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"AbstractThis study aims to determine the relationship between local government spending, agricultural productivity, and poverty in Indonesia for the period of 2005-2008. Using econometric models of the panel and panelsimultaneous, this study find the evidence that local government spending on infrastructure and education significantly affect agricultural productivity and poverty. The study also found that the value of multiplier effect of local government spending on poverty, roads is the largest, followed by education (the literacy rate) and irrigation."

"The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of public sector expenditure to economic growth and poverty in all provinces in Indonesia during period 2006 to 2008. Using Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) approach, the result showed that public sector expenditure on education and health sector had significant effect inboosting economic growth. In addition, the output produced by the education and health sector, both of the output had significant effect on economic growth. While, public sector expenditure on infrastructure had insignificant effect. Furthermore, this study showed that public sector expenditure on education and health also had significant effect in reducing the number of poor through the outcome such as form of school enrollment, literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy. On the other hand, the effect of economic growth to reduce the number of poor was not significant."

"AbstractSalah satu aspek penting dari kebijakan desentralisasi skal adalah pelimpahan wewenang dan tanggungjawab pengelolaan dana publik ke pemerintah daerah, khususnya kota/kabupaten. Sesudah lebih dari sepu-luh tahun diimplementasikan, ketersediaan informasi dan data memungkinkan untuk melakukan evaluasisejauh mana dampaknya pada pembangunan ekonomi regional. Studi ini ingin mengetahui apakah kinerjapengelolaan keuangan daerah cukup efektif dalam penyediaan infrastruktur dasar dan apakah penyediaaninfrastruktur dasar secara efektif mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Dengan menggunakan metode data panel,studi ini mengonrmasi hubungan positif antara kinerja pengelolaan keuangan daerah dengan penyediaaninfrastruktur dasar (khususnya jalan dan listrik, namun tidak berlaku untuk air bersih). Adapun hubunganantara penyediaan infrastruktur dasar dengan angka kemiskinan, sesuai harapan, ternyata negatif. Temuanini memperkuat keyakinan perlunya mendorong lebih kuat lagi pembangunan infrastruktur dasar untukmengurangi angka kemiskinan."

"Berdasarkan Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2012 diketahui AKB (Angka Kematian Bayi) di Indonesia adalah 32 kematian per 1000 kelahiran hidup. Angka ini masih jauh dari target RPJMN 2015 – 2019 yang menargetkan AKB tahun 2019 sebesar 24/1000 kelahiran hidup, dan target Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) yang menargetkan AKB tahun 2030 sebesar 12/1000 kelahiran hidup. AKB tersebut menunjukkan peningkatan derajat kesehatan anak di Indonesia belum sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, dan dapat mengancam kelangsungan hidup anak di Indonesia. Selain itu, menurut Bank Dunia, pengalokasian anggaran bidang kesehatan belum maksimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk pengaruh realisasi pengeluaran kesehatan pemerintah daerah terhadap angka kematian bayi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga melibatkan beberapa variabel yaitu pengeluaran kesehatan, jumlah persalinan ditolong tenaga kesehatan, pendidikan wanita, pemberian vaksin tetanus toksoid serta jumlah penduduk perdesaan. Hasil penelitian diketahui pendidikan wanita dan persalinan ditolong tenaga kesehatan merupakan faktor yang signifikan terhadap kematian bayi. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar alokasi anggaran kesehatan pemerintah berfokus pada program kesehatan untuk mencapai tujuan SDGs. Selain itu, peningkatan sarana prasarana kesehatan di perdesaan.

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Based on the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012, IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) in Indonesia was 32 deaths per 1000 live births. This number was still far from the 2015 - 2019 RPJMN goals that mention IMR dropped to 24/1000 live births by 2019, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targeted the IMR reduced to 12/1000 live births by 2030. The IMR shows that improving children's health status in Indonesia is not as expected, and can threat the survival of children in Indonesia. In addition, according to the World Bank, the allocation of health budget has not been maximized. This research was conducted to influence the realization of health expenditure of local government to infant mortality rate in Indonesia.

The study also involved several variables namely health expenditure, number of deliveries assisted by health personnel, female education, tetanus toxoid vaccine and the number of rural population. The results of the research that female education and childbirth assisted by health personnel are significant factors to degrade infant mortality rate. This study suggests that government health budget allocations are focusing on health programs to achieve the objectives of the SDGs. In addition, improvement of health infrastructure in rural areas needs to be develop."

"Over the last decade of Indonesia's fiscal decentralization era, the amount of intergovernmental fiscal transfers has increased substantially. The increase of intergovernmental fiscal transfers is expected to reduce the burden of local economy without sacrificing the quality of public service. This study aims to investigate whether the block grant transfer affect the spending behavior of local government. Using Pool Least Square method and taking East Kalimantan Province as case study, this study found the existance of flypaper effect. This finding emphasize the view of any increase in block grant of transfer will only induce higher spending. Therefore, in order to achieve the independency of local government as the objective of decentralization, some efforts should be taken to minimize the impact of flypaper effect."

"The Focus of this study is crowdi.ng out effect and public choice mechanism i.n determination of education expenditures of local government. Education spending has risen significantly over three last decades. Indonesia 2001's decentralization is rapidly moving the country from one of the most centralized system in the world to one of the most decenualized. The country has embarked on a program of fiscal, administrative and political decenu-alization at the same time. It has been asserted that larger education expenditures have caused local governments to spend less on other types of government services. Using panel of districts-level data for the period of 2001-2005, this study provides a test of the hypothesis that education spending has crowded out other types of spending and ties to find out which party in Indonesia that have preference in education. The results indicate that,for the period studied, there is evidence that i.ncreased local government education expenditures resulted in lower levels of speding on other categories of local government provided good and services. Only four parties that pro education are Golkar,Partai Keadi1an,Partai Persatuan Pembangunan(PPP) and Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB). Other results showed that districts located in Java spend higher education expenditures than out of Java and districts with natural resource revenue shares have higher education expenditures as well."

"AbstractIndonesia has been still experiencing regional economic disparity problems, including in labour productivity. This study employs dynamic panel approach to analyze convergence and to identify determinants of regional labour productivity during the period of 1987-2011. The System Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM) estimation results show that regional convergence process occurs with speed of convergence of 0.06518 per year. Physical capital stock, human capital stock, total trade, and real wage give positive impacts. Therefore, government should prioritize in overcoming labour productivity disparity in Eastern Indonesia in which are more unequal than in Western Indonesia where interventions should be greater for provinces with lower labour productivity.AbstrakIndonesia masih mengalami masalah terkait dengan disparitas perekonomian regional, termasuk dalam hal produktivitas tenaga kerja. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan panel dinamis untuk menganalisis konvergensi dan mengidentikasi determinan produktivitas tenaga kerja regional selama periode 1987-2011. Model estimasi System Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM) menunjukkan bahwa proses konvergensi regional terjadi dengan kecepatan konvergensi 0,06518 per tahun. Stok modal fisik, stok modal manusia, total perdagangan, dan upah riil ditemukan memberikan pengaruh positif. Pemerintah harus lebih memprioritaskan untuk mengatasi masalah disparitas produktivitas tenaga kerja di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) yang lebih timpang dibandingkan Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) di mana intervensi harus lebih fokus terhadap provinsi-provinsi dengan tingkat produktivitas tenaga kerja yang lebih rendah."

"This study tries to measure the optimum size of regional government (municipality/city) which will support the accomplishment of decentralization policy ?s objectives. The result of this study will conclude how the reformation pattern toward regional government in Indonesia should be done. The result of regressing translog and quadratic functions using cost per capita minimalization approach shows the existence of economy of scale from the size of municipality/city?s population. Using maximization approach, ¡t is also shown that Municipality/city government expenditure ¡s not efficient yet and has not supported the efforts to accomplish the desired development performance. With various regulations, the significant variable used in the measurement of optimum size is the number of population.The result of using minimization and maximization approaches show that the optimum size for municipality/city is not single (differ), between municipality and city, among each kind of per capita expenditure, and across tìme. Generally, the optimum and minimum size of population for municipality/city such that per capita expenditure can be minimized and such that Regional GDP per capita increases are approximately two million people. The reality of municipality/city?s size which in general is relatively small compared to the optimum and minimum measurement shows the inefficiency of municipality/city government expenditure, and its ineffectiveness to support the effort to enhance the welfare of society. Hence, territoty extension policy performed this far, is actually worsen the accomplishment of its main objective on conducting regional government and development."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara tidak dapat dilepaskan dari peningkatan kualitas pendidikannya. Pendidikan mempunyai kontribusi besar dalam peningkatan mutu modal manusia, dimana manusia adalah penggerak faktor produksi lainnya. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi adalah indikator kemajuan pendidikan suatu bangsa, semakin tinggi ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang dikuasai oleh suatu bangsa, semakin majulah pembangunan bangsa tersebut.Pendidikan mempunyai kontribusi dalam berbagai sektor, termasuk dalam pengembangan sektor pertanian. Modernisasi pertanian tidak dapat dilepaskan dari peningkatan teknologi dan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang diaplikasikan pada sektor ini. Dampaknya adalah produksi pertanian yang makin meningkat dan efisien, serta tersedianya suplai pangan yang cukup untuk masyarakat. Bahkan pendidikan mengubah deklinasi yang seharusnya terjadi disektor pertanian-yang diakibatkan menurunnya demand terhadap produksi pertanianssenjadi stabil, bahkan meningkat untuk beberapa negara maju. Seperti di Amerika Serikat, sektor pertanian tetap ditumbuhkembangkan sehingga tetap terjamin swasembada pangan dan bahkan menghasilkan pendapatan negara karena oversupply sektor ini. Sektor pertanian Amerika Serikat didukung oleh pengembangan teknologi yang dilakukan melalui penelitian-penelitian yang dilakukan dengan tujuan meningkatkan produktivitas dan efisiensi sektor ini. Pendidikan menjadi hal utama untuk mengakses teknologi tersebut. "

"Penelitian ini memeriksa keterkaitan antara kualitas pelaporan keuangan daerah yang diproksikan dengan opini audit dan pengungkapan laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah (LKPD) kabupaten, serta tingkat korupsi di INdonesia. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif deskriptif dan menggunakan metode analisis is (konten) untuk mengolah data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pelaporan laporan keuangan semakin meningkat yang ditunjukkan dengan membaiknya opini audit atas LKPD Kabupaten di Indonesia. Temuan kedua menunjukkan tidak terdapa kaitan antara pengungkapan laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah kabupaten dengan opini yang diberikan oleh BPK. Temuan ketiga memperlihatkan perkembangan kasus korupsi di Indonesia semakin bertambah. Temuan keempat, pengungkapan laporan keuangan daerah kabupaten dan opini audit memilki keterkaitan dengan tingkat korupsi di Indonesia."