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"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."

"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."

"ABSTRAKBiogas diproduksi dari limbah cair kelapa sawit dengan proses digesting anaerob memiliki kadar CH4 dan CO2 masing-masing sebesar ± 86,2% dan ± 13,8 %. Pengotor pada biogas yaitu CO2 perlu dihilangkan, karena dapat menurunkan nilai kalor pada biogas dan bersifat korosif. Metode simultan absorpsi dan adsorpsi dipilih pada penelitian ini. Absorpsi menggunakan larutan Ca(OH)2 0,0619 M dan adsorpsi menggunakan dua kolom unggun tetap dan zeolit klinoptilolit termodifikasi sebagai adsorben. Zeolit Klinoptilolit dimodifikasi struktur dan luas permukaannya dengan menggunakan HCl (2M), NaOH (2M), kalsinasi pada suhu 450 oC dan pelapisan kitosan 0,5% (b/v). Karakterisasi adsorben dilakukan dengan analisis XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX dan analisis permukaan dan porositas dengan BET dan analisis biogas dengan GC dan GC-MS. Efektivitas penyerapan CO2 dengan metode simultan absorpsi-adsorpsi dua kolom didapatkan sebesar 82,5% dengan waktu jenuh pada menit ke-30. Adsorben diregenerasi didapatkan hasil efektivitas penyerapan CO2 sebesar 74,3% dengan menggunakan NaOH 1,5 M dan pemanasan pada suhu 200oC.

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ABSTRACTBiogas produced from palm oil mill effluent by digesting anaerobic contains of CH4 and CO2 each ± 86,2% and ± 13,8 %. Biogas purified necessary to remove impurity, that CO2 can reduce calorie value of biogas and corrosive. In this research biogas purified using simultaneous absorption-adsorption method because simply and applicative. Absorption using Ca(OH)2 0,0619 M and adsorption method using two fixed bed column and zeolite clinoptilolite as adsorbent. Structure and surface area of zeolite clinoptilolite can be modified using strong acid and strong base with concentration each 2 M, calcination at 450 oC and coated chitosan 0,5 %. Adsorbent characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, surface area and porosity analyse with BET and biogas analyse using GC and GC-MS.. Research result found 82,5% CO2 adsorption effectiveness of using simultaneous absorption-adsorption double column method with saturated time at 30 minute. Adsorbent can be regenerated founded CO2 adsorption effectiveness 74,3% with using NaOH 1,5 M and 200oC."

"Proses produksi pada reaktor biogas dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit atau Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) sering menghadapi masalah karena keterbatasan laju hidrolisis. Keterbatasan ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya lumpur dan gumpalan yang mengurangi voulme efektif digester biogas serta mengurangi potensi biogas yang dihasilkan. Lumpur dan gumpalan yang dihasilkan berasal dari tingginya kandungan dan juga serat yang ada pada POME. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan seperti pengambilan secara manual maupun pengadukan secara mekanik atau dengan turbulensi melalui pemompaan cairan dengan kuat. Namun, upaya tersebut memerlukan tambahan alat, SDM dan energi sehingga biaya proses produksi terus meningkat. Sebagai alternatif lain, maka pemanfaatan lipase dan xilanase menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pretreatment yang dapat meminimalisir kandungan padatan hemiselulosa dan minyak atau lemak di dalam POME. Lipase dapat menghidrolisa lemak dan minyak menjadi asam lemak rantai pendek dan xilanase dapat menghidrolisa hemiselulosa menjadi monomernya, sehingga memudahkan produksi biogas. Pada penelitian ini telah terbukti bahwa pretreatment dengan xilanase dan lipase mampu menurunkan total suspended solid (TSS) sebesar 49,21 %; total solid (TS) sebesar 34, 52 % dan meningkatkan gula pereduksi sebesar 44,37 %, selain itu mampu menurunkan minyak dan lemak sebesar 88,82 pada konsentrasi 4 %. Serta menignkatkan produksi biogas sebanyak 52,17 % dan penghilangan chemical oxygen demand (COD) sebesar 49,7 %.

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The production process at biogas reactors from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) often faces problems due to limited hydrolysis rates. This limitation occurs due to the formation of mud and lumps which reduce the effective volume of the biogas digester and reduce the potential for biogas produced. The sludge and lumps produced come from the high content and fiber present in the POME. Various treatments have been made such as manual extraction or mechanical stirring or by turbulence through strong fluid pumping. However, these treatments require additional tools, human resources and energy so the production process costs continue to increase. As an alternative, the use of lipase and xylanase is a promising alternative for pretreatment that can minimize the content of hemicellulose and oil or fat in POME. Lipase can hydrolyze fat and oil into short-chain fatty acids and xylanase can hydrolyze hemicellulose into its monomer, thus facilitating biogas production. In this study it was proven that pretreatment with xylanase and lipase was able to reduce total suspended solid (TSS) by 49.21%; total solid (TS) of 34, 52% and increasing reducing sugar by 44.37%, besides that it can reduce oil and fat by 88.82 % at a concentration of 4%. As well as increasing biogas production by 52.17% and removal chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 49.7%."

"Currently the world’s second largest palm oil producer Malaysia produces a large amount of oil palm biomass each year. Although some oil palm parts and derivatives like empty fruit bunch and fibre have been commercialized as fuel, less attention has been given to oil palm fronds (OPF). Initial feasibility and characterization studies of OPF showed that it is highly feasible as fuel for gasification to produce high value gaseous fuel or syngas. This paper discusses the experimental gasification attempt carried out on OPF using a 50 kW lab scale downdraft gasifier and its results. The conducted study focused on the temperature distributions within the reactor and the characteristics of the dynamic temperature profile for each temperature zones during operation. An average pyrolysis zone temperature of 324oC and an average oxidation zone temperature of 796oC were obtained over a total gasification period of 74 minutes. A maximum oxidation zone temperature of 952oC was obtained at 486 lpm inlet air flow rate and 10 kg/hr feedstock consumption rate. Stable bluish flare was produced for more than 70% of the total gasification time. Similar temperature profile was obtained comparing the results from OPF gasification with that of woody biomass. Furthermore, the successful ignition of the syngas produced from OPF gasification ascertained that OPF indeed has a higher potential as gasification feedstock. Hence, more detailed studies need to be done for better understanding in exploiting the biomass as a high prospect alternative energy solution. In addition, a study of the effect of initial moisture content of OPF feedstock on the temperature distribution profile along the gasifier bed showed that initial moisture content of feedstock in the range of 15% gives a satisfactory result, while experiments with feedstock having higher moisture content resulted in lower zone temperature values."

"ABSTRAKRasio elektrifikasi di Provinsi Jambi merupakan yang terendah di Sumatera dengan rasio eletrifikasi sebesar 39,59 . Dibutuhkan adanya tambahan energi listrik di daerah Jambi, terutama di daerah yang belum terjangkau energi listrik salah satunya adalah dengan memanfaatkan biogas yang berasal dari limbah cair pengolahan kelapa sawit atau sering disebut Palm Oil Mill Effluent POME , menjadi energi listrik. Sebagaimana diketahui kelapa sawit merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang terbesar di jambi, limbah cair dari pengolahan kelapa sawit masih belum dimanfaatkan hanya ditampung pada kolam terbuka yang dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya emisi gas rumah kaca. Pada penelitian ini akan digunakan data-data dari salah satu perkebunan kelapa sawit di Jambi, dengan produksi POME sekitar 144.859 ton/tahun. Dengan COD sebesar 64.005 mg/l. Berdasarkan kajian teknologi yang dilakukan dipilih tipe bioreaktor anaerob jenis Continues Stirred Tank Reactor CSTR dengan volume bioreaktor sebesar 2808 m3 dan HRT selama 6,79 hari . Digunakan simulasi untuk memprakirakan proses dan hasil yang terjadi pada sistem Pembangkit Listrik Biogas dari POME PLTBg POME .Berdasarkan hasil simulasi bahan baku POME sebesar 167766 kg/jam dapat menghasilkan 2777 kg/jam. Hasil simulasi Gas Engine menghasilkan energi listrik sebesar 1050 kW. Produksi biogas sebesar 2.988.889 m3/ tahun, serta energi listrik yang dihasilkan sekitar 5380 MWh per tahunnya.Nilai investasi sekitar 3.663.119 USD dapat menarik para investor jika harga jual tarif listrik diwilayah sumatera lebih dari 1.500 IDR/kWh, dengan IRR sebesar 11,2 dan NPV sebesar USD 43.010. dan payback period sekitar 8 tahun.

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ABSTRACT

Electrification ratio Jambi Province is the lowest in Sumatra with eletrification ratio around to 39.59 . Needed the addition of electrical energy in Jambi, especially in areas which not reached by electricity. One of choice is using biogas derived from liquid waste from palm oil mill or called Palm Oil Mill Effluent POME into electrical energy.As it is known palm oil is the largest plantation commodity in Jambi, liquid waste from palm oil mill is still not used only accommodated in open ponds which can lead to the formation of greenhouse gas emissions.In this research will be using data from one of the oil palm plantations in Jambi, with POME production about 144 859 tonnes year. With COD 64 005 mg l. Based on studies conducted chosen technology type anaerobic bioreactor types Continues Stirred Tank Reactor CSTR with volume of bioreaktor 2808 m3 and HRT for 6,79 days Using a simulation to predict the processes and outcomes that occur on the system of POME Biogas Power Plant PLTBg POME .Based on simulation results feed POME 16766 kg hour will be produce methane 2777 kg hour, it can be generate electicity 1050 kW.Biogas production amounted to 2,988,889 m3 year, and the electrical energy produced approximately 5380 MWh per year.Investment value approximately 3,663,119 , will be attractive for investors if the sale price of electricity tariffs in the region of Sumatra more than 1,500 IDR kWh, with an IRR of 11 2 and a NPV of USD 43 010. and payback period of about 8 years."

"[Produksi biogas menggunakan limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCKS) dengan prosesdigesting anaerob menggunakan tangki digester menghasilkan CH4 sebesar ±87% dangas CO2 sebsar ±13%. Metode absorpsi dan kolom adsorpsi adalah beberapa prosessederhana yang mudah untuk diaplikasikan, aplikasinya dapat menggunakan zeolitalam sebagai adsorben dan larutan Ca(OH)2 sebagai absorben. Kedua metode tersebutdapat digunakan secara simultan untuk proses purifikasi biogas dengan cara biogasdialirkan terlebih dahulu ke dalam larutan Ca(OH)2 dan kemudian akan dilewatkan kedalam kolom dengan ukuran tinggi dan diameter dalam sebesar 15cm dan 0,8cm yangberisi zeolit alam termodifikasi. Untuk meningkatkan daya adsorpsi dapat dilakukanmodifikasi permukaan zeolit alam dengan perlakuan asam kuat-basa kuat denganvariasi konsentrasi 1, 2, dan 3M, kalsinasi pada suhu 450°C, dan melapisi permukaanzeolit alam dengan beberapa variasi konsentrasi kitosan yaitu 0,25; 0,5; dan 1%.Penggunaan asam kuat-basa kuat dapat meningkatlkan luas permukaan dan diameter,sedangkan pelapisan kitosan dapat meningkatkan kapasitas adsorpsi pada zeolit alamkarena adanya gugus amine pada kitosan. Hasil modifikasi dan aktivasi zeolit akandiuji menggunakan SEM-EDX, BET, FTIR, dan XRD, sedangkan hasil purifikasibiogas akan diuji menggunakan gas chromatography (GC). Adsorben terbaik yangdidapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah adsorben dengan perlakuan asam-basa 2M yangkemudian dilapisi kitosan 0,5%. Hasil purifikasi yang didapatkan adalah pengurangankadar CO2 pada biogas menjadi 0.42% dan peningkatan kadar CH4 menjadi 99.58%.;Production of biogas from POME by anaerobic digestion process using digester has been shown able to produce CH4 87 and CO2 13 The methods of absorption and adsorption is simple to be applied this method can be done with zeolite as adsorbent and Ca OH 2 as absorbent Both methods can be applied simultaneous for purification which the gas will pass through the chamber Ca OH 2 solution and then passed the column filled with modified natural zeolite Enhancing the adsorption capability done with modified the zeolite using some concentration in strong acid base 1 2 and 3M calcination at 450 C and coating with chitosan 0 25 0 5 and 1 Usage of strong acid and strong base can increase the surface area and diameter of the zeolite pores while coating with chitosan can increase the adsorption capacity because the amine functional group from chitosan The result of the modification of zeolite will be tested with SEM EDX BET FTIR and XRD while the result of the purification will be characterized with GC The best adsorbent from this research is zeolite modified with acid base 2M and coated with 0 5 of chitosan The final result from this research is CO2 about 0 42 and the CH4 become 99 58 , Production of biogas from POME by anaerobic digestion process using digester has been shown able to produce CH4 87 and CO2 13 The methods of absorption and adsorption is simple to be applied this method can be done with zeolite as adsorbent and Ca OH 2 as absorbent Both methods can be applied simultaneous for purification which the gas will pass through the chamber Ca OH 2 solution and then passed the column filled with modified natural zeolite Enhancing the adsorption capability done with modified the zeolite using some concentration in strong acid base 1 2 and 3M calcination at 450 C and coating with chitosan 0 25 0 5 and 1 Usage of strong acid and strong base can increase the surface area and diameter of the zeolite pores while coating with chitosan can increase the adsorption capacity because the amine functional group from chitosan The result of the modification of zeolite will be tested with SEM EDX BET FTIR and XRD while the result of the purification will be characterized with GC The best adsorbent from this research is zeolite modified with acid base 2M and coated with 0 5 of chitosan The final result from this research is CO2 about 0 42 and the CH4 become 99 58 ]"

"Pemerintah Indonesia menargetkan PLTBg dapat mencapai kapasitas 55.000 MW tahun 2025 untuk mendukung target bauran energi, sedangkan realisasinya baru mencapai 731,5 MW. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kelayakan investasi pada proyek pembangunan PLTBg berbahan baku limbah cair kelapa sawit sebagai salah satu solusi untuk tercapainya target Pemerintah Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini, enam skema kombinasi dari teknologi pengolahan limbah cair kelapa sawit menjadi biogas dan teknologi PLTBg disimulasikan menggunakan SuperPro Designer. Kelayakan investasi keenam skema kemudian dianalisis dengan menghitung parameter keekonomian proyek yang menghasilkan skema terbaik berupa skema kombinasi antara teknologi CSTR dan pembangkit listrik tenaga gas dan uap berporos ganda, dengan produksi listrik sebesar 45.919 kWh/day, nilai NPV sebesar IDR 78.886.977.772, IRR sebesar 85,5%, LCoE sebesar 1,40 sen/kWh, dan PBP selama 1,7 tahun. Parameter keekonomian pada skema terbaik sensitif terhadap fluktuasi harga jual produk. Analisis risiko yang dilakukan dengan studi hazard identification (HAZID) dan hazard identification and operability (HAZOP) mengidentifikasi 5 bahaya berisiko tinggi, 9 bahaya risiko sedang, dan 6 bahaya berisiko rendah. Studi dengan bow tie diagram menghasilkan kesimpulan dari bahaya berupa biogas yang mengarah pada terjadinya kejadian utama berupa kebocoran biogas dari CSTR, terdapat 6 ancaman dengan 16 kontrol preventif, serta 6 konsekuensi yang dapat terjadi dengan 17 kontrol mitigasi yang dapat dilakukan.

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Indonesian government sets target for biogas power plant to reach 55.000 MW capacity by 2025 to support the nation’s energy mix target, meanwhile in reality it only reached 731,5 MW. Because of that, this research will conduct investment feasibility study for the construction of a biogas power plant from palm oil mill effluent as one of the solution to reach the Indonesian government’s target. There are six technology schemes that combined palm oil mill effluent processing technologies and biogas power plant technologies in this research, that simulated using SuperPro Designer software so the result would be analyzed to see the feasibility by calculate the economical parameter. The best scheme is combination between CSTR and combined cycle gas turbine multishaft that produce 45. 919 kWh/day, with net profitability index value of IDR 78.886.977.772, and the internal rate of return is 85,5%, the levelized cost of energy is 1,40 cent/Kwh, the payback period is 1,7 years. The best scheme economical parameter is more sensitive to selling price fluxtuation. The risk analysis using hazard identification study (HAZID) and hazard identification and operability study (HAZOP) identified 5 high risk hazards, 9 moderate risk hazards, dan 6 low risk hazards. The bow tie analysis concluded that biogas as a high risk hazard can cause the top event occurs, which is biogas leak from CSTR, with 6 possible causes and 16 preventive controls, plus 6 concequences with 17 mitigative controls."

"Limbah cair kelapa sawit dapat diproses menggunakan teknologi anaerobic digestionuntuk menghasilkan biogas. Biogas yang dihasilkan dari proses anaerobic digestionmasih memiliki kandungan gas pengotor yang cukup tinggi, yaitu CO2 sebesar 30% –45% dan H2S sekitar 1500 - 3000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan studi kelayakanpembangunan anaerobic digestion dari limbah kelapa sawit dan fasilitas pemurnianbiogas dengan tiga pilihan teknologi yaitu water scrubbing, amine scrubbing danpemisahan menggunakan membran. Kajian teknologi dilakukan dengan melakukansimulasi menggunakan software Aspen Plus dengan laju alir biogas 0,8 MMCFD dandengan memvariasikan kandungan gas metana dalam biogas sebesar 50% dan 65% fraksimol. Target produk biometana mengandung CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm dankandungan air < 10 lb/MMscf. Biaya investasi dan operasi untuk fasilitas anaerobicdigestion menggunakan data proyek biogas terdahulu yang telah terdaftar pada proyekCDM (Clean Development Mechanism) UNFCCC di Indonesia. Sedangkan biayainvestasi untuk fasilitas pemurnian biogas didapatkan dari hasil simulasi menggunakansoftware Aspen Plus. Kajian keekonomian dilakukan untuk menghitung harga jual gasbiometana dengan nilai pengembalian investasi yang diharapkan sebesar 12%. Tingkatkemurnian biometana dari fasilitas water scrubbing mencapai 97,38%, dari fasilitasamine scrubbing mencapai 99,93% dan dari fasilitas membran mencapai 95,04%. Darihasil simulasi dan perhitungan, didapatkan harga jual biometana paling rendah adalahsebesar $13,06/MMBtu dengan menggunakan teknologi amine scrubbing.

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Palm oil Mill Effluent can be processed using anaerobic digestion technology to produce

biogas. Biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion process still contains a high amount

of impurity gases, namely CO2 of 30% - 45% and H2S of around 1500 - 3000 ppm. This

research will conduct a feasibility study on developing a biogas upgrading facility from

an anaerobic digestion process of palm oil mill effluent with three technological options,

water scrubbing, amine scrubbing and membranes. The technical study was carried out

using Aspen Plus software with a biogas flow rate of 0.8 MMCFD and varying the

methane content in biogas by 50% and 65% mole fraction. The target biomethane product

contains CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm and water content <10 lb/MMscf. The

investment and operating costs for anaerobic digestion facilities use data from previous

biogas projects that have been registered in the UNFCCC CDM (Clean Development

Mechanism) project in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the biogas upgrading facility's investment

cost is obtained from the simulation results using Aspen Plus software. An economic

study was conducted to calculate the gas price of biomethane with an expected internal

rate of return of 12%. The purity level of biomethane from water scrubbing facilities

reached 97.38%, from amine scrubbing facilities reached 99.93%, and from membrane

facilities reached 95.04%. From the simulation and calculation result, the lowest gas price

of biomethane was $ 13.06/MMBtu using amine scrubbing technology."

"Saat ini, dunia sedang mengalami krisis energi dan lingkungan akibat menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil dan polutan yang dihasilkan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Oleh karena itu diperlukan energi alternatif dari bahan terbarukan. Biodiesel dari minyak sawit sangat potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia. Namun selama ini proses sintesis biodiesel cukup rumit dan mahal karena memerlukan reaktor berpengaduk dan pemanas. Suhu reaksi yang digunakan mendekati titik didih metanol sehingga rawan terjadinya penguapan reaktan metanol. Reaktor jet bubble column ini dikembangkan untuk membuat proses sintesis biodiesel menjadi lebih sederhana. Reaktor ini tidak memerlukan pengaduk karena adanya pengadukan otomatis akibat arus eddy yang timbul dalam reaktor. Selain itu, suhu operasi reaksi berlangsung dalam keadaan ambient sehingga tidak memerlukan pemanas dan menghilangkan risiko kehilangan metanol akibat penguapan. Reaksi dilakukan dalam variasi rasio mol metanol minyak 6:1 hingga 3:1 dan variasi penggunaan katalis dan tanpa katalis. Hasil reaksi katalitik memberikan keadaan optimal setelah reaksi berlangsung 30 menit pada rasio mol 6:1 dengan yield biodiesel sebesar 85%. Sedangkan hasil reaksi non-katalitik memberikan hasil optimal pada rasio mol 6:1 setelah reaksi berlangsung selama 50 menit dengan yield biodiesel sebesar 73%.

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Today, the world is experiencing an energy and environmental crisis as a consequence of fossil fuel reserve depletion and pollutants produced by combustion of fossil fuels. Therefore, we need alternative energy from renewable materials. In Indonesia, biodiesel that produced from palm oil is very potential to be developed. However, the biodiesel synthesis process is quite complicated and expensive because it requires stirred reactor and heating. Furthermore, reaction temperature that is used in commercial process is very close to the boiling point of methanol, so the evaporation of methanol is very likely to occur.

Jet bubble column reactor was developed to make a much simpler biodiesel synthesis process. This reactor doesn't need a mixer because of the automatic mixing that is caused by eddy currents that arise inside it. In addition, the reaction takes place in ambient operating temperature, thus ths reactor doesn't require heating and the risk of loss of methanol due to evaporation can be eliminated. In this research, the reaction was carried out with ratio variations of methanol to oil from 6:1 to 3:1 and variation of catalyst and without catalyst.

The experiment shows that catalytic reactions provide optimal result after the reaction lasted for 30 minutes at a ratio of 6:1 at a yield of 85% biodiesel. Meanwhile, the non-catalytic reaction provides optimal result in 6:1 ratio after the reaction lasted for 50 minutes at a yield of 73% biodiesel."