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"Bioethanol is a renewable and oxygenated bio-based resource with the potential to reduce particulate emissions in direct fuel injection diesel engines. This study aims to further diminish the outflow of a Diesel Fuel Engine motor fueled by diesel-bioethanol by identifying the most suitable blend by applying various blends of diesel-bioethanol, namely E10, E20, E50, and E80 blends. The Diesel engine had been tested using solely diesel fuel and then with bioethanol blends for comparison purposes. The results show that bioethanol fuel can provide a lower torque for the Diesel engine, but a similar engine performance occurs in terms of Horse Power. However, the presence of bioethanol inside the blended fuels increases the emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbon, (HC), CO, CO2, and NOx compared to engines that use only Pure Diesel. E10 has been found as the most ideal blend from all the fuels tested. Further research is required to distinguish the E80 fuel blend, as it is unable to be tested on a 6-cylinder engine, since the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the E80 blend fuel is a single cylinder."

"Bioethanol is a renewable and oxygenated bio-based resource with the potential to reduce particulate emissions in direct fuel injection diesel engines. This study aims to further diminish the outflow of a Diesel Fuel Engine motor fueled by diesel-bioethanol by identifying the most suitable blend by applying various blends of diesel-bioethanol, namely E10, E20, E50, and E80 blends. The Diesel engine had been tested using solely diesel fuel and then with bioethanol blends for comparison purposes. The results show that bioethanol fuel can provide a lower torque for the Diesel engine, but a similar engine performance occurs in terms of Horse Power. However, the presence of bioethanol inside the blended fuels increases the emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbon, (HC), CO, CO2, and NOx compared to engines that use only Pure Diesel. E10 has been found as the most ideal blend from all the fuels tested. Further research is required to distinguish the E80 fuel blend, as it is unable to be tested on a 6-cylinder engine, since the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the E80 blend fuel is a single cylinder."

"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini berfokus pada Analisa pengaruh pencampuran bensin pertamax turbo dengan nilai oktan 98 dengan variasi bioetanol terhadap unjuk kerja performance dan specific fuel consumption pada mesin Otto empat langkah satu silinder bervolume 150cc berstandar pabrikan tanpa modifikasi. Mesin terpasang pada suatu kesatuan Dynoengine Test. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada beban konstan dengan perbedaan putaran mesin pada range 1000 hingga 2500 rpm. Campuran bioetanol yang ditambahkan pada bahan bakar base bernilai oktan 98 bervariasi dari volume 5 persen hingga 20 persen E0, E5, E10, E15 dan E20 . Torsi torque , daya power dan specific fuel consumption diukur pada masing-masing percobaan. Nilai RON Reasearch Octane Number dan MON Motor Octane Number meningkat sebanding dengan persentase nilai bioetanol yang dicampurkan. Kemudian emisi gas buang hasil pembakaran mesin juga turut dianalisa HC, CO, NOx, CO2 dan O2 .

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ABSTRACTThis thesis investigates the effect of using gasoline ethanol GE blends on performance and specific fuel consumption of a four stroke 150 cc single cylinder spark ignition SI engine, without any modifications. Experiments were conducted at constant load and different engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 2500 rpm. Bioethanol content was varied from 5 percentage to 20 percentage by volume and four different blends E0, E5, E10, E15 and E20 were tested. Torque, power, specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions were measured during each experiment. Research Octane Number RON and Motor Octane Number MON increased with bioethanol percentage in the blend. "

"Polusi yang dihasilkan berbagai kegiatan masyarakat di Indonesia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Jenis polutan yang dihasilkan dapat berupa gas karbon dioksida (CO2), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOX). Penggunaan teknologi membran merupakan salah upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat keberadaan polutan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO yang berasal dari mesin diesel. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari mengenai proses absorpsi komponen gas NOX, SO2 dan CO pada kontraktor modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai reaktor gelembung menggunakan pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH. Gas umpan dengan kandungan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO dihasilkan dari mesin diesel, yang kemudian akan dialirkan pada bagian tube kontraktor membran. Sementara itu campuran pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH akan dialirkan melalui bagian shell kontraktor membran yang ditutup agar menciptakan gelembung gas. Pada penelitian ini, variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai tertinggi untuk efisiensi penyisihan (%R), fluks perpindahan massa (J), serta NOX, SO2 dan CO loading berturut–turut yakni 99,56%, 99,91% dan 96,83% pada laju alir gas umpan 100 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M;1,88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s),1,57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) dan 1,59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M; serta 0,227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0,194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) dan 0,092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,05 M.

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Pollution generated by various activities in Indonesia continues to increase every year. The types of pollutants produced can be in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). The use of membrane technology has been developed to reduce the presence of NOX, SO2, and CO pollutant gases in the air from a diesel engine. This research will study the absorption process in a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane module contractor as a bubble reactor using NaClO2 and NaOH solvents. The feed gas containing NOX, SO2, and CO gas is produced from the diesel engine, which will flow to the membrane contactor tube part. Meanwhile, a mixture of NaClO2 and NaOH solvents will be flowed through the closed shell contracting membrane to create gas bubbles. The results showed that the highest values for absorption efficiency (%R), mass transfer flux (J), and NOX, SO2 and CO loading respectively were 99.56%, 99.91% and 96.83% at a feed gas flow rate of 100 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; 1.88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s), 1.57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) and 1.59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; also 0.227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0.194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) and 0.092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.05 M."

"Bioetanol saat ini banyak digunakan untuk menjadi bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bensin ( bahan bakar minyak) karena dapat mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil dan juga mengurangi kadar emisi yang dihasilkan bahan bakar fosil seperti CO, CO2, HC, NOx. Bioetanol yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar biasanya dicampur dengan bensin pada perbandingan tertentu. Di Indonesia penggunaannya masih sangat jarang. Kemudian bioetanol yang biasa digunakan ialah bioetanol anhidrat dengan kadar 99,5%. Maka dari itu, pada penilitian sebelumnya, dilakukan pemanfaatan gas buang untuk mendestilasi bietanol grade rendah menjadi high grade untuk mendapatkan etanol anhidrat. Namun hasilnya, hanya mampu mencapai kadar 95% atau bietanol hidrat. Di sini penulis melakukan penelitian merancang suatu mekanisme pencampuran bietanol hidrat dengan bensin yaitu mekanisme fuel mixer untuk menganalisa hasil performa dan emisi dari motor bakar. Pencampuran dilakukan pada perbandingan E5h, E10h, dan E15h yang nantinya hasil performa dan emisi akan dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar bensin murni. Dari penelitian menunjukan bioetanol hidrat mampu digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dimana hasilnya dapat meningkatkan power dan torsi, masing-masing hingga 15% dan 11%, kemudian mengungari emisi CO hingga 40%.

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Bioethanol is currently used to be an alternative to gasoline fuel (fuel oil) and can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and also reduce of emissions generated fossil fuels such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx. Bioethanol is used as a fuel, usually mixed with gasoline at a certain ratio. In Indonesia, the use of bioethanol fuel is still very rare. Then bioethanol is used anhydrous ethanol with 99.5% content. Therefore, the previous research, made use of exhaust gas for distilling bietanol low-grade to high-grade to obtain anhydrous ethanol. However, the results achieved are only able to reach content of 95% or hydrous bioethanol.

Here the authors conducted a study about a mechanism design of mixing hydrous bioethanol with gasoline by fuel mixer mechanism to analyze the results of the performance and emissions of combustion engine. The mixing is is at comparison E5h, E10h, and E15h, which the performance and emission results will be compared with pure gasoline. The result shows hydrous bioethanol can be used as fuel, where can increase power and torque, respectively - each up to 15% and 11%, then reduce CO emissions by 40%."

"ABSTRAKGagasan untuk mengonversi mesin kapal berbahan bakar High Speed Diesel HSD atau solar menjadi bahan bakar ganda dual-fuel retrofit, terkhusus untuk kapal penumpang merupakan sebuah ide yang baru. Kementrian Perhubungan telah mempertimbangkan keuntungan dan kerugian dari segi materiil menjalankan proyek ini namun, belum ada analisis performa mesin yang dilakukan oleh Kementrian Perhubungan untuk dapat meyakinkan apabila proyek ini berhasil dari segi ekonomi dan teknik. Penulis merasa bahwa menganalisis dari perubahan performa diesel dual fuel perlu dilakukan agar mengetahui aspek pertimbangan lain dalam mengkonversi single diesel menjadi diesel dual fuel pada kapal milik Kementrian Perhubungan. Dalam melakukan analisis ini, data dari satu kapal milik Kementrian Perhubungan. dikumpulkan dan dianalisis, dan juga penulis menggunakan software Ansys dan juga jurnal-jurnal yang berkutat pada tema dual fual agar penelitian ini dapat meminimalisir besar error yang dapat terjadi. Hasil dari analisis menunjukan karakteristik performa yang berbeda dari mesin dual fuel pada saat mesin ini di operasikan pada mode dual fuel dimana pada campuran 60 LNG memiliki performa power, torsi, SFC, dan efisiensi termal lebih baik dibandingkan campuran lain dan pada mode diesel itu sendiri dikarenakan LNG memiliki kandungan LHV yang lebih besar dibandingkan nilai LHV yang dimiliki oleh bahan bakar diesel.

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ABSTRACT<>br>The idea of converting a High Speed Diesel HSD or dual fuel engine into a dual fuel retrofit, especially for passenger ships is a new idea. Ministry of Transportation. has considered the advantages and disadvantages in terms of material run this project but, there is no analysis of engine performance conducted by Ministry of Transportation. to be able to convince if the project is successful in terms of economics and engineering. The author feels that analyzing the change of dual fuel diesel performance needs to be done in order to know other aspect consideration in converting single diesel to diesel fuel dual diesel on ship owned by Ministry of Transportation.. In conducting this analysis, data from one ship belonging to Ministry of Transportation. were collected and analyzed, and also the author uses Ansys software and also journals that focus on dual fual themes so that this research can minimize the amount of error that can happen. The results of the analysis show different performance characteristics of the dual fuel engine when the engine is operated in dual fuel mode with the best miture at 60 LNG have better power, torque, SFC, and thermal efficiency performance than other miture and diesel itself."

"The performance test of CI engine which uses biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils and its blends with diesel fuel is essential to be carried out. This research investigates the quality of rubber seed oil methyl ester (RSOME) which is produced via catalytic method dry wash system which uses magnesol (magnesium silicate) as absorbent based on Indonesian Biodiesel Forum (FBI) standard in 2005 and the performance of CI engine, which uses its blends with diesel fuel (B-10, B-20, and B-30). The best engine performance is then compared with RSOME which is produced via non-catalytic method, namely, superheated methanol high temperature atmospheric pressure and diesel fuel (B-0). The engine test shows that B-20 produces the best engine performance at 2550 rpm. Compared to RSOME non-catalytic method and diesel fuel, RSOME catalytic method and non-catalytic method yield the same effective power, whereas diesel fuel is lower than both methods. The engine which uses RSOME non-catalytic method needs the same specific fuel consumption as diesel fuel, but a bit more than catalytic method. The thermal efficiency of RSOME non-catalytic method is higher than catalytic method and diesel fuel, but catalytic method has lower efficiency than diesel fuel. The emission of non-catalytic method is the most eco-friendly, catalytic method is the next, and diesel fuel is the one with the highest emission levels."

"This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike. "

"Mobile gasifier merupakan prototipe untuk memproduksi listrik dari feedstock berbahan baku biomassa dengan fleksibilitas yang cukup tinggi dan dapat dipindahkan kemana-kemana, sangat memudahkan pengguna untuk menghasilkan listrik di daerah yang belum memiliki listrik. Dalam hal ini bahan baku yang digunakan adalah sekam padi. Peran mesin dalam mengenerasi engine sangatlah penting. Maka dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi putaran mesin dan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) dengan variasi putaran yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi putaran pada mesin dengan putaran 100 untuk initial dan 250 hingga 3500 rpm dengan variasi 250 serta Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) yaitu 0,75 hingga 1.2 dengan variasi 0.05 menggunakan bahan bakar syngas. Syngas berasal dari proses gasifikasi downdraft gasifier dengan bahan bakar sekam padi. Pengujian dilakukan pada unit mesin Mitshubishi Colt Diesel dengan tipe engine PS-100 dan menggunakan metode modelling. Modelling dilakukan untuk meanalisa hubungan antara putaran mesin dengan Daya Efektif (NE), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), Pumping Mean Effective Pressure (PMEP), Break Mean Effective Pressure(BMEP), torsi dan nilai NOx. Dari percobaan ini dapat disimpulkna dengan membandingkan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) dari campuran lean hingga campuran rich, diketahui bahwa campuran rich cenderung menghasilkan daya dan torsi yang besar, akan tetapi konsumsi bahan bakar spesific lebih tinggi. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukan nilai torsi tidak berbanding lurus dan cenderung terbalik dengan peningkatan putaran mesin (rpm) dan berbanding terbalik apabila dibandingkan dengan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR). Setelah pengujian dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada putaran 2750rpm merupakan putaran yang optimum dimana menghasilkan 383 Nm dan dengan BMEP sebesar 8.2 Bar serta menghasilkan daya efektif sebesar 109.29 Hp. Hasil emisi pada putaran 2750 menghasilkan 182.30 mg/Nm3, dibawah ambang batas berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.15 / MENLHK / SETJEN / KUM. 1/ 4 / 2019.

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The mobile gasifier is a prototype for producing electricity from biomass raw materials with high flexibility and can be moved anywhere, making it very easy for users to generate electricity in areas that do not have electricity. In this case, the raw material used is rice husk. The role of the engine in generating the engine is very important. So this study aims to determine variations in engine speed and Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) with different rotation variations. This study uses engine speed variations with a rotation of 100 for the initial and 250 to 3500 rpm with a variation of 250 and the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) of 0.75 to 1.2 with a variation of 0.05 using syngas fuel. Syngas comes from the downdraft gasifier gasification process with rice husk as fuel. The test was carried out on the Mitsubishi Colt Diesel engine unit with the PS-100 engine type and using the modeling method. The modeling is carried out to analyze the relationship between engine speed and Effective Power (NE), showing the mean effective pressure (IMEP), Pumping Mean Effective Pressure (PMEP), Break Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), torque and NOx values. From this experiment, it can be concluded that by comparing the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) from a lean mixture to a rich mixture, it is known that a rich mixture will produce greater power and torque, but higher fuel consumption. The experimental results show that the torque value is not directly and inversely proportional to the increase in the engine (rpm) and inverse rotation when compared to the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR). It can be concluded that at 2750rpm rotation is the optimal rotation which produces 383 Nm and with a BMEP of 8.2 Bar and produces an effective power of 109.29 Hp. The emission results in the 2750 cycle produce 182.30 mg/Nm3, below the threshold based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.15 / MENLHK / SETJEN / KUM. 1/4/2019.

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"Sampai saat ini, sebagian besar sumber energi masih berasal dari energi tak terbarukan yang dapat memicu peningkatan emisi gas buang berbahaya, salah satunya, yaitu gas karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi penyisihan gas berupa kontaktor membran dapat menjadi solusi alternatif karena keunggulannya yang memiliki area kontak yang luas dengan ukuran kontaktor relatif kecil, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan teknologi konvensional. Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses absorpsi gas buang mesin diesel (CO) menggunakan modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai perangkat perpindahan massa dengan bantuan pelarut Tembaga (II) Klorida (CuCl2) dan Trietilamina (TEA) sebagai absorben. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dengan laju alir gas umpan yang konstan sebesar 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi perlarut CuCl2 tertinggi 1 M diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut senilai 70,09 % dan 2,628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, sementara pada konsentrasi CuCl2 terendah 0,01 M diperoleh CO loading tertinggi sebesar 1,031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. Kemudian, dengan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2 yang konstan 0,1 M, didapatkan efisiensi senilai 61,41% pada laju alir gas umpan terendah 100 mL/menit, sementara fluks dan CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai berturut-turut sebesar 1,978x10-6 mmol/cm2.s dan 7,767x10-2 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s pada laju alir gas umpan tertinggi 200 mL/menit.

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Until now, most energy sources still come from non-renewable energy which can lead an increase in harmful exhaust emissions, one of which is carbon monoxide (CO). The gas removal technology such as membrane contactor can be an alternative solution because of its advantages in having a large contact area with a relatively small contactor size, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low cost compared to conventional technologies. This research focuses on the absorption of diesel engine exhaust gases (CO) using polysulfone hollow fiber membrane modules as a mass transfer device and with the support of solvents Copper (II) Chloride and Triethylamine (TEA) as absorbents. Diesel engine exhaust gas will flow through the membrane tube, while the solvent is static in the shell section. The independent variables tested in this study are feed gas flow rate and CuCl2 solvent concentration. Based on research data with a constant feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and the highest CuCl2 concentration of 1 M, the highest CO removal efficiency and flux were obtained respectively at 70.09% and 2.628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, while at the lowest CuCl2 concentration of 0.01 M, the highest CO loading was obtained at 1.031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. In addition, with a constant CuCl2 concentration of 0.1 M, gas removal efficiency of 61.41% was obtained at the lowest feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute, while the highest flux and CO loading that could be achieved were respectively 1.978x10-6 mmol /cm2.s and 7.767x102 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s at the highest feed gas flow rate of 200 mL/minute."