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"Malocclusion is a clinical symptom, in which the teeth of maxilla and mandible are not located at the proper location. If malocclusion left untreated, it can lead to complications in the digestive system, headache, and periodontal disease disorders. Malocclusion problems involving abnormalities of teeth, bones, and muscles around the jaw are obligation of orthodontic specialists to treat them. The treat-ments can be varying based on the type of malocclusion, including tooth extraction and tooth braces. To know certain degree of malocclusion experienced by the patient, an assessment method called Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index is usually used by the specialist. To help the works of orthodontic specialists in Indonesia, a new automated calculation system based on 2D image of tooth model for PAR Index is being developed. In this paper, the calculation system for over-jet, open-bite, and teeth segmentation is developed. The result of the developed system is then compared with manual assess-ment done by orthodontic specialist, in order to verify the accuracy of the system.

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Maloklusi adalah gejala klinis dimana gigi pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah tidak terletak pada posisi yang semestinya. Apabila tidak dirawat, maloklusi dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi pada sis-tem pencernaan, sakit kepala, dan gangguan penyakit periodontal. Masalah maloklusi yang melibat-kan kelainan gigi, tulang, dan otot sekitar rahang merupakan kewajiban dokter gigi spesialis ortodonti untuk merawatnya. Perawatan yang dilakukan melingkupi tindakan pencabutan gigi dan perawatan tanpa pencabutan gigi yang biasa dilakukan menggunakan kawat gigi. Untuk mengetahui dengan pasti kasus maloklusi yang dialami oleh pasien, digunakanlah sebuah metode penilaian bernama in-deks PAR (Peer Assessment Rating). Untuk membantu meringankan tugas dokter spesialis ortodonti yang jumlahnya masih terbatas di Indonesia (402 dokter spesialis ortodonti se-Indonesia pada tahun 2010 menurut data dari Asosiasi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (AFDOGI)), maka dikembangkanlah sistem penghitungan indeks PAR otomatis menggunakan metode computer vision pada citra model gigi 2D. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan metode untuk menghitung 2 (dua) buah komponen peni-laian indeks PAR, yaitu Jarak Gigit dan Gigitan Terbuka. Selain itu, dikembangkan pula segmentasi gigi untuk model gigi terbuka yang akan digunakan untuk menghitung 6 (enam) buah komponen penilaian lainnya. Hasil penghitungan menggunakan metode computer vision akan dibandingkan de-ngan penghitungan secara manual oleh dokter spesialis ortodonti untuk mengevaluasi tingkat akurasi perhitungan secara otomatis."

"The PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index is used by orthodontists around the world to calculate the severeness of a malocclusion. A malocclusion is a dental disease where the teeth are not properly aligned. In Indonesia, the number of malocclusion is relatively high. The occurrence of orthodontics who can treat malocclusion is also low in Indonesia. In 2013, a research is done to create the tele-health monitoring system to provide better treatment of malocclusion in Indonesia. The research is further improved by using different Adaptive Multiple Thresholding methods to segmentate the ima-ge. The result will be used to calculate the Centerline component of the PAR Index. The result is a system that could calculate the PAR Index automatically and is compared to the results using manual method.

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Indeks PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) adalah suatu tolak ukur yang digunakan oleh dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti untuk menghitung tingkat keparahan maloklusi. Maloklusi adalah suatu penyakit gigi yang menyebabkan gigi tidak tersusun secara rata. Jumlah kasus maloklusi di Indonesia relatif tinggi. Jumlah dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti yang menangani kasus maloklusi adalah rendah di In-donesia. Pada tahun 2013, sebuah riset dilakukan untuk membuat sebuah telehealth monitoring sys-tem untuk mempermudah penanganan maloklusi di Indonesia. Riset ini kemudian dikembangkan lebih lanjut dengan teknik segmentasi Adaptive Multiple Thresholding untuk mensegmentasi citra. Hasil dari segmentasi citra akan dilakukan perhitungan Centerline dari indeks PAR. Hasil akhir ada-lah sistem yang dapat melakukan perhitungan secara otomatis dan hasil dari perhitungan tersebut ak-an dibandingkan dengan perhitungan manual yang dilaukan oleh dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti."

"Study on the structure and the mechanism of the formation of early caries is an important premise for evaluatingthe caries-preventive methods. Objective: To describe micrograph images of experimental carious lesionsat early stage in permanent teeth in Vietnamese. Methods: There were 60 permanent extracted premolars frompatients aged 18-25 used in this study. After cleaning and removing the remaining soft tissue, each tooth waspainted with acid-resistant coating leaving an enamel window of approximately 1 × 1mm2 on the buccal surface.The artificial carious lesion was performed by soaking the teeth for 96 hours in the demineralization solution andevaluated using the ICDAS criteria. The tooth specimen was observed under a scanning electronic microscope(SEM). Results: The experiment resulted 66.7% of ICDAS 1 and 33.3% ICDAS 2 carious lesions. The meandepth and area of the lesions were 107.6µm and 1.14 µm2, respectively. The difference in depth and area of lesionsbetween group ICDAS 1 and ICDAS 2 was significantly statistical with p=0.0001. The micrographs showed thatafter being soaked in demineralization solution, enamel surface became rough, enamel rods lost the minerals inthe body more than in the sheath, cross-sectional images showed widened gaps between the rods due to demineralization.There was a difference in demineralization degree between group ICDAS 1 and 2. Conclusion: Theimage of carious lesions was gained after the teeth were soaked in demineralization solution. It showed differentcharacteristics of the resulted lesions based on ICDAS criteria for early carious lesions using scanning electronmicroscope."

"Jus jeruk memiliki pH di bawah pH kritis email dan semakin mudah dikonsumsi dengan adanya bentuk kemasan. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dan jenis jus terhadap kekerasan email. Metode: 60 gigi premolar direndam di dalam jus jeruk segar dan kemasan (masing - masing n=30) selama 30 dan 60 menit. Hasil: Hasil analisis Repeated ANOVA, Friedman, Mann-Whitney dan Independent T-test, menunjukan terjadinya penurunan kekerasan email yang bermakna (p<0,05) di setiap waktu pengukuran, serta gigi yang direndam jus jeruk kemasan penurunan kekerasan emailnya lebih besar (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Penurunan kekerasan email dipengaruhi pH dan kandungan asam sitrat jus jeruk serta lama perendaman.

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Orange juice has pH below enamel critical pH and is getting easier to be consumed since commercial one is provided.

Objective: to know effects of immersion time and juice types to enamel hardness.

Method: 60 premolars were immersed in fresh orange juice and commercial one (each n=30) for 30 and 60 minutes.

Result: Repeated ANOVA, Friedman, Mann-Whitney and Independent T-test results showed that enamel hardness decrease occured (p<0,05) in every measurement time and commercial juice immersion had significantly greater enamel hardness decrease (p<0,05).

Conclusion: enamel hardness decrease was affected by juice pH, juice citric acid concentration, and immersion time."

"ABSTRAKTujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status erosi gigi, dan faktor faktor yang berkontribusi terhadapnya pada anak usia 5 tahun di Taman Kanak-Kanak DKI Jakarta. Metode: Survei epidemiologi dilakukan dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Pemeriksaan keadaan erosi gigi dilakukan oleh satu pemeriksa, menggunakan kriteria Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), serta memberikan kuesioner yang dijawab oleh orang tua untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai perilaku diet anak, perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak, pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut orang tua anak, dan keadaan sosio-demografi. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan analitik komparatif, dan multivariat binari regresi logistik. Hasil: Total sampel sebanyak 691 anak, dengan prevalensi yang mengalami erosi sebesar 23,3% anak. Sebagian besar memiliki erosi gigi dengan tingkat keparahan telah mencapai dentin (BEWE = 2). Meminum minuman asam/teh sitrus (OR; 2,478, 95 CI : 1,532-4,00), minuman jus buah (OR: 1,955, 95 CI: 1,309-2,920), minuman suplemen Vitamin C (OR: 2,171, 95 CI: 1,144-4,119), dan pengalaman karies gigi (OR: 0,533, 95 CI: 0,342-0,831) terbukti memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap erosi gigi. Kesimpulan: Status erosi gigi pada anak usia 5 tahun di Taman Kanak Kanak DKI Jakarta tergolong rendah, dengan tingkat erosi sedang yang paling tinggi dijumpai. Meminum minuman asam/teh sitrus, minuman jus buah, minuman suplemen vitamin C, serta pengalaman karies gigi terbukti signifikan terhadap erosi gigi.

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ABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to asses the dental erosion status, and determinants of dental erosions among 5 years old preschool children in DKI Jakarta. Methods: Epidemiology surveys were conducted with cross sectional study design. Examination of dental erosion is carried out by one examiner, use the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) criteria, and parents answered questions to obtain information on the diet and oral health behavior, parents's dental health knowledge, and socio demographic status. Data were analyzed with comparative analytic, and multivariate binary logistic regresion. Results A total of 691 children, with an erosion prevalence of 23.3 of children. Most have dental erosions with severity reaching dentine BEWE 2 . Drinking citrus citrus fruits (OR 2,478, 95 CI 1,532-4,00), fruit juice drinks (OR 1,955, 95 CI 1,309-2,920), vitamin C supplements (OR 2,171, 95 CI 1,144-4,119), and dental caries experience (OR 0,533, 95 CI 0.342-0.831) was shown to have a significant relationship to dental erosion. Conclusion The 5 year old preschool children in Jakarta had low dental erosion, with a moderate erosion being most prevalent condition. Consumption of acid drinks, fruit juice, supplement of vitamin C, and dental caries experience were associated with dental erosion in this population."

"Latar Belakang: Erupsi gigi adalah pergerakan gigi dalam arah aksial dari lokasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi di dalam tulang rahang menuju ke posisi fungsional gigi di dalam rongga mulut. Proses erupsi gigi ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik dan lingkungan, salah satunya adalah praktik pemberian makan pada anak, terutama selama satu tahun pertama pascalahir. Adanya perubahan konsistensi makanan yang diberikan dari susu yang bersifat cair saat lahir, lunak, semi padat, hingga padat di usia dua belas bulan, melibatkan perubahan aktifitas komponen kompleks kraniofasial yang dihubungkan dengan proses erupsi gigi sulung. Hasil yang beragam ditemukan pada penelitian terdahulu mengenai hubungan praktik pemberian makan terhadap erupsi gigi sulung di berbagai negara. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara praktik pemberian makan dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan ras Deutro-Melayu. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan total subjek penelitian 60 pasang ibu dan anak usia 12 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data praktik pemberian makan diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan ibu termasuk riwayat kehamilan, kesehatan anak saat lahir dan 6 bulan pascalahir. Jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi dihitung melalui foto intraoral. Hasil: Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara aktivitas makan saat praktik pemberian makan semi padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,279; p=0,031) dan padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,272; p=0,003) dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada usia 12 bulan. Kesimpulan: Perubahan tekstur makanan saat pemberian makan semi padat dan padat menyebabkan perubahan aktivitas makan yang berpotensi mempengaruhi jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan.

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Background: Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth, primarily in the axial direction, from its site of development in the jaw bone to its functional position in the oral cavity. The process of tooth eruption is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, one of which is feeding practices, especially during the first year postnatal. The change in the food consistency given at birth from liquid, soft, semi-solid, to solid at the age of twelve months, involves changes in the activity of the craniofacial complex components that are associated with the process of eruption of primary teeth. Various results were found in previous studies on the relationship between feeding practices and primary tooth eruption in various countries.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between feeding practice and the number of primary teeth in 12-month-old Deutro-Melayu race children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 60 pairs of mothers and 12-month-old children who met the inclusion criteria. Data on feeding practices were obtained through interview with mothers including pregnancy history, child health at birth and 6 months postnatal. The number of primary teeth was determined through intraoral photographs.

Result: There was a significant correlation between feeding activity during semi-solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.279; p=0.031) and solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.272; p=0.003) and the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age.

Conclusion: Changes in food texture during semi-solid and solid feeding lead to changes in feeding activity that could potentially affect the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age."

"Latar Belakang: Gigi impaksi adalah gigi yang gagal erupsi atau berkembang di lokasi fungsional yang tepat. Molar ketiga yang impaksi diklasifikasikan menurut: Klasifikasi Winter dan Pell & Gregory. Klasifikasi musim dingin menjelaskan hubungan angulasi, sedangkan klasifikasi Pell & Gregory menjelaskan hubungan ramus dan kedalaman impaksi. Molar ketiga rahang bawah impaksi yang tumbuh tidak normal sehingga mengakibatkan kondisi patologis, salah satunya yang lainnya adalah karies distal pada gigi tetangga, molar kedua. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui distribusi dan frekuensi karies distal pada gigi molar dua rahang bawah akibat gigi geraham ketiga yang impaksi di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia periode 2015-2018. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif retrospektif. Subjek Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari rekam medis Pasien RS Khusus Gigi dan Mulut, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia periode 2015-2018. Kesimpulan: Distribusi dan frekuensi pasien pasien bedah mulut dan odontektomi di Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi dan Mulut Kedokteran Gigi di Universitas Indonesia mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya, pada kunjungan pasien bedah mulut tertinggi yaitu pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 3290 pasien (31%), dan kunjungan pasien odontektomi tertinggi terjadi pada tahun 2018sebanyak 859 pasien (36%), kasus yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini, lebih menemukan pasien tanpa karies distal molar kedua mandibulaUniversitas Indonesia iv sebanyak 181 kasus (66%) dibandingkan dengan yang karies, elemen gigi yang Paling sering ditemukan pada karies distal molar ketiga mandibula, yaitu pada gigi 37 sebanyak 60 kasus (57%), prevalensi tertinggi pada kedalaman karies distal molar kedua bawah terletak di dentin pada 63 kasus (59%), dan karies distal geraham bawah adalah umum

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Background: Impacted teeth are teeth that fail to erupt or develop in the proper functional location. Impacted third molars are classified according to: Winter and Pell & Gregory classification. The winter classification describes the angulation relationship, while the Pell & Gregory classification describes the ramus relationship and impaction depth. The impacted mandibular third molar that grew abnormally resulted in pathological conditions, one of which was distal caries on the neighboring tooth, the second molar. Objective: To determine the distribution and frequency of distal caries in mandibular second molars due to impacted third molars at the Dental and Oral Special Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia for the period 2015-2018. Methods: This study is a retrospective descriptive study. The subject of this study used secondary data obtained from the medical records of patients at the Special Dental and Oral Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia for the period 2015-2018. Conclusion: The distribution and frequency of oral surgery and odontectomy patients at the Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Dentistry at the University of Indonesia has increased every year, the highest oral surgery patient visits were in 2018 as many as 3290 patients (31%), and the highest odontectomy patient visits happened in 2018

as many as 859 patients (36%), the cases found in this study, found more patients without caries distal to the mandibular second molar

University of Indonesia iv as many as 181 cases (66%) compared to those with caries, the most common dental element found in caries distal to the mandibular third molar, namely in tooth 37 as many as 60 cases (57%), the highest prevalence in the distal caries depth of the lower second molar is located in dentin in 63 cases (59%), and distal mandibular caries was common"

"Tujuan : Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan alat ukur kemampuan mastikasi serta menganalisa hubungan antara kemampuan mastikasi dengan kualitas hidup yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada pra-lansia dan lansia wanita yang hidup di suatu komunitas. Latar belakang : Kehilangan gigi merupakan kondisi yang sering ditemukan pada pra-lansia dan lansia yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi mastikasi. Penilaian fungsi mastikasi dapat dilakukan secara subyektif maupun obyektif. Penilaian mastikasi secara subyektif perlu dilakukan untuk menilai persepsi individu terhadap kemampuan mastikasinya. Alat ukur berupa kuesioner merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai kemampuan mastikasi. Kemampuan mastikasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam fungsi stomatognatik dan pada kesehatan individu secara umum. Metode : Subjek penelitian adalah 165 wanita usia 45 tahun ke atas yang berdomisili di kecamatan Bekasi Timur, kotamadya Bekasi, Jawa Barat. Subyek diminta untuk menjawab kuesioner kemampuan mastikasi dan kuesioner dampak kesehatan gigi dan mulut terhadap kualitas hidup. Dilakukan pemeriksaan intraoral untuk melihat jumlah gigi sisa, serta kontak antara gigi-geligi asli. Hasil: Didapat suatu alat ukur kemampuan mastikasi berupa kuesioner yang valid dan reliabel dengan indeks Eichner sebagai baku emas. Dari analisis ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara kemampuan mastikasi dengan kualitas hidup yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Kesimpulan : Alat ukur berupa kuesioner dapat digunakan untuk menilai kemampuan mastikasi. Kemampuan mastikasi merupakan fungsi stomatognatik yang penting dan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup ditinjau dari aspek kesehatan gigi dan mulut.

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Objective : The purpose of this study is to obtain masticatory assessment tool and to analyze the relationship between masticatory ability with oral health-related quality of life in preelderly and elderly women in a community.

Background : Tooth loss is a condition frequently found in pre-elderly and elderly which affects masticatory function. Masticatory function can be assessed subjectively or objectively. The assessment of subjective masticatory function is needed to evaluate an individual's perception of his/her masticatory ability. One of the methods to evaluate masticatory ability is by using assessment tool in questionnaire format. Masticatory ability is one of the factors that affect stomathognatic function and health in general.

Method : Subjects consist of 165 women age 45 and beyond, living in Bekasi Timur, West Java. Subjects were interviewed using masticatory ability and oral health-related quality of life questionnaires. Intraoral examination was carried out to see numbers of existing teeth and occlusal contact between the teeth.

Results : A valid and reliable masticatory ability assessment tool with Eichner index as golden standard was acquired. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between masticatory ability and oral health-related quality of life in pre-elderly and elderly women.

Conclusion : An assessment tool in questionnaire format can be used to evaluate masticatory ability. Masticatory ability is an important aspect of stomathognatic function that affects oral health-related quality of life in pre-elderly and elderly women."