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"Summary:This book conducts a comprehensive study on China's maritime strategy"

"Pergeseran strategi keamanan Tiongkok ke arah maritim merupakan kasus yang unik mengingat Tiongkok asalnya merupakan negara kontinen dan bukan negara maritim. Hal ini menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai intensi Tiongkok dalam melakukan pembangunan kekuatan maritim yang agresif. Untuk dapat memahami perdebatan tersebut, penulis melakukan klasifikasi terhadap literatur-literatur pergeseran strategi keamanan Tiongkok berdasarkan temuan empiris yang didapatkan dari hasil kajian literatur, yaitu klasifikasi berdasarkan faktor pendorong pergeseran strategi keamanan maritim Tiongkok. Faktor-faktor tersebut yaitu faktor ekonomi yang berkaitan dengan keamanan energi dan perdagangan laut; politik yang berkaitan dengan penyebaran soft power; keamanan yang berkaitan dengan perubahan persepsi ancaman; geopolitik yang berkaitan dengan usaha untuk mengimbangi Amerika Serikat dan mengejar hegemoni; dan geostrategi yang berkaitan dengan rantai pulau pertama dan kedua. Dari hasil analisis faktor-faktor tersebut, tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa pergeseran strategi keamanan maritim Tiongkok merupakan bagian dari usaha Tiongkok untuk mencapai hegemoni.

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The shift in China's security strategy towards maritime is a unique case since China wass originally a continental country and not a maritime country. This raises debates over China's intentions in building aggressive maritime power. In order to understand the debate, the author classifies literatures on Chinese security strategy based on the empirical findings generated from the results of the literature review, ie the driving factors behind China's shifting maritime strategy. These factors are economic factors that are related to energy security and marine trade politics factors that are related to soft power dissemination security factors that are associated with perception change geopolitics factors that are associated with efforts to challenge the United States and pursue hegemony and geostrategy factors that are associated with first and second island chains. This paper concludes that the shift of China's maritime security strategy is part of China's efforts to pursue hegemony."

"Indonesia is not one of the claimant states, but Chinese provocation through its fishing vessels which escorted by Chinese Coast Guard has been violating Indonesia Exclusive Economic Zone on South China Sea which is intersected with Nine Dashed Line (NDL). Until now, the synergy among Indonesian power instruments to defend Indonesia’s sovereign rights is still weak, thus the problem identification in this research is how the synergy of the instrument of competent forces in the Indonesian maritime domain to face Chinese Claims on South China Sea. Synergy analysis is seen from three aspects: perspective, policy, and Rules Of Engangement (ROE) applied to operational. This research uses qualitative method to explore research questions deeper, with Soft System Methodology analysis method to approach problems with the comparison between system thinking and real world in a structured way, and supported NVivo to execute the process of data triangulation. Research results show that maritime power instruments of Indonesia do not have a harmonious perspective on NDL yet. This study also shows that policy from policy makers and strategic derivatives from strategy makers of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia's have not been orchestrated, thus appropriate ROE at operational level to confront China's provocation of the South China Sea has not been formulated by adjusting authority with instrument capability. Overall, the study found that the synergy of Indonesian maritime power instruments need to be optimized to deal with Chinese Claims over the territory of Indonesian jurisdiction in the South China Sea."

"Maritime power has been a key defining parameter of economic vitality and geostrategic power of nations. The first decade of the twenty-first century has witnessed the rise of China and India as confident economic powers pivoting on high growth rates, exponential expansion of science, technology and industrial growth."

"Abstract:The international strategic relations have been undergoing great turbulence, readjustment and reformation since the financial crisis in 2008"

"Tiongkok merupakan negara yang tertutup dan cenderung agresif dalam menjalankan hubungan luar negerinya. Selama tiga dekade terakhir, pertumbuhan kapabilitas Tiongkok secara besar-besaran menimbulkan kecurigaan bagi negara-negara lainnya di kawasan, tidak terkecuali ASEAN. Memasuki akhir tahun 1990an, Tiongkok kemudian mengubah pendekatannya dengan menerapkan konsep keamanan baru dalam menjalin kerjasama dengan ASEAN. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan memahami alasan Tiongkok dengan menerapkan konsep keamanan baru dan berusaha mengetahui keterkaitan konsep keamanan baru Tiongkok dengan kondisi soft power Tiongkok di ASEAN. Untuk memahami kedua hal tersebut, tulisan ini menggunakan konsep reassurance dan soft power sebagai kerangka berpikir. Konsep reassurance yang merupakan cara yang dilakukan negara untuk meyakinkan negara lain terhadap intensi baik yang dimilikinya. Dalam penerapannya, strategi ini ternyata dapat memiliki peran dalam peningkatan soft power suatu negara. Berdasarkan asumsi di atas, akan dianalisis alasan Tiongkok menerapkan konsep keamanan baru sebagai strategi reassurance dan dampaknya terhadap soft power Tiongkok di ASEAN.

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Before the late 1990s, China’s overtly aggressive actions in the South China Sea and its unwillingness to engage the region on a multilateral basis led to mistrust and fear on ASEAN. Moreover, China’s overwhelming development in economy and defense has strengthens the rise of “China threat” perception. Since the late 1990s, however, China’s policy toward ASEAN has shifted from one based on coercive behavior to regional institutions and accommodating approach based on active participation in ASEAN-based fora and a willingness to undertake actions that give the appearance of embracing ASEAN diplomatic norms. China promotes the implementation of its New Security Concept in any cooperation with ASEAN to gain trust and legitimacy. To provide the analysis, this writing takes reassurance and soft power theory as analytical framework. Reassurance is a strategy aim to reassure others about their benign intentions. Apparently, the application of this strategy could bring significant effect on the rise of soft power. By using qualitative method, this writing intent to understand why China implements the New Security Concept and observe its relevance with China’s Soft power in ASEAN."