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"The high accident number that prevail in most developing countries and big countries have always been an indication of lack of appropriate program on traffic safety, though this may not imply the absence of such. It has been commonly accepted that developing countries face a complicated problem when it comes to the handling of low quality of traffic safety. Such problems even escalate in big countries such as China, Indonesia and India. There are no fixed formula when it comes lo traffic safety as the case will be very local and typical in each country and productive set of measures in a country may not be applicable in other countries of similar size and problems. Out of the varying discrepancies, problematic countries do have some common needs in terms of improvement of conditions. Seven Asian countries with severe traffic safely conditions: Bhutan, The Philippines, China, Indonesia, India, Nepal, Mongolia are compared in this paper and problems are identified to lead to an appropriate possible measures which are expected to be representative. Underlying problems are identified, classified and analyzed. A proposed scheme of Traffic Safety Programme is then formulated, out of which a further development is made to form an action plan."

"Topik terkait environmental, social, dan governance dewasa ini menarik untuk diteliti karena semakin disadari pentingnya prinsip keberlanjutan dalam dunia bisnis. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi pengaruh pilar ESG dan kepemilikan negara terhadap biaya utang pada perusahaan non keuangan. Analisis dilakukan terhadap perusahaan publik di negara emerging Asia selama periode 2016 s.d. 2023 dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Menggunakan berbagai teori seperti agency theory, stakeholder theory, dan signalling theory, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa perusahaan milik negara dengan skor ESG yang lebih baik memiliki biaya utang yang lebih kecil. Temuan lainnya yaitu pilar social berpengaruh secara positif terhadap biaya utang. Untuk pilar environmental, walaupun berhubungan negatif dengan biaya utang, akan tetapi pengaruhnya tidak signifikan. Sementara pilar governance memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terdahap biaya utang sesuai dengan teori agensi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapakan dapat berkontribusi untuk memberikan wawasan kepada para stakeholder terutama para manajer dan pemilik perusahaan tentang peranan ESG dan kepemilikan negara terhadap besarnya biaya utang perusahaan.

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The increasing awareness of the importance of sustainability principles in the business world makes the topic of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) highly relevant for current research. This study investigates the impact of ESG pillars and state ownership on the cost of debt for non-financial firms. The analysis is conducted on publicly listed companies in emerging Asian countries over the period from 2016 to 2023 using panel data regression. Applying various theories such as agency theory, stakeholder theory, and signaling theory, this research provides that state-owned enterprises with higher ESG scores incur lower costs of debt. Another finding is that the social pillar positively influences the cost of debt. For the environmental pillar, although it has a negative relationship with the cost of debt, the effect is not significant. Meanwhile, the governance pillar shows a significant negative impact on the cost of debt, aligning with agency theory. The results of this study aim to provide insights for stakeholders, particularly managers and company owners, on the role of ESG and state ownership in determining corporate debt costs."

"[Takes a interdisciplinary and analytical approach to the development, implementation and impact of environmental policies that govern our relationship with the environment. This work also covers how principles are applied in real life to a range of issues from persistent chemical pollution to climate change to fishing rights and watershed usage., Takes a interdisciplinary and analytical approach to the development, implementation and impact of environmental policies that govern our relationship with the environment. This work also covers how principles are applied in real life to a range of issues from persistent chemical pollution to climate change to fishing rights and watershed usage.]"

"Penelitian ini berusaha menjelaskan hubungan antara persebaran teknologi internasional (international R&D spillover) dari jalur perdagangan internasional dan FDI terhadap produktivitas (TFP) berdasarkan teori pertumbuhan endogen di Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). Dalam penelitian ini didapat bahwa R&D spillover adalah faktor signifikan dalam mempengaruhi TFP, terutama dari jalur perdagangan. Penelitian ini juga mendapat hasil bahwa ketersediaan tenaga kerja berpendidikan merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan produktivitas. Dalam perbandingan antara dua kelompok negara ANIC, didapat bahwa dalam ANIC kelas 2, persebaran teknologi dari ekspor tidak meningkatkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini menemukan juga bahwa FDI tidak menjadi jalur yang penting dalam difusi teknologi. Namun pengukuran FDI perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut.

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This research tries to explain the relation between international R&D spillover from international trade and FDI channel with productivity (TFP) based on endogenous growth theory in Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). In this research, it is found that R&D spillover is a significant factor in increasing TFP, especially from trade channel. It is also found that the availability of educated workers is another important factor in increasing productivity. From the comparison of the two country groups in ANIC, it is found that in ANIC Tier 2, international R&D spillover from export is not increasing productivity, yet its spillover effect is still significant. Another finding of this research is FDI is not an important channel for technology spillover. However, there is a need to further discuss the FDI spillover measurement."