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"This book covers and expands upon material presented by the author at a CBMS-NSF Regional Conference during a ten-lecture series on multiphase flows in porous media and their simulation. It begins with an overview of classical reservoir engineering and basic reservoir simulation methods and then progresses through a discussion of types of flowsingle-phase, two-phase, black oil (three-phase), single phase with multicomponents, compositional, and thermal.The author provides a thorough glossary of petroleum engineering terms and their units, along with basic flow and transport equations and their unusual features, and corresponding rock and fluid properties. The practical aspects of reservoir simulation, such as data gathering and analysis, selection of a simulation model, history matching, and reservoir performance prediction, are summarized."

"ABSTRAKProses produksi kukus untuk steam flooding umumnya menggunakan gas alam sebesar 1,7 Tcf/tahun. Sementara itu, proyek steamflood umumnya merupakan proyek jangka panjang dan gas alam sudah mulai langka serta harganya mahal diseluruh plosok dunia. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian skema produksi kukus alternatif untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian skema produksi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak ASPEN HYSYS dan kemudian kualitas kukus yang diproduksi akan dievaluasi dalam penerapannya pada operasi steamflood menggunakan perangkat lunak COMSOL dan CMG. Skema pemanfaatan panas bumi mampu meningkatkan rekoveri hingga 60% dengan biaya produksi kukus yang lebih hemat 12% dengan jarak terjauh lapangan minyak dan lapangan panas bumi 30 km untuk kemungkinan penerapan skema ini. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan tinjauan singkat untuk sistem lapangan panas bumi yang terdedikasi untuk proyek steamflood dimana terdapat 1 lapangan minyak yang 100% prosesnya menggunakan skema ini dan 1 lapangan minyak 70% prosesnya menggunakan skema ini.

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ABSTRACTThe steam roduction process for steam flooding generally use natural gas at 1.7 Tcf/year. Meanwhile, steamflood project is generally a long-term project and natural gas is already scarce and expensive throughout the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternatives steam production process scheme to overcome these problems. Research conducted using ASPEN HYSYS to simulate steam production process and furthermore it will be evaluated in its steamflood operations application using software COMSOL and CMG. Geothermal energy utilization schemes can improve recovery by up to 60% to the cost of steam production more efficient by 12% with the furthest distance the field of oil and geothermal field 30 km to the possibility of applying this scheme. Additionally, in this study conducted a brief review of the system of geothermal field fully dedicated to steamflood projects where there are one oil field to 100% process using this scheme and one 70% oil field process using this scheme."

"Peningkatan produksi minyak bumi di Indonesia menjadi hal mendesak mengingat target produksi 1 juta barrel perhari pada tahun 2030 di tengah penurunan produksi. Permasalahan tersebut memberikan insentif untuk menelusuri metode EOR non-konvensional, biopolymer flooding. Xanthan Gum merupakan biopolimer dengan ketahanan salting effect yang sangat baik sehingga memberikan potensi digunakan bersama air laut sebagai campuran driving fluid dalam metode injeksi kontinuous. Selain itu, HCPV injeksi meningkatkan performa pemulihan jika flooding berhasil . Maka dari itu, penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan air laut sebagai fluida pendorong dan HCPV injeksi terhadap displacement sweep efficiency, recovery factor, serta harga minyak dan gas untuk IRR 15% mengikuti skema bisnis gross split. Penelitian dengan permodelan reservoir sintetik sandstone heterogen, dilanjutkan dengan permodelan EOR dengan membandingkan berbagai strategi injeksi EOR biopolymer flooding terhadap waterflooding, dan analisis ekonomi cashflow mengikuti skema bisnis gross split. Peningkatan HCPV injeksi dapat meningkatkan recovery factor hingga 22.26% dan displacement sweep efficiency 21.27%. Penggunaaan air laut sebagai campuran fluida pendorong mengurangi recovery factor hingga 0.55% dan displacement sweep efficiency 0.54%. Harga minyak minimum proyek dapat mencapai 45.75$ per barrel dengan cost of EOR sebesar 4.52$ per barrel. 

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Increasing Indonesian oil production is an urgent issue due fulfilling Indonesian production target of one million barrels per day in 2030 amidst production decline. This problem gives an incentive to explore non-conventional EOR method, biopolymer flooding. Xanthan gum biopolymer is resistant toward salting effect which has the potential to be used alongside brine as driving fluid mixture in a continuous injection. Moreover, HCPV injection increases oil field’s recovery rate only if the flooding succeeds. Therefore, this research’s purpose is to analyze the usage of brine as driving fluid and HCPV Injection toward partially depleted sandstone reservoir’s displacement sweep efficiency, recovery factor and oil and gas price in reaching IRR 15% following Indonesian gross split scheme. Research methodology includes modelling of synthetic partially depleted heterogenous sandstone reservoir, continued with EOR modelling comparing different biopolymer flooding injection strategy with waterflooding, and cashflow economic analysis following gross split scheme. The increase of HCPV injection could increase recovery factor up to 22.26% dan displacement sweep efficiency up to 21.27%. The usage of sea water as mixture in driving fluid could decrease recovery factor up to 0.55% and displacement sweep efficiency 0.54%. The minimum project oil price reaches 45.75$ per barrel with the cost of EOR 4.52$ per barrel."

"Simulasi reservoir adalah proses memodelkan reservoir dengan cara  mengkombinasikan model fisika, matematika, teknik reservoir dan pemrograman komputer untuk mengembangkan suatu alat dalam hal memprediksi kinerja reservoir hidrokarbon dalam berbagai strategi operasional. Beberapa metode dikembangkan untuk simulasi reservoir salah satunya adalah metode IMPES(implicit pressure explicit saturation). Metode ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi tekanan untuk setiap gridblok dari kombinasi seluruh persamaan aliran dengan mengeliminasi saturasi. Perhitungan metode IMPES lebih sederhana dan proses iterasinya lebih cepat. Metode ini dapat dengan mudah di terapkan untuk model Black-Oil. Metode penyelesaian sistem persamaan linier diterapkan dalam bentuk aljabar matrix dilakukan dengan metode Conjugat Gradient. Prilaku reservoir diantaranya perubahan tekanan, perubahan saturasi maupun laju aliran fluida dalam sumur produksi pada interval waktu tertentu dapat diamati dengan baik melalui simulasi reservoir. Dari hasil simulasi tampak bahwa pengaruh sumur injeksi sangat bermanfaat guna mempertahankan tekanan reservoir, sehingga laju aliran fluida minyak ke dalam sumur produksi dapat dipertahankan sampai waktu tertentu.

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Reservoir simulation is a process to model of the reservoir by combining the laws of physics, mathematics, reservoir engineering and computer programming to develop a tool in predicting the performance of hydrocarbon reservoirs in various of operational strategies. Several methods were developed for reservoir simulation one of them is IMPES method. The method aims to search for any gridblok pressure from a combination of the whole equation of flow by eliminating the saturation. IMPES calculation method is simpler and faster process. This method can easily be applied to the Black-Oil model. Method of settlement systems of linear equations implemented in the form of matrix algebra done Conjugat Gradient method. Reservoir behavior such as pressure change, saturation change and and rate of fluid flow in production wells at specified time intervals can be observed very well through reservoir simulation. From the simulation results it appears that the effect of the injection wells are very useful in order to maintain reservoir pressure, so that the rate of fluid flow in oil production wells can be maintained until a certain time."