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"Subsea pipelines are used for a number of purposes in the development of subsea hydrocarbon resources as shown in Figure 1.1. A pipeline system can be a single-pipe pipeline system, pipe-in-pipe or bundled system. Normally, the term of subsea flow-lines is used to describe the subsea pipelines carrying oil and gas products from the wellhead to the riser base; the riser is connected to the processing facilities (e.g. a platform or a FPSO). The subsea pipelines from the processing facilities to shore are called export pipelines, while the subsea pipelines from the platform to subsea equipment used to transfer water or chemical inhibiters are called water injection or chemical flow-lines."

"Subsea Pipeline Engineering was the first of its kind, written by two of the world's most respected authorities in subsea pipeline engineering. In the second edition, these industry veterans have updated their definitive reference book, covering the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from route selection and planning to design, construction, installation, materials and corrosion, inspection, welding, repair, risk assessment, and applicable design codes and standards. Particular attention is also devoted to the important specialized subjects of hydraulics, strength, stability, fracture, upheaval, lateral buckling and decommissioning. The book is distilled from the authors' vast experience in the industry and their popular course on Marine Pipeline Engineering"

"Sebagian besar jaringan pipa bawah laut di Indonesia dipasang dengan menggunakan metode S-Lay, dengan menggunakan kapal tongkang yang dilengkapi dengan mooring spread, tensioner dan stinger. Selama pemasangan pipa bawah laut, beban statis terjadi dikarenakan bentuk konfigurasi pipa dari atas kapal sampai di dasar laut, dimana pipa akan mengalami tegangan aksial (axial tension) dan momen lentur (bending moment) di dua area kritis, yaitu overbend dan sagbend. Selain itu beban fatik juga terjadi pada saat pemasangan pipa bawah laut dikarenakan beban lingkungan (seperti arus dan gelombang). Cacat yang terjadi pada proses pengelasan akan mengalami pertumbuhan retak (crack growth) dikarenakan beban fatik.Analisa retak dengan pendekatan fracture mechanics atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan beban fatik akibat variasi ketinggian gelombang signifikan (wave height significant) untuk 0.5m, 1.0m dan 1.8m. BS 7910 digunakan sebagai acuan dalam menentukan kriteria cacat yang diperbolehkan baik untuk cacat diluar dinding pipa (external flaw) dan cacat didalam dinding pipa (internal flaw), dimana kedalaman cacat disimulasikan dari kedalaman (a) 1mm – 3mm.Dari hasil analisa ditemukan bahwa panjang cacat (2c) yang diperbolehkan mengalami penurunan sebesar 12.7% - 25.0% dari ketinggian gelombang 0.5m ke 1.8m untuk cacat diluar dinding pipa, sementara untuk cacat didalam pipa ditemukan bahwa panjang cacat (2c) yang diperbolehkan mengalami penurunan sebesar 5.9% - 13.6% dari ketinggian gelombang 0.5m ke 1.8m. Hasil ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi kontraktor instalasi pipa bawah laut untuk melakukan sensitivitas beban fatik dalam optimisasi untuk menentukan cacat yang diperbolehkan berdasarkan aktual beban gelombang yang terjadi.

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Most of the subsea pipelines in Indonesia are installed using the S-Lay method with pipelay barges equipped with mooring spreads, tensioners, and stingers. During the installation of subsea pipelines, static loads occur due to the pipeline configuration from the firing line of the pipelay barge up to seabed. Where the pipe will experience with axial tension and bending moment in two critical areas, which are overbend and sagbend. In addition, fatigue loads also occur during the installation of subsea pipeline due to environmental loads (i.e., currents and waves). Defects that found after welding will growth due to this fatigue loads.

Crack analysis with a fracture mechanics approach or known as Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) is carried out by considering the fatigue load due to significant wave height variations for 0.5m, 1.0m, and 1.8m. BS 7910 is used as a standard reference in order to determine the allowable defects criteria for an external flaw and internal flaw, where the depth of the defect (a) is simulated from a depth of 1mm – 3mm.

From the analysis found that the allowable defect length (2c) decreased by 12.7% - 25.0% from a significant wave height of 0.5m to 1.8m for an external flaw. While for an internal flaw, it is found that the allowable defect length (2c) decreased by 5.9% - 13.6% from a significant wave height of 0.5m to 1.8m. These results can be used as a basis for subsea pipeline installation contractors to perform fatigue load sensitivity to optimize the allowable defects based on the actual wave load that occurs at site."

"In most subsea developments, oil and gas productions are transported from subsea well to platform in multiphase flow without separation process. Corrosion represents increasing challenges for the operation of subsea pipelines. Corrosion can be defined as a deterioration of a metal, due to chemical or electrochemical between the metal and its environment. The tendency of a metal to corrode depends on a given environment and the metal type"

"Potensi bahaya yang terjadi selama fase FEED (Front End Engineering Design) mengakibatkan kegagalan proyek pipa bawah laut yang diderita dari berbagai aspek baik dari kerugian dana, lingkungan dan bencana alam. Perlu ditentukan metode yang tepat dalam menentukan tingkat risiko dan mitigasi pada integritas pipa sehingga meningkatkan keamanan dan mengurangi potensi risiko. Penerapan analisa risiko metode Risk FMEA yang memperhatikan faktor deteksi dan analisa biaya dengan Monte Carlo, dapat meningkatkan ketepatan mengambil kebijakan risiko, optimalisasi dalam penerapan strategi inspeksi, monitor dan evaluasi risiko. Hasil analisa risiko didapatkan 13 tindakan rekomendasi penanggulangan potensi bahaya yang berasal dari 56 potensi risiko yang ada. Nilai perbandingan antara biaya pemeliharaan dan penanggulangan risiko dibandingkan dengan dampak risiko adalah 0,0986. Analisa yang dilakukan menyatakan bahwa penerapan rekomendasi risiko tersebut dapat menghilangkan potensi bahaya pada proyek pipa bawah laut.

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Potential hazards that occured during phase FEED (Front End Engineering Design) were resulted in the failure of subsea pipeline project and reviewed from various aspects both from financial lost, environmental and natural disasters. The exact method had to be determined the level of risks and mitigate the integrity of pipeline in order to increase security and reduce potential risks.

The approach of the Risk FMEA method which consider the value of detection and analyze pusing Monte Carlo method can improve the accuracy of risk policies, implementation of the strategies, inspection, monitoring and evaluation of risks.

This risk analysis results obtained 13 actions of hazard mitigation which were initally 56 potential risks. The value comparison between the cost of maintenance and control of risk were compared and its value was 0.0986. The implementation of risk analysis? result can be conducted in order to eliminate the potential hazards of subsea pipeline projec."

"Dalam operasi industri migas lepas pantai instalasi pipa bawah laut digunakan sebagai moda transportasi untuk memindahkan produk migas dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya, operasi pipa bawah laut tersebut tidak lepas dari bahaya dan resiko yang bisa disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Mayoritas kegagalan pipa bawah laut terjadi disebabkan karena kegagalan dalam mengenali bahaya dan tidak adanya mitigasi bahaya yang tepat.Kegagalan tersebut dapat dicegah melalui suatu metode manajemen risiko keselamatan dan salah satu tahapan dari manajemen risiko tersebut adalah penilaian risiko. Pipa memiliki kerentanan dalam mengalami kerusakan yang dapat mengakibatkan berbagai insiden keselamatan yang berdampak pada keselamatan manusia, pencemaran lingkungan, serta bisnis perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan penilaian risiko pipa bawah laut 20 inchi yang berlokasi di perairan Kalimantan Timur milik PT.Xpada fase operasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang didapatkan dari dokumen PT. X. Metodologi penilaian risiko pipeline (DNV-RP-F107) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi risiko. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa penilaian Risiko pada Pipa utama 20” penyalur MIGAS PT X telah dilakukan pada skenario kejatuhan dan terseret jangkar, kebocoran pipa, dan kapal tenggelam dengan hasil penelitian menunjukan risiko yang masih bisa diterima (acceptable/minor risk). Mitigasi yang telah dilakukan oleh PT Xdalam mengoperasikan pipa 20” untuk terus dipertahankan agar risiko pada ketiga skenario yang diteliti dapat terus terkontrol dan berada pada tingkat risiko yangrendah/dapat diterima.

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In offshore oil and gas industry operations, underwater pipeline installations are used as

transportation to move oil and gas products from one place to another, the underwater

pipeline operation cannot be separated from the dangers and risks that can be caused by

various factors. Most subsea pipeline failures occur due to failure to recognize hazards

and the absence of proper hazard mitigation. These failures can be prevented through a

safety risk management method and one of the stages of risk management is risk

assessment. Pipes have a vulnerability to damage that can result in various safety

incidents that have an impact on human safety, environmental pollution, as well as the

company's business. This study aims to conduct a risk assessment of the 20-inch

submarine pipeline located in the waters of East Kalimantan belonging to PT.X in the

operation phase. This research is a quantitative research using secondary data obtained

from PT. X. A pipeline risk assessment methodology (DNV-RP-F107) will be used to

identify risks. From the results of the analysis carried out in this study, it was found that

the Risk assessment of the 20” main pipeline for oil and gas distributor PT X had been

carried out in the scenarios of falling and being dragged by anchors, pipe leaks, and

sinking ships with the results of the study showing acceptable risks. The mitigation that

has been carried out by PT X in operating the 20” pipe is to be maintained so that the

risks in the three scenarios studied can be controlled and are at a low/acceptable level of

risk."

"Sesuai dengan kebijakan pemerintah untuk mengatasi ketersediaan energi bagi program pembangunan diperluakan suatu pengembangan lapangan gas. Pengembangan lapangan gas dilakukan oleh Kangean Energy Indonesia Ltd. yang berada di dalam di blok Kangean, berlokasi di 120 Km sebelah Utara Pulau Bali. Pengembangan ini dilakukan dengan cara pengembangan fasilitas bawah laut dan dihubungkan dengan Unit Produksi Terapung (Floating Production Unit - FPU), dan gas hasil produksi dialirkan ke Jawa Timur melalui jalur pipa gas bawah laut Pertamina Gas, East Java Gas Pipeline (EJGP). Penyambungan terhadap jalur pipa gas bawah laut EJGP dilakukan dengan teknik "Hot Tapping" yaitu suatu teknik penyambungan yang dilakukan dengan tanpa menghentikan aliran gas, sehingga tidak menggangu pasokan energi di Jawa Timur. Teknik ini biasa digunakan dalam membuat suatu percabangan pada sebuah pipa yang telah ada (existing) dengan tanpa menganggu jalannya proses operasi. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan mengantisipasi resiko-resiko yang akan timbul saat pekerjaan tersebut berlangsung, dan hasilnya diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan bagi pihak terkait selama proses pekerjaan dan pengoperasian. Analisa resiko semi kuantitatif dengan menggunakan sistem index scoring dan disimulasikan menggunakan software Crystall Ball, dan Shell FRED untuk resiko jika terjadi kebocoran.

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In accordance with the government policy to address the availability energy for the development program required gas field development. Gas field development by Kangean Energy Indonesia Ltd. located within Kangean block 120 Km North of Bali island. The development was conducted by "Sub Sea Facilities Development" and connected to Floating Production Unit (FPU), and gas production flowed to East Java through East Java Gas Pipeline (EJGP) subsea gas pipeline Pertamina Gas. The connection to subsea gas pipeline EJGP by using "Hot Tapping" is a technique of connecting performed without stopping the flow of gas, so it does not interfere with energy supply in East Java. These technique is commonly used in the making of a branching on an existing pipeline without disturbing of operation.

The study was conducted to identify and anticipate risks that would arise when the work progresses, and the results are expected to provide input to related parties during the occupation and operation. Semi-quantitative risk analysis by using a scoring index system and simulated using software Crystall Ball, and Shell FRED to risk in case of a leak."

"Dalam industri minyak dan gas, pipa dipaksa bekerja 24 jam sehari selama satu tahun, atau bahkan selama beberapa dekade. Karena digunakan untuk mendukung distribusi sejumlah besar minyak, gas, dan air dan bahkan dengan jarak yang sangat jauh, medan yang dilewati oleh jaringan pipa sangat beragam, mulai dari laut, dataran rendah, lembah, dan di tanah, kemudian di operasi akan ditemukan dalam berbagai macam masalah. Sangat penting untuk mendeteksi kegagalan di masa depan dari awal tahun atau di mana pipa baru saja dipasang. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada analisis risiko, pipa yang akan dianalisis adalah pipa yang berusia di bawah 2 tahun, dan untuk melihat potensi risiko kegagalan pipa, akan menggunakan metode Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) dengan penambahan Simulasi Monte Carlo di bagian FMEA (Severity, Occurrence, Detection). Untuk melihat potensi kegagalan dari struktur pipa, itu akan menganalisis kerugian dinding berdasarkan pada ketebalan dinding awal, di mana pipa dinding tidak boleh terdegradasi sebanyak 80% dari total dinding awal. Dengan semua metode ini, memungkinkan semua perusahaan pengguna pipa untuk memantau kegagalan pipa di masa depan, terutama untuk pipa yang baru dipasang.

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In the oil and gas industry, pipeline is forced to work 24 hours a day for one year, or even for decades. Because it is used to support the distribution of large amounts of oil, gas, and water and even with very long distances, the terrain passed by pipelines is very diverse, starting from the sea, lowlands, valleys, and in the ground, then in the operation will be found in many kinds of problems. It is really important to detect future failures from early year or where the pipe has just been installed.

This research is focusing on the risk analysis, the pipes to be analyzed are pipes that are under 2 years old, and to see the potential risk of pipe failure, will use the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method with the addition of a Monte Carlo simulation in the Occurence (Severity, Occurrence, Detection) section. To see the potential failure of the pipe structure, it will analyze wall loss based on the initial wall thickness, where the wall pipe should not be degraded as much as 80% of the total initial wall. With all of these methods, it allows all pipe user companies to monitor pipeline failures in the future, especially for newly installed pipes."

"Sistem pipa bawah laut merupakan sarana transportasi yang sangat penting terutama untuk menyalurkan minyak dan gas bumi dari sumbernya ke tempat pengolahan. Akibat dari kondisi topografi dasar laut yang tidak teratur, suatu offshore pipeline bisa saja terbentang bebas atau mengalami free span. Salah satu aspek penting dalam perancangan offshore pipeline adalah analisa rentangan bebas (free span analysis). Pada pengerjaan skripsi kali ini perhitungan free span dinamik pada pipa bawah laut yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan berdasarkan Boyun Guo dan panjang span statik berdasarkan ASME B31.8 untuk pipa gas 14 inchi pada Oyong Project milik Santos Pty Ltd dan juga menggunakan program CFD yaitu program EFD Lab. Program tersebut akan digunakan untuk mensimulasikan kondisi aliran disekitar pipa bawah laut tersebut dan fenomena vortex shedding yang terjadi dan nantinya hasil dari program tersebut akan digunakan untuk dijadikan perbandingan perhitungan dari literatur yang telah dilakukan.

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Subsea pipeline system is a means of transportation which is very important especially for delivering oil and gas from the source to the processing. As a result of the condition of the seabed topography is not smooth, an offshore pipeline could go free or have free span. One important aspect in the design of offshore pipeline analysis is free span analysis.

At the time this final project is processing calculations on the dynamic free span pipeline under the sea by using a calculation based on offshore pipeline Boyun Guo and static based on the length of span ASME B31.8 for 14 inches gas pipeline on the property of Santos Oyong Project Pty Ltd and also using the CFD program (EFD Lab). The program will be used to simulate flow conditions around the pipe under the sea and the vortex shedding phenomenon which occurs later and the results of the program will be used for the calculation of comparative literature that has been done."

"Analisis risiko pada pipa bawah laut 16? Main Oil Line EFPRO - EKOM di Laut Jawa ini dilakukan mengingat adanya potensi bahaya dan risiko tumpahan minyak sehingga dapat berdampak pada ekosistem laut disekitar operasi kerja. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dan dilakukan dengan metode semi kuantitatif. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model penilaian risiko yang dikembangkan oleh Kent Muhlbauer (2004) dalam bukunya Pipeline Risk Management. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan tingkat risiko relatif sehingga didapatkan gambaran risiko yang berguna bagi manajemen dalam mengambil keputusan guna mencegah kejadian kecelakaan yang diakibatkan kegagalan pipa. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pada pipa sepanjang 32.14 km tersebut memiliki nilai rata-rata untuk Design Index sebesar (59.13), Corrosion Index (68.16), Third-party Damage Index (72) dan Incorrect Operations Index (82). Sedangkan nilai risiko relatif tertinggi adalah pada Kilometer Post (KP) 0-1 jalur pipa.

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Risk analysis of subsea pipeline 16" Main Oil Line (MOL) EFPRO - EKOM located at Java Sea was conducted because of the potential hazards and the risk of oil spills that possible impact on ecosystems around the work operations. This research is descriptive analytic and performed by semi-quantitative method. The model used in this study is a model of risk assessment developed by Kent Muhlbauer (2004) in his book ?Pipeline Risk Management.

The purpose of this study was to obtain relative risk that are useful to management in making decisions in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents which caused by the failure of the pipe.

The results of this study showed that the pipeline along the 32.14 km has an average value for the Design Index (59.13), Corrosion Index (68.16), Third party Damage Index (72) and Incorrect Operations Index (82). While the value of the highest relative risk was at Kilometre Post (KP) 0-1 pipeline."