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"ABSTRAKThis study deals with the acquisition of Indonesian varieties used in Jakarta? the standard variety of Indonesian, the Bahasa Indonesia (BI) and the non-standard one, the Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian (CJI) ? by children of middle class families. Many today?s Jakarta Indonesian children learn Indonesian as their first language in informal settings, and generally they learn the informal variety first, namely Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian (CJI) (see also Wouk 1989, 1999). Yet, at very early age, before formal schooling, they are also confronted with the formal variety of Indonesian, the Bahasa Indonesia (BI) as they learned from children program in television or story-telling by parents. Children are also encouraged to speak BI as a means of politeness.The focus in this study is on factors that influence choice of the language variety, capability of style-shifting, and morphological variation. The main research questions concern the following."

"At a very young age children living in Jakarta use both Colloquial Jakarta Indonesia and Bahasa Indonesia. The children’s first and most used language is Colloquial Jakarta Indonesia. In the formal school setting Bahasa Indonesia is frequently used and stimulated on a daily basis, and the learning process of Bahasa Indonesia is accelerated. The question addressed in this article is: how do these children choose from their repertoire of language varieties at this stage of language development? In our study 63 children (aged three to five), were interviewed in a formal and an informal situation in three playgroups and kindergartens. This study shows that even in the preschool setting, young children are already developing their sociolinguistic competence, knowing when to choose which language variety."

"This paper1 describes the development of temporal expressions in a bilingual child acquiring two typologically distinct languages: Italian and Indonesian.2 These languages differ from one another in the way tense and aspect are encoded and it is interesting to observe what kind of cross-linguistic influence one language system has on the other. Italian verbs are heavily inflected for person, number as well as for tense, aspect and mood, whereas, in Indonesian, the encoding of tense and aspect is lexical rather than morphological; moreover encoding is optional when the context is sufficiently clear. This means that tense and aspect in Indonesian is often marked pragmatically rather than grammatically. This paper considers the interference effects that result from simultaneously acquiring these two typologically distinct systems."

"Usia anak dan remaja berada pada tahap perkembangan bahasa yang berbeda. Perbedaan tersebut dapat berpengaruh pada variasi leksikal yang digunakan oleh kedua usia tersebut. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai variasi leksikal bahasa Indonesia pada anak dan remaja. Variasi leksikal yang dibahas pada penelitian ini tidak hanya pada tataran kata, pada data juga muncul tataran frase dan klausa. Fokus analisis dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu penggunaan bahasa, struktur, dan kategori. Secara keseluruhan, usia anak dan remaja lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa tidak bermarkah. Struktur yang paling banyak digunakan anak dan remaja adalah kata dasar. Kategori yang paling banyak digunakan oleh anak adalah kata nomina, sedangkan remaja kata ajektiva. Perbedaan penggunaan kategori tersebut hanya bersifat kecenderungan dan tidak signifikan.

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Children and adolescents have different stages in language development. Such differences may affect the lexical variation used by both age. This paper discusses the lexical variation of Indonesia language by children and adolescents. Lexical variation that discussed in this study not only at words level, in data also appear phrases and clauses. The focus of the analysis is divided into three, language use, structure, and categories. Overall, children and adolescents use more unmark language. The most used structure of children and adolescents are basic words. Category that most widely used by children is noun, while adolescents used adjective. Differences in the use of these categories is not significant."

"Abstract:Bernadette is a frightfully intelligent wife and mother whose intense allergy to Seattle specifically, and to people in general, has driven her to hire a virtual assistant in India to execute even her most basic tasks. Then her daughter, Bee, insists on a family trip to Antarctica as her reward for getting perfect grades in middle school, and Bernadette is faced with the daunting prospect of actual human interaction. And then Bernadette disappears."

"This work is a synchronic and diachronic study of phonological diversity in the Malay language of Jakarta, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta Malay is the native language of the majority of the inhabitants of Jakarta, whose population of over five million persons makes it the largest city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia. Jakarta Malay is also acquired as a second language by many of the migrants who come to the metropolis from throughout Indonesia, and generally functions as the lingua franca of everyday discourse in the city. decade ago, a scholar writing about Jakarta began his discussion with this comment (Castles 1967:153): In the spate of studies about Indonesia since Independence, the phenomenon of Jakarta has been much noted but little investigated. The political drama enacted there is avidly studied, yet the people of the city remain less familiar than the Chinese of Semarang or the Javanese of Mojokuto.l Before World War II, when Jakarta was Batavia and Indonesia was the Netherlands East Indies, the capital city on the swampy northern coast of Java did not receive the same"

"Latar belakang: Infeksi parasit usus (IPU) masih menjadi permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Utamanya, IPU disebabkan oleh STH dan protozoa usus. IPU berhubungan dengan penurunan kadar Hb dan mekanisme pertahanan inang melalui golongan darah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus dalam variasi tipe golongan darah dengan kadar hemoglobin pada siswa sekolah dasar di Jakarta Utara.Metode: Studi cross-sectional dilakukan di salah satu sekolah dasar di Jakarta Utara yang telah mengikuti Program Penanggulangan Cacingan (Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 15 Tahun 2017). Total 215 siswa didapatkan melalui teknik consecutive sampling. Intensitas dan prevalensi IPU diukur dengan metode Kato-Katz dan apusan langsung pada sampel tinja yang dikumpulkan dari tiap siswa. Kadar Hb siswa diukur dengan EasyTouch® GCHb. Golongan darah ABO siswa diuji melalui reaksi aglutinasi dengan reagen.Hasil: Pada 215 siswa, spesies parasit usus yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah A. lumbricoides (6,0%) dan B. hominis (5,1%), Ditemukan 30 siswa mengalami anemia (14,0%). Tipe golongan darah yang ditemukan, antara lain golongan darah A (29,8%), golongan darah B (31,6%), golongan darah O (32,1%), dan golongan darah AB (6,5%). Melalui analisis bivariat tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara IPU dengan kadar Hb dalam variasi golongan darah (p > 0,05).Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara IPU dengan kadar Hb dalam variasi golongan darah pada siswa sekolah dasar yang telah mengikuti Program Penanggulangan Cacingan di Jakarta Utara

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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) is still a public health problem in Indonesia and primarily caused by STH and intestinal protozoa. IPI is associated with decreased Hb levels and host defense mechanism depends on blood groups. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the association between IPI and Hb levels in blood groups variation in elementary school students in North Jakarta.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in one of the elementary schools in North Jakarta that has participated in the Deworming Program. Total 215 students were collected through consecutive sampling techniques. Intensity and prevalence of IPI were measured by the Kato-Katz method and direct smear on stool samples collected from each student. Students' Hb levels were measured by EasyTouch® GCHb. Students' ABO blood group was tested by agglutination reaction with reagents.

Result: From 215 students, the most common IPI’s species were A. lumbricoides (6.0%) and B. hominis (5.1%). It was found that 30 students had anemia (14.0%). The blood group found included blood type A (29.8%), blood type B (31.6%), blood type O (32.1%), and blood type AB (6.5%). Through bivariate analysis, no statistically significant association was found between IPU and Hb levels in blood type variation (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: There was no statistical association between IPU and Hb levels in blood groups variation in elementary school students who had participated in Deworming Program, North Jakarta."

"Bone mineral content at old age is dependent upon the peak bone mass achieved in youth and subsequent adult bone loss (Matkovic, 1992). Adequate calcium consumption during childhood is beneficial for the acquisition of peak bone mass and density. It is therefore, calcium has been considered to play important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis (NIH, 1994), and osteoporosis has been described as a pediatric disease that manifests itself in old age (Lysen and Walker, 1997). If children fail to take in enough calcium, they are more likely to develop osteoporosis later in life (Insel et al., 2002). Nevertheless, calcium is one of the nutrients that most likely to be low or deficient in children's diets (Krause's, 2000). Recently, calcium has been suspected to have a positive effect in preventing some disorders, including diarrhea. Bovee et al., (2003) indicated that low calcium intake has been shown to impair host resistance to food-borne intestinal infections. Because of childhood morbidity and mortality due to infectious diarrhea is very high in developing countries, adequate dietary calcium intakes of the children will likely improve their bone as well as intestinal health (Bovee et al., 2003). Dairy products are always regarded as primary source of calcium. It is difficult to meet the RDA for calcium without milk or milk products (Krause, 1992). Unfortunately, the general Indonesian population does not commonly consume milk.

The results of 1997 national survey on households' food consumption pattern across provinces in Indonesia reveal that milk consumption was zero, or milk product was never consumed in the last three months at the time of survey (Sumarno at al., 1997). In line with the 1997 national survey, Ariani et al., (1997) reported that the level of milk consumption was lower than that of other animal products across the provinces in Indonesia, and in general, milk consumption of Indonesian population was below the standard of adequacy of milk consumption according to Widyakarya National Pangan dan Gizi 1998 (4.6 kg/cap/year). The above facts indicate that many Indonesians may consume calcium-deficient diet."