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"E-government has been referred to as the use of ICTs to transformgovernment by making it more accessible, effective and accountable, the Nepalgovernment has taken some positive initiatives for its development. However,according to the UN evaluation, the current E-government level in Nepal is stillvery poor. This paper raised two research questions: what the major problems ofE-government implementation in Nepal are and which problem(s) should besolved first. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodwas used to rank the problems in hierarchical order. This study finds that amongthe various problems of E-government implementation in Nepal, a lack of strongleadership and government will, political-administrative instability, and resistanceto change within organizations were again highlighted as the most severe onesby experts."

"Pregnancy and childbirth were a time of unique vulnerability to violence victimization because of changes in women’sphysical, social, emotional, and economic needs during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the factors associatedwith gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic (ANC). A cross-sectional study wasconducted among 202 pregnant women attend antenatal ward of primary health care centre (PHC) of Syangja districtduring September 2014 to December 2014 by using semi-structure questionnaire with face to face interviews. SPSSsoftware was used for analysis the data. The prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) among pregnant women wasfound to be 91.1%. The socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, religious, the age of respondents, the age ofmarriage, occupation, and annual income had no association with the experience of different types of GBV (p > 0.05).However, there was a statistically association between husband education (p=0.03), the age of marriage (p=0.039) andtype of marriage (p=0.013) in case of psychological and economic violence whereas there was no statisticallyassociation between with other types of violence. In conclusion, gender based violence during pregnancy was a majorprevalent public health problem is Syangja district of Nepal. Focus on age of marriage, types of marriage and educationof husband may reduce gender based violence among the pregnant women. Women’s empowerment, economicautonomy, sensitization, awareness and needed of large-scale population-based surveys were the major recommendationof this study Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kekerasan berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin pada Wanita Hamil yang MengunjungiKlinik Antenatal di Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer Daerah Syangja, Nepal. Kehamilan dan kelahiran anakmerupakan waktu rawan yang khusus untuk penganiayaan kekerasan karena perubahan fisik, sosial, emosi, dankebutuhan ekonomi wanita selama kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor yang berkaitan dengankekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil yang datang ke klinik ANC. Penelitian cross sectionaldilakukan pada 202 wanita hamil yang mengunjungi bagian antenatal PHC di daerah Syangja selama September 2014hingga Desember 2014 menggunakan kuesioner semi terstruktur dengan wawancara tatap muka. Perangkat lunak SPSSdigunakan untuk menganalisis data. Prevalensi GBV di antara wanita hamil diperoleh sebesar 91,1%. Variabel sosiodemografik seperti suku, agama, usia responden, usia pernikahan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan per tahun tidak berkaitandengan pengalaman berbagai jenis GBV (p>0,05). Walaupun demikian, ada hubungan secara statistik antara pendidikansuami (p=0,03), usia kehamilan (p=0,039), dan jenis pernikahan (p=0,013) pada kasus kekerasan psikologis danekonomi walaupun tidak ada hubungan secara statistik dengan jenis kekerasan yang lain. Kesimpulannya, kekerasanberdasarkan jenis kelamin selama kehamilan merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang paling utama di daerahSyangja, Nepal. Berdasarkan pada usia pernikahan, jenis pernikahan, dan pendidikan suami dapat mengurangikekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil. Pemberdayaan wanita, kemandirian ekonomi, sensitisasi,kepedulian dan perlunya survei berdasarkan populasi skala besar merupakan rekomendasi utama penelitian ini."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini mengeksplorasi pengalaman negara-negara kurang berkembang (LDCs) yang mengaksesi World Trade Organization (WTO), sebuah organisasi yang didirikan untuk mencapai liberalisasi dalam perdagangan multilateral sehingga dapat membawa manfaat bagi seluruh komunitas global. Proses aksesi, ketentuan aksesi, dan komitmen yang diambil oleh LDCs ini adalah subyek penelitian ini dengan referensi khusus ke Nepal dan Kamboja sebagai dua LDCs pertama yang menjadi anggota WTO melalui proses aksesi sesuai dengan Pasal XII Perjanjian WTO, untuk mengambil pelajaran relevan untuk LDCs seperti Ethiopia yang saat ini sedang dalam proses atau mereka yang ingin bergabung dengan organisasi di masa depan.Mengingat kendala kapasitas dan tantangan yang dihadapi LDCs dalammenegosiasikan kesepakatan perdagangan dengan negara-negara maju, WTO telah mengembangkan mekanisme untuk memberikan perlakuan special and differential kepada negara-negara ini di berbagai tingkatan termasuk ketika mereka memproses aksesi mereka. Tesis ini menganalisa apakah LDCs sebenarnya telah diuntungkan dari pengaturan preferensial tersebut dalam mengaksesi WTO dan ketika mereka menerapkan komitmen-komitmennya sehingga Ethiopia dan LDCs lainnya dapat secara strategis masuk ke dalam proses dan memastikan bahwa mereka dapat memperoleh manfaat dari keanggotaannya. Menjadi anggota WTO bukanlah tujuan dengan sendirinya dan tidak akan memiliki dampak yang signifikan kecualididukung oleh langkah-langkah reformasi nasional dan pemerintahan yang baik, maka setiap negara yang mengaksesi harus foresee reformasi yang diperlukan untuk memastikan konsistensi dengan peraturan WTO dan memanfaatkan keanggotaan WTO untuk keuntungan ekonominya.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis explores the experiences of least developing countries (LDCs) which were acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO), an organization established to achieve liberalization in multilateral trade so as to bring benefits for the global community. The accession process, terms of accession and the commitments these LDCs ended up with are the subjects of this study with specific reference to Nepal and Cambodia as the first two LDCs which joined the WTO through the process of accession pursuant to Article XII of the WTO Agreement, with a view to draw lessons for LDCs such as Ethiopia which are currently in the process or those which desire to join the organization in the future. Given the capacity constraints and the challenges that LDCs face in negotiating trade deals with developed countries, the WTO has developed mechanisms to grant these countries special and differentialtreatment at various levels including when they process their accession. This thesis examines whether LDCs have in fact benefited from such preferential arrangements in acceding to the WTO and implementing their commitments at the post-accession stage so that Ethiopia and other LDCs can strategically enter into the process and ensure that they can reap benefits of their WTO membership. Becoming a WTO member is not an end by itself and will not have a significant impact unless backed by national reform measures and good governance, hence any acceding country should foresee the reforms it needs to make to ensure WTO-consistency and utilize its WTO membership to its economic advantage."