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"With an estimated ninety-five percent of the world's armed conflicts occurring within individual states, resolution and prevention of internal conflicts represent a main driver of global peace. Peace negotiations stand outside the traditional formalism of lawmaking and represent a uniquely privileged moment to observe the rise or adjustment of the legal framework of a given state. Based in a socio-legal and pluralistic understanding of law, this book explores the normative dynamics of peace negotiations. It argues that the role of law in the peaceful resolution of internal armed conflicts has been greatly underestimated and that legal theory can and should contribute to a better comprehension of these processes. Including thematic case studies from Darfur, North-South Sudan, Uganda, Côte d'Ivoire, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Bosnia and Israel-Palestine, this volume will be of use to scholars, students and affiliates of international organizations and non-governmental organizations."

"Since it first developed, the law of war has focused on protecting human beings. It prioritises human protection by controlling the conduct of belligerents in order to minimise human injuries and casualties.However, the consequences of war are seldom limited to human casualties. War also causes major destruction to the environment. This article shows that despite prioritising human protection, internationallaw provides a significant number of rules to protect the environment during armed conflicts. Contrary to claims that existing rules are insufficient, the law of war adequately safeguards the environment during armed conflicts by prohibiting certain military activities that may cause significant damage to the environment. Furthermore, there are peacetime regulations that may continue to bind belligerents in times of war."

"Sebagai partai politik baru yang lahir dalam arus gelombang demokratisasi di awal reformasi 1998, Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) berhasil meraih kemenangan pada pemilu 1999 dengan menempati urutan ketiga. Namun, fenomena konflik internal PKB yang silih berganti kurun waktu antara tahun 2001 hingga 2011 berdampak pada penurunan suara PKB di pemilu 2004 dan 2009. Terakhir, konflik internal PKB terjadi tahun 2008-2011 yang menjadi fokus studi dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian adalah menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya fenomena konflik internal PKB serta mekanisme penyelesaian konfliknya. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tipe eksploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam sebagai data primer dan studi literatur sebagai data sekunder. Kerangka teori yang digunakan adalah konsep partai politik, konflik politik, dan resolusi konflik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konflik internal PKB tahun 2008-2011 adalah konflik yang berawal dari keluarnya surat keputusan yang memberhentikan Muhaimin Iskandar sebagai Ketua Umum Dewan Tanfidz DPP PKB melalui Rapat Pleno yang dikendalikan Gus Dur sebagai Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro DPP PKB. Pembagian kekuasaan yang tidak seimbang, kuatnya pragmatisme kekuasaan, tidak berjalannya fungsi manajemen konflik serta lemahnya penegakkan konstitusi partai menjadi akar penyebab terjadinya konflik internal PKB. Mekanisme penyelesaian konflik internal PKB ditempuh melalui cara organisasi, kultural, politik, dan hukum.

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As a new political party was born in the current wave of democratization in the beginning of the 1998 reform, the National Awakening Party (PKB) managed to win the 1999 elections with a third place. However, the phenomenon of internal conflict PKB successive period between 2001 and 2011 contributed to the decline in voice PKB 2004 and 2009 elections. Finally, internal conflicts PKB occurs in 2008-2011 which is the focus of this research study.

The purpose of research is to explain the causes of the phenomenon of internal conflict PKB and conflict resolution mechanisms. Methods of research used a qualitative approach with exploratory type. Data was collected through in-depth interviews as the primary data and literature as secondary data. Theoretical framework used is the concept of political parties, political conflict, and conflict resolution.

Results of the study showed that PKB internal conflict in 2008-2011 was a conflict that began in the issuance of a decree to dismiss Muhaimin Iskandar as Chairman of the Tanfidz Council DPP PKB through controlled Plenary Meeting of Gus Dur as Chairman of the Syuro Council DPP PKB. Unequal distribution of power, strength pragmatism of power, not the functioning of conflict management and weak enforcement of the party constitution at the root causes of internal conflict PKB. Internal conflict resolution mechanisms PKB reached by way of organizational, cultural, political, and legal."