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"In most subsea developments, oil and gas productions are transported from subsea well to platform in multiphase flow without separation process. Corrosion represents increasing challenges for the operation of subsea pipelines. Corrosion can be defined as a deterioration of a metal, due to chemical or electrochemical between the metal and its environment. The tendency of a metal to corrode depends on a given environment and the metal type"

"Based on over 40 years of experience in the field, Ramesh Singh goes beyond corrosion control, providing techniques for addressing present and future integrity issues. Pipeline Integrity Handbook provides pipeline engineers with the tools to evaluate and inspect pipelines, safeguard the life cycle of their pipeline asset and ensure that they are optimizing delivery and capability. Presented in easy-to-use, step-by-step order, Pipeline integrity handbook is a quick reference for day-to-day use in identifying key pipeline degradation mechanisms and threats to pipeline integrity. The book begins with an overview of pipeline risk management and engineering assessment, including data collection and regulatory approaches to liquid pipeline risk management. Other critical integrity issues include :- Pipeline defects and corrective actions- Introduction to various essential pipeline material such as line pipes and valves- Coverage on corrosion and corrosion protection"

"Penilaian risiko untuk fasilitas lepas pantai merupakan komponen kunci dalam rangka menjaga integritas dan keandalan pipa transmisi bawah laut dan untuk memastikan distribusi produk selalu sesuai dengan standar keselamatan dan untuk memastikan kualitas & kuantitas volume sesuai dengan desain. Penilaian diperlukan untuk memberikan status dan rencana risiko, inspeksi, pemantauan dan penilaian integritas pada Pipeline dan Riser serta mitigasi sebagai sistem yang berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, tesis ini menyajikan risiko berdasarkan estimasi kemungkinan kegagalan (PoF) dan konsekuensi kegagalan (CoF). Estimasi PoF dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan metode scoring 3 komponen utama dalam scoring PoF yaitu kerusakan pihak eksternal, hasil inspeksi dan design & operation. CoF dibagi menjadi beberapa tingkat konsekuensi untuk setiap kelompok konsekuensi (yaitu keselamatan personel, ancaman terhadap aset, lingkungan dan reputasi & regulasi). Frekuensi pemeriksaan juga ditentukan berdasarkan tingkat Risiko, validitas data input penilaian Risiko, Tingkat keyakinan status integritas, dan Evaluasi potensi perluasan risiko. Untuk bagian pipa dan spool aset, status integritas ditentukan oleh kehilangan logam, interval ILI, dan rentang bebas.

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Risk assessment for offshore facilities are a key component in order to maintain the integrity and reliability of the subsea transmission pipeline and to ensure product distribution is always compliant with safety standards and to ensure quality & quantity of volume is according to design. An assessment is needed to provide status and plans of risk, inspection, monitoring and integrity assessment on the Pipeline and Riser as well as the mitigation as a continuous system. Therefore, this thesis presents risk based on Probability of Failure (PoF) and Consequence of Failure (CoF) estimation. PoF estimation is conducted qualitatively with scoring method 3 main components in PoF scoring which are Damage by External Party, inspection results and design & operation. CoF is divided into multiple levels of consequence for each consequence group (i.e. personnel safety, threat to asset, environment and reputation & regulation). Inspection frequency also define by depends on Risk level, Risk assessment input data validity, Confidence level in integrity status, and Evaluation of potential risk expansion. For pipeline and spool section of the asset, integrity status is determined by metal loss, ILI interval and free span. "

"Subsea Pipeline Engineering was the first of its kind, written by two of the world's most respected authorities in subsea pipeline engineering. In the second edition, these industry veterans have updated their definitive reference book, covering the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from route selection and planning to design, construction, installation, materials and corrosion, inspection, welding, repair, risk assessment, and applicable design codes and standards. Particular attention is also devoted to the important specialized subjects of hydraulics, strength, stability, fracture, upheaval, lateral buckling and decommissioning. The book is distilled from the authors' vast experience in the industry and their popular course on Marine Pipeline Engineering"

"Permintaan bahan bakar gas telah meningkat dalam satu tahun terakhir di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa di masa depan, pasar gas akan mengalami peningkatan. Memastikan bahwa sistem pipa dalam kondisi baik sangat penting untuk mengimbangi tingginya permintaan dan kebutuhan gas dan bahan bakar. Tinjauan dilakukan mengenai implementasi Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) untuk menurunkan tingkat resiko pada jaringan pipa gas. PIMS adalah sistem manajemen yang digunakan pada area jaringan sistem pipa berbasis risiko sehingga pipa tetap dapat mengirim cairan dengan kondisi yang andal dan aman. Dalam tesis ini dijelaskan bagaimana mencapai rencana operasi yang lebih efektif pada sistem jaringan pipa area "x", menggunakan panduan dari buku Kent Muhlbaeur tentang Pedoman Manajemen Risiko Pipeline. Hasil yang didapatkan pada tesis ini adalah:(1) Tingkat resiko untuk jaringan pipa area lapangan "x"(2) Saran integrasi untuk pekerjaan inspeksi, perawatan, dan perbaikan(3) Hasil penurunan tingkat resiko pada jaringan pipa gas area "x"

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Demand for natural gas has increased in the past year in Indonesia, indicating that in the future, the gas market will expand. Ensuring that the pipeline system is in good condition is very important to offset the high demand of gas and fuel. This review was conducted on the implementation of the Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) to reduce the level of risk in the gas pipeline network. PIMS is a risk-based management system that is used in the pipeline systems so that the pipeline would be able to send fluids in a reliable and safe conditions. In this thesis, it is explained how to achieve a more effective operating plan in "x" field pipeline system, using guidance from Kent Muhlbaeur's book on Pipeline Risk Management Guidelines. The results obtained in this thesis are:(1) Risk level for "x" field area pipelines(2) Suggested integration for inspection, maintenance and repair work(3) Risk level reduction in "x" field gas pipeline."

"Potensi bahaya yang terjadi selama fase FEED (Front End Engineering Design) mengakibatkan kegagalan proyek pipa bawah laut yang diderita dari berbagai aspek baik dari kerugian dana, lingkungan dan bencana alam. Perlu ditentukan metode yang tepat dalam menentukan tingkat risiko dan mitigasi pada integritas pipa sehingga meningkatkan keamanan dan mengurangi potensi risiko. Penerapan analisa risiko metode Risk FMEA yang memperhatikan faktor deteksi dan analisa biaya dengan Monte Carlo, dapat meningkatkan ketepatan mengambil kebijakan risiko, optimalisasi dalam penerapan strategi inspeksi, monitor dan evaluasi risiko. Hasil analisa risiko didapatkan 13 tindakan rekomendasi penanggulangan potensi bahaya yang berasal dari 56 potensi risiko yang ada. Nilai perbandingan antara biaya pemeliharaan dan penanggulangan risiko dibandingkan dengan dampak risiko adalah 0,0986. Analisa yang dilakukan menyatakan bahwa penerapan rekomendasi risiko tersebut dapat menghilangkan potensi bahaya pada proyek pipa bawah laut.

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Potential hazards that occured during phase FEED (Front End Engineering Design) were resulted in the failure of subsea pipeline project and reviewed from various aspects both from financial lost, environmental and natural disasters. The exact method had to be determined the level of risks and mitigate the integrity of pipeline in order to increase security and reduce potential risks.

The approach of the Risk FMEA method which consider the value of detection and analyze pusing Monte Carlo method can improve the accuracy of risk policies, implementation of the strategies, inspection, monitoring and evaluation of risks.

This risk analysis results obtained 13 actions of hazard mitigation which were initally 56 potential risks. The value comparison between the cost of maintenance and control of risk were compared and its value was 0.0986. The implementation of risk analysis? result can be conducted in order to eliminate the potential hazards of subsea pipeline projec."

"Peralatan produksi pada industri minyak dan gas saat ini sudah banyak yang beroperasi mendekati umur desainnya. Khususnya peralatan produksi berupa pipa penyalur bawah air, bahkan banyak yang sudah beroperasi melewati umur desain. Meskipun demikian pipa penyalur tersebut masih digunakan untuk mengalirkan cairan hidrokarbon dengan laju alir dan tekanan yang relatif tinggi. Hal ini guna mengimbangi semakin tingginya kegiatan sumuran yang dilakukan, baik pengeboran sumur baru, peningkatan produksi sumur yang ada dengan artificial lift (water injection atau gas lift) maupun pengaktifan kembali sumur mati atau idle. Untuk memastikan bahwa integritas pipa penyalur masih baik untuk mendukung kontinyuitas produksi minyak dan gas, maka kegiatan integritas yang mencakup inspeksi, perawatan dan perbaikan dilakukan secara berkala untuk menghindari kehilangan produksi tidak terjadwal. Inspeksi pipa penyalur bawah air yang dipakai menggunakan metoda Inline Inspection (ILI) karena pertimbangan efisiensi waktu dan biaya. Kajian integritas menghasilkan nilai failure pressure (PF) 176,6 bar dan safe operating pressure (PS) 127,2 bar. Nilai tersebut masih di atas MAOP pipa 29 bar sehingga pipa masih layak operasi saat ini. Mempertimbangkan laju korosi sebesar 0,797 mmpy maka kajian sisa umur layan pipa penyalur adalah 2,4 tahun dari inspeksi terakhir. Korelasi yang signifikan antara laju korosi maupun penipisan ketebalan dinding pipa terhadap waktu usia pipa ditunjukkan dengan nilai R=1. Model matematika untuk fungsi ketebalan dinding pipa (Ta) = -0.1588x2+3.6195x-16.669 dan fungsi laju korosi (CR) = 0.0137x2-0.3752x + 3.2674.

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Production equipment in oil and gas industry mostly have already been operated close to its design life. Especially for subsea pipeline, many of those have already operated exceed its design life. Nevertheless, the subsea pipelines are still utilized to flow the hydrocarbon fluid with high flowrate and pressure. This is to accommodate and compensate the increasing of well activity, such as drilling new well, improvement of well performance through artificial lift (water or gas lift injection) or reactivation the idle well. As assurance that integrity of subsea pipelines is still fit for service to support continuity oil and gas production lifting, then inspection activity shall be done in frequent. Subsea pipeline inspection activity which commonly used due to its time and cost efficiency is inline inspection (ILI). Integrity assessment resulting the pipeline failure pressure (PF) 176,6 bar and safe operating pressure (PS) 127,2 bar. These values are much higher than pipeline MAOP 29 bar so that pipeline is fit for service. Considering corrosion rate value 0,797 mmpy, then remaining life assessment resulting the pipeline has remaining life for 2,4 year from last inspection. Significant correlation between corrosion rate and pipeline wall thickness by time is showed by value R=1. Mathematic model for pipeline wall thickness (Ta) = -0.1588x2 + 3.6195x-16.669 while corrosion rate (CR) = 0.0137x2-0.3752x + 3.2674."

"Subsea pipelines are used for a number of purposes in the development of subsea hydrocarbon resources as shown in Figure 1.1. A pipeline system can be a single-pipe pipeline system, pipe-in-pipe or bundled system. Normally, the term of subsea flow-lines is used to describe the subsea pipelines carrying oil and gas products from the wellhead to the riser base; the riser is connected to the processing facilities (e.g. a platform or a FPSO). The subsea pipelines from the processing facilities to shore are called export pipelines, while the subsea pipelines from the platform to subsea equipment used to transfer water or chemical inhibiters are called water injection or chemical flow-lines."

"Potensi sumber daya minyak dan gas Indonesia saat ini masih cukup besar, terutama di area lepas pantai. Salah satu metode transmisi dan distribusi yang efektif dan efisien adalah dengan menggunakan pipa bawah laut. Pada proyek pembangunan pipa bawah laut seringkali ditemui masalah-masalah yang dapat menyebabkan kegagalan sehingga mengakibatkan menurunnya kinerja proyek. Masalah-masalah yang timbul dapat diakibatkan oleh beberapa aspek, termasuk diantaranya aspek teknis dan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu analisa berbasis risiko akan dilakukan pada penelitian ini dan diharapkan dapat menghasilkan strategi pengelolaan risiko yang baik sehingga kinerja waktu dan biaya pada proyek pembangunan pipa bawah laut dapat dioptimalkan.

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Oil and gas resources in Indonesia is still quite large, especially in offshore area. Subsea pipeline is one of the transmission and distribution method which effective and efficient. In subsea pipeline construction project often encountered problems that can cause a failure resulting in reduced performance of the project. The problems that arise can be caused by several aspects, including technical and environmental aspects. Therefore, a risk-based analysis will be carried out in this research study and is expected to produce a good risk management strategy so that the performance of the time and cost of the subsea pipeline construction project can be optimized."