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"AbstractIndonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) is the first bilateral economic agreement for Indonesia. IJEPA is expected to increase Indonesia manufacture industry competition because the establishment of USDFS and MIDEC. Post IJEPA, Price-cost margins (PCM) fluctuated. PCM has been generally used as a competition indicator, because PCM related to average profit of an industry. This study uses panel data of large and small industry within 2004-2012 periods. This study conclude that IJEPA able to make PCM of manufacture industry fall through efficiency of input factors use, the cost of materials price downfall, and economies of scale in certain industries.AbstrakIndonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) merupakan perjanjian kerja sama ekonomi bilateral yang pertama untuk Indonesia. IJEPA diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kompetisi industri manufaktur karena disepakatinya fasilitas khusus untuk peningkatan kapasitas dan daya saing industri manufaktur, yaitu USDFS dan MIDEC. Setelah IJEPA, Price-cost Margins (PCM) Indonesia berfluktuasi. PCM digunakan sebagai indikator persaingan, dikarenakan berhubungan dengan keuntungan rata-rata di sebuah industri. Studi ini menggunakan data panel industri besar dan sedang periode 2004-2012. Dari studi ini disimpulkan bahwa IJEPA mampu menurunkan PCM industri manufaktur Indonesia dengan efisiensi faktor input produksi, penurunan biaya bahan baku industri, dan pencapaian skala ekonomi pada industri tertentu."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) merupakan perjanjian kerjasama ekonomi bilateral yang pertama untuk Indonesia. IJEPA diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kompetisi industri manufaktur Indonesia karena telah disepakatinya fasilitas khusus untuk peningkatan kapasitas dan daya saing industri manufaktur, yaitu USDFS dan MIDEC. Setelah implementasi IJEPA, Price-cost margins (PCM) Indonesia berfluktuasi setelah IJEPA. Price-cost margins telah digunakan sebagai indikator persaingan, dikarenakan PCM berhubungan dengan keuntungan rata-rata di sebuah industri.. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak implementasi IJEPA terhadap PCM industri manufaktur Indonesia dengan menggunakan data panel industri besar dan sedang periode 2004 ? 2012. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa IJEPA mampu menurunkan PCM industri manufaktur Indonesia dengan efisiensi faktor input produksi, penurunan biaya bahan baku industri, dan pencapaian skala ekonomi pada industri tertentu.

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ABSTRACT

Indonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) is the first bilateral economic agreement for Indonesia. IJEPA is expected to increase Indonesia manufacture industry competition because of the establishment of preferential facilities of capacity building and competition for manufacturing industry in Indonesia, they are USDFS and MIDEC. Post implementation of IJEPA, Price-cost margins (PCM) fluctuated. PCM has been generally used as a competition indicator, because PCM related to average profit of an industry. This study analyzes the impact of IJEPA implementation on PCM of manufacture industry in Indonesia using panel data of large and small industry within 2004 ? 2012 periods. The result of this study conclude that IJEPA able to make PCM of manufacture industry fall through efficiency of input factors use, the cost of materials price downfall, and economies of scale in certain industries."

"AbstractHaving data sample in 1987, 1995, and 2008, this research aims to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on technical efficiency of Indonesian manufacturing firms since deregulation in the 1980s. In addition, the research also analyzes the impact of other efficiency determinants coming from firm characteristics and market structure. Technical inefficiency score is estimated by using stochastic production frontier model, whereas the impact of efficiency determinants is analyzed by using Ordinary Least Squared model (OLS). For each year observed, liberalization has different impacts on technical efficiency. However, as liberalization continues, it has facilitated firms to produce towards their full technical efficient production-level.AbstrakDengan mengambil sampel tahun 1987, 1995, dan 2008, studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap efisiensi teknis perusahaan dalam industri manufaktur Indonesia sejak deregulasi pada tahun 1980-an. Selain itu, dianalisis pula pengaruh faktor determinan efisiensi lainnya yang berasal dari karakteristik internal perusahaan dan struktur industri. Nilai inefisiensi teknis diestimasi dengan model stochastic production frontier, sedangkan analisis pengaruh faktor determinan efisiensi teknis menggunakan model Ordinary Least Squared (OLS). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi perdagangan memiliki dampak berbeda terhadap efisiensi teknis pada setiap tahun yang diamati. Namun, liberalisasi akhirnya dapat memfasilitasi perusahaan dalam meningkatkan performanya, melalui peningkatan nilai efisiensi teknis."

"Perjanjian kerjasama ekonomi atau Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) merupakan suatu perjanjian dagang dimana tidak hanya bertujuan untuk membuka akses pasar perdagangan namun juga mempertimbangkan aspek kerja sama ekonomi dan inisiatif pembangunan antara kedua negara. Perjanjian perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Jepang menjadi perjanjian dagang bilateral pertama bagi Indonesia yang mencakup perdagangan barang, perdagangan jasa, dan investasi, mulai berlaku pada tahun 2008. Perkembangan sektor jasa menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian mengenai analisis perkembangan sektor jasa menjadi menarik untuk diulas lebih lanjut terutama jika dikaitkan dengan berlakunya perjanjian bilateral antara Indonesia dan Jepang EPA. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi data panel dengan metode estimasi yang digunakan adalah model Gravity dengan Difference in Difference (DiD) untuk melihat pengaruh adanya dampak dari perjanjian IJEPA. Hasil penelitian yang menunjukan bahwa variabel interest tidak signifikan terhadap variabel dependen memberikan gambaran bahwa adanya perjanjian IJEPA secara statistik kurang dapat menjelaskan hubungan yang terjadi dengan nilai ekspor maupun nilai impor sektor jasa Indonesia. Adanya implementasi IJEPA di Indonesia masih belum berpengaruh dan belum memperoleh manfaat yang optimal khususnya untuk perdagangan sektor jasa.

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The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) is a trade agreement that aims to open trade market access and considers aspects of economic cooperation and development initiatives between the two countries. The trade agreement between Indonesia and Japan is Indonesia's first bilateral trade agreement covering trade in goods, services, and investment, and entry into force in 2008. The development of the service sector is an important factor in supporting economic growth. Research on the analysis of the development of the service sector is interesting for further review, especially if it is associated with the enactment of the bilateral agreement between Indonesia and Japan EPA.

This study uses panel data regression with the estimation method used by the Gravity model with Difference in Difference (DiD) to see the impact of the IJEPA. The study results show that the interest variable is not significant to the dependent variable illustrating that the existence of the IJEPA agreement is statistically unable to explain the relationship that occurs with the value of exports and imports of the Indonesian service sector. Implementing IJEPA in Indonesia still does not have an impact and has not given benefits, especially for service trade."

"AbstractWe try to analyze the impact of Chinese Textile and Garment (T&G) imports, and the internal and external factors to the firm survival and growth of T&G industry in Indonesia, for the period study of 2002 to 2007. Probit regression model is used to analyze the impact of Chinese imports to the survival of firm, while OLS regression model is used to analyze its growth. It shows that the ability of firms' survival is influenced by the internal and external factors. The Chinese imports give positive impact to the firms' survival ability. On the other hand, firm's growth is only affected by its internal characteristics, while the impact of Chinese imports is proven not significant. The Heckman test result stated that there are no correlation between firms' ability to survive and the firm growth behavior.AbstrakStudi ini menganalisis dampak dari penetrasi impor TPT Cina, faktor internal, serta faktor eksternal terhadap kebertahanan dan pertumbuhan perusahaan dalam industri TPT Indonesia periode tahun 2002-2007. Metode probit regression digunakan untuk mengetahui dampak impor Cina terhadap kebertahanan perusahaan, sementara regresi linear sederhana (OLS) digunakan untuk menganalisis pertumbuhannya. Ditemukan bahwa kebertahanan perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik internal dan eksternal, serta impor Cina yang memberikan dampak positif. Sementara pertumbuhan perusahaan hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal, di mana impor Cina tidak memberikan dampak signikan. Hasil pengujian Heckman menyatakan tidak ada indikasi hubungan antara kebertahanan perusahaan dengan perilaku pertumbuhannya."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai implementasi special and differentialtreatment di dalam IJEPA sebagai sarana pembangunan dalam bentuk bantuanteknis dan kerjasama dari Jepang kepada Indonesia untuk mencapai tujuannya yaitumembangun melalui perdagangan internasional. Hal tersebut diberikan karena padadasarnya Indonesia mengalami kerugian secara intrinsik akibat liberalisasi IJEPA.Bantuan tersebut berupa pengembangan manufaktur atau yang disebut denganMIDEC. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajiannormatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi MIDEC sebagaisebuah bentuk special and differential treatment di dalam IJEPA belumdilaksanakan secara maksimal. Hal tersebut dikarenakan lemahnya landasan hukumdalam segi pengaturan tanggung jawab pelaksana dan pengawasan organisasiMIDEC terhadap kegiatan MIDEC, pengaturan pembiayaan MIDEC, danpenetapan program/roadmap yang kurang terperinci.Disis lain, implementasi MIDEC selama 5 tahun memberikan pengaruhterhadap perdagangan barang di Indonesia, antara lain perbaikan standard kualitasproduk manufaktur (elektronik, besi, otomotif), penurunan harga domestik produkmanufaktur di Indonesia, dan meningkatkan nilai ekspor beberapa barangmanufaktur dalam program MIDEC (seperti otomotif dan elektronik). Penelitian inijuga menyarankan agar Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dapat melakukanrenegosiasi terkait hal tersebut di atas serta memanfaatkan program MIDEC secaramaksimal bagi seluruh stakeholder di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the implementation of special and differential treatmentin the IJEPA as a means of development in the form of technical assistance andcooperation from Japan to Indonesia to achieve its goal of building throughinternational trade. It is given because basically Indonesia experienced a loss dueto liberalization IJEPA intrinsically. Assistance in the form of manufacturing ordevelopment called MIDEC. This study is a qualitative study using normativestudy. The results of this study indicate that the implementation MIDEC as a formof special and differential treatment in the IJEPA not yet fully implemented. Thisis due to a weak legal basis in terms of regulation and oversight responsibilities ofimplementing the activities of MIDEC by the MIDEC organization, MIDECfinancing arrangements, and the establishment of a program /roadmap that lackdetail.On other hand, the implementation MIDEC for 5 years to gave effect to tradegoods in Indonesia, among others, improvement of standards of quality ofmanufactured products (electronics, steel, automotive), the decline in domesticprices of manufactured products in Indonesia, and increase the value of exports ofmanufactured goods in the program MIDEC (such as automotive and electronics).This study also suggested that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia torenegotiate related to the above as well as maximally utilize MIDEC program forall stakeholders in Indonesia."

"Setelah lima tahun perjanjian Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA), pihak Indonesia kemudian berinisiatif untuk mengajukan General Review (GR) di tahun 2013. Pengajuan GR pertama kali dilakukan oleh pihak Indonesia dengan alasan perjanjian IJEPA tidak memberikan hasil yang maksimal dan merugikan bagi Indonesia. Pemerintah Jepang saat itu tidak langsung menyepakati pengajuan tersebut dengan alasan Jepang ingin Indonesia untuk mengganti beberapa peraturan kementerian keuangan yang dianggap tidak sesuai dengan komitmen Indonesia dalam perjanjian. Kemudian pertanyaan yang muncul dari masalah ini adalah bagaimana proses GR IJEPA berlangsung hingga Indonesia memutuskan untuk mengubah kesepakatan dan melanjutkan perjanjian. Pertanyaan ini dijawab menggunakan kerangka teori two level game dari Robert D. Putnam dengan tujuan untuk melihat bagaimana proses dari GR IJEPA hingga keputusan melanjutkan perjanjian IJEPA. Untuk mendapatkan jawaban dari pertanyaan, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan Causal Process Tracing. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pada tingkat domestik, meskipun terdapat perbedaan kepentingan diantara Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Perdagangan, dan Kementerian Keuangan, semua pihak dapat mencapai kesepakatan untuk menjalankan GR-IJEPA, yaitu dengan mengubah beberapa peraturan perjanjian agar dapat menguntungkan pihak Indonesia. Pada tingkat internasional Indonesia akhirnya tetap melanjutkan perjanjian IJEPA dan melakukan GR-IJEPA dengan beberapa tawaran dari pihak Indonesia yang akhirnya disepakati Jepang dan persetujuan penambahan pos tariff sebagai solusi dari perubahan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) yang diminta oleh Jepang.

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After five years of the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) implementation, Indonesia took the initiative to propose a General Review (GR) in 2013. The GR proposal was first made by the Indonesian government on the grounds that the IJEPA agreement did not provide maximum results and was detrimental to Indonesia. The Japanese government, at that time, did not immediately agree to the proposal because Japan wanted Indonesia to amend several Ministry of Finance regulations deemed inconsistent with Indonesia's commitments in the agreement. The research question in this thesis is "How was the process of GR IJEPA until Indonesia decided to modify and continue the agreement?" The research question will be answered using a two-level game theory, by Robert D. Putnam, to see the process of GR-IJEPA and the decision of Indonesia to continue the agreement betweent two country. This study used a qualitative method with the Causal Process Tracing approach. This study found at the domestic level the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Trade, and the Ministry of Finance agreed to implemented GRIJEPA to change several agreement regulations in order to gain the benefit from the agreement. At the international level, Indonesia finally agreed to continued the agreement and continuing GR-IJEPA with several offers from Indonesia which finally agreed by Japan, and the approval of additional tariff posts as a solution the amendment to the Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) that requested by Japan."

"Despite its shortcomings, many industrial economists believe that coxentration index is a powerful tool to use in order to analyze the level of competition within a market. This is due to the fact that concentration index influences greatly market performance. Nonetheless, there are two opposing views on how does concentration index actually influences the market (Donsimoni, 1984). On one hand, the relationship between competition and market performance, and perfect competition with market performance on the other hand, have been discussed since the 18th century, however, a common ground between those two opposing theories have relatively been left untouched by analysis (Bothwell, 1984). Even so, in the last three decades, many researches have been done based on those two opposing theories.Through the use of panel regression in this research, the degree of collusion in the Indonesian manufacturing industry can be found. Although the degree of collusion is small, nevertheless, there exists a positive relationship between the degree of collusion and the level of concentration. This proves that the first theory, Market Power Theory, applies in this case. By knowing that this is the theory which applies in the manufacturing industry in Indonesia, the policy implemented must be adjusted accordingly. Policy implemented by the government for the manufacturing industry should take into account the possibility that collusion exists within certain industries which contain a small amount oflarge firms that control the majority ofthe market share."

"Economic growth give some hope on labor absorbtion in economic sectors. It can be seen from trends after crisis that unemployement is rising overtime. This study tends to look on structural impact of growth in industrial and trade sector to labor absorption in Indonesia. The result is labor absorption projection in economic sectors within 2003-2007"

"AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the effect of fiscal policy in Indonesia based on a VAR approach. Fiscal policy shocks are identified as a structural residuals related to unexpected government expenditures and tax revenues. Impulse responses are then used to simulate the dynamic response of key macroeconomics variables of shocks. The analysis shows that GDP responses negatively to tax shocks, and positively to expenditure shock. Moreover, disposable income and private consumptionreact negatively to taxation and positively to government expenditures. Altogether the results are consistent with that of Keynesian models."