increasing the productivity of palm oil. One of the way to increase the productivity of oil palm in the land moratorium policy is by replanting. Success in the process of replanting oil palm cannot be separated from the use of excavators for the felling process to the chipping of oil palm trees. One of the excavator models that is distributed by PT United Tractors that is used for oil palm chipping work is the Komatsu PC200-10M0 CE. On the other hand, PT Karya Terang Utama, a customer of PT United Tractors, has a Komatsu PC200-10M0 CE unit, which is based on logistical data, productivity is still below the target to be achieved, so it is necessary to evaluate its performance. The performance evaluated is productivity, fuel consumption, and fuel ratio. Performance data collection is carried out directly in the field, where the unit will operated for 1 hour, then productivity results will be recorded in the form of the number of palm stems that can be chipped and the fuel consumption. The fuel ratio is obtained from the ratio between fuel consumption and productivity. From the results of field testing, the average productivity was 16.94 trees/hour, fuel consumption was 19.63 liters/hour, and fuel ratio was 1.16 liters/tree. It is proven that productivity is still below the target to be achieved, namely 18 trees/hour. Therefore it is necessary to increase productivity to get results according to the desired target. Productivity was increased by improving the chipping method by using a chipping angle of 45⁰ – 60⁰ and changing the bucket design which was made more curved at the edges. From the results of the improvements that have been made, the productivity results can increase by 11.1% to 18.82 trees/hour, with relatively no change in fuel consumption, the unit is 9.6% more efficient than in the previous condition. This increase in productivity has the potential to increase profits for users by 28.57%, can complete 1 month work contracts faster, and for distributors and equipment manufacturers can increase brand image and sales of Komatsu brand excavator units in the plantation sector. In this project engineering aspects have been implemented as well as possible both in terms of professional competence, basic principles of code of ethics and security, safety, health and environment (K3L).

 

"

"

Konversi hutan alam menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit monokultur menyebabkan menurunnya kadar unsur hara. Terbatasnya pengetahuan, akses unsur hara, dan dukungan kelembagaan bagi pekebun kelapa sawit swadaya menimbulkan kompleksitas pada upaya mempertahankan keberlanjutan unsur hara pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di tanah mineral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jaringan sosioekologis, akses informasi unsur hara, akses unsur hara, praktik pengelolaan unsur hara dan neraca unsur hara di perkebunan kelapa sawit swadaya. Peneliti menggunakan 5 metode yaitu Social Network Analysis untuk menganalisis struktur jaringan sosioekologis PKSS, Triad Census untuk mengukur stabilitas jaringan dan partisipasi PKSS pada jaringan, perhitungan neraca unsur hara dan Nutrient Use Efficiency untuk menganalisis keseimbangan unsur hara dan keberlanjutan ekologis, dan analisis Benefit Cost Ratio untuk menentukan kelayakan ekonomi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa praktik pengelolaan unsur hara di lokasi penelitian sangat rendah (IPH =0,63) akibat akses informasi unsur hara yang tergolong sedang (IAI=0,65) dan akses unsur hara yang rendah (IAH=0,37). Structural hole pada jaringan sosioekologis menyebabkan partisipasi PKSS pada proses interaksi pada jaringan sangat rendah (Indeks Partisipasi PKSS 0,13; Standar=0,59) dan stabilitas struktur jaringan sedang (Indeks Stabilitas Struktur Jaringan 0,39; Standar=0,76). Kendala tersebut menyebabkan tingkat pengetahuan PKSS pada sumber unsur hara anorganik lebih tinggi daripada sumber unsur hara organik, 52,29% PKSS tidak melakukan pemupukan; hanya 31,37% PKSS yang memperoleh akses pupuk bersubsidi, dan terjadi ekstrasi berlebihan pada unsur hara tanah. Unsur hara di perkebunan kelapa sawit swadaya tidak berkelanjutan karena tidak seimbangnya neraca unsur hara, tidak stabilnya jaringan sistem sosioekologis, dan sangat rendahnya partisipasi PKSS pada jaringan walaupun secara ekonomi perkebunan kelapa sawit tersebut layak (BCR=1,26).  Membentuk kelompok tani, mengembangkan kemitraan antara kelompok tani dengan jaringan ahli, membentuk kemitraan antara kelompok tani dengan perusahaan kelapa sawit, membentuk kemitraan dengan lembaga keuangan, dan meningkatkan aplikasi biomassa dan sumber unsur hara organik lain adalah intervensi yang perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberlanjutan unsur hara.

---

Conversion of natural habitat to oil palm plantation reduced soil nutrient contents. Limited smallholders’ knowledge, access to nutrients, and institution supports created complexity in efforts to maintain sustainability of socioecological system in the oil palm plantation in mineral soil. This research aimed to analyse the socioecological networks of the smallholders, access to information, access to nutrients, nutrients management practices and nutrients budget. I applied 5 methods: Social Network Analysis to analyse network structure, Triad Census to analyse network stability and smallholder’s participation, Soil Nutrient Budget Measurement and Nutrient Use Efficiency to measure nutrient balance and ecological sustainability, and Benefit Cost Ratio to estimate economic feasibility. Results of the research were: nutrient management practice was very low (IPH=0,63) as the impact of medium access to information (IAI =0,65) and low access to nutrients (IAH=0,37). Structural hole in the network contributed to the very low level of smallholders’ participation in the network (Smallholders Participation Index 0.13 of the standard 0.59) and medium level of network stability (Structure Stability Index 0.39 of the standard 0.79). As a results, the level of smallholders’ knowledge about inorganic fartilizer is higher (100%) than the organic (<100%), 52.29% (N=153) of the smallholders were not fertilized their plots, 31.37% (N=153) of the smallholders that have access to subsidized fertilizers, and soil nutrient mining occurred in the field. The socioecological system at the independent oil palm plantation was unsustainable due to soil nutrient imbalances, instability of the network structure, and limited the smallholders’ participation in the network although they are economically feasible (BCR=1.26). Imbalances of nutrients in the smallholder managed oil palm plantation can be addressed by forming smallholders’ group, developing partnership between the group and expert network, building the group partnership with oil palm plantation, creating partnership between the groups and the financial institutions; and increasing input of biomasses and other organic nutrient sources.

 

"

"This study investigates the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Trunk (OPT) sap in terms of the length of saccharification process with the aim to elevate sugar production. Emphasis was placed on the reaction time and addition of supplements such epsom salt (MgSO4) and alanine amino acid (C3H7NO2) to accelerate the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the enzyme invertase. A whole oil palm trunk was divided into four different sections, upper, middle-1, middle-2 and bottom with separate experiments over 10 days enzymatic reaction period. The highest saccharification rate was shown as 13.47% on the tenth day. This result indicates that the increase in the saccharification rate was positively correlated with the length of hydrolysis. Moreover, the sample with nutrients achieved the highest sugar output, 17.91% on the fourth day of hydrolysis which was 4.44% higher than the hydrolysis rate of the sample without nutrients. In the presence of complex OPT sugars, together with other essential elements, epsom salt and alanine amino acid, S.cerevisiae achieved a higher hydrolysis metabolism to simple sugars as the cells strived to produce energy and regenerated the invertase. Moreover, the upper part of the OPT rendered the highest potential for sugar production with levels of 21.2% with supplements and 15.6% without. From this experimental analysis, a conventional saccharification method was optimized through the addition of nutrients and a prolonged (10 days) hydrolysis process which yielded an increase in sugar production."

"Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2q values at 1000 °C were 32.2, 37.3, 53.8, 64.1, and 67.3 deg.

The FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide decomposed at 1000 °C has a specific vibration at wave-length 362 cm-1, which is similar to the specific vibration of Ca-O. SEM analysis of the calcium oxide indicated that the calcium oxide's morphology shows a smaller size and a more homogeneous structure, compared to those of fish bones. The use of calcium oxide as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil resulted in iod number of 15.23 g/100 g KOH, density of 0.88 g/cm3, viscosity of 6.00 cSt, and fatty acid value of 0.56 mg/KOH. These characteristic values meet the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel."