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"In the context of regulatory decisions, the political conflict betweenexecutive and legislative branches has been significant. The relative ideologicalstances and power resources of federal agencies and Congress determines regulationoutcomes. In particular, when agencies earn sufficient political supportfrom policy stakeholders by relying on procedural justice, they are able to securethe regulatory outcomes they desire without congressional intervention. Becauselegislators are highly concerned about their reelection prospects, policy stakeholders?political support is an important power resource for agencies. Legislatorsare likely to embrace regulatory decisions made by agencies supported by policystakeholders even if they disregard congressional preferences. This article providesevidence for this proposition by reviewing media concentration regulationpolicies of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission."

"Pada 3 September 2016, melalui executive agreement, Obama secara resmi meratifikasi Paris Agreement di tingkat domestik AS. Dalam beragam dokumen, retorika, dan analisis lembaga penelitian, hingga pejabat publik AS, keanggotaan Paris Agreement didasarkan pada tiga kepentingan; (1) tingginya kontribusi emisi global AS; (2) utilisasi mekanisme institusi bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi; dan (3) proaktivitas hegemon dalam menyediakan barang publik internasional sebagai stimulus stabilitas tatanan. Namun demikian, pada Juni 2017, Donald Trump memutuskan untuk menarik AS dari Paris Agreement, memutarbalikkan pendekatan aktif-pasif AS dalam isu diplomasi kebijakan iklim internasional. Maka dari itu, skripsi ini hadir untuk mempertanyakan mengapa AS (Trump) menarik diri dari Paris Agreement. Dengan menggunakan metode penelusuran proses kausal, penulis membangun kerangka analisis perubahan kebijakan luar negeri. Adapun alasan keputusan penarikan diri, yakni; perubahan posisi relatif internasional (distribusi kekuatan, dan stabilitas tatanan) AS yang mendorong pembaharuan pendekatan/strategi besar kebijakan luar negeri AS secara menyeluruh; kritik, dan advokasi sektor bisnis yang terdampak oleh regulasi lingkungan komplementer keanggotaan AS dalam Paris Agreement; minimnya tingkat institusionalisasi Paris Agreement di AS (minim check and balance bagi executive agreement); dan solusi figur perumus kebijakan anti-globalis terhadap perubahan (Trump), untuk mengurangi komitmen internasional AS.

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On September 3, 2016, through an executive agreement, Obama officially ratified the Paris Agreement at the domestic level in the United States. Across diverse documents, rhetoric, and analyses from research institutions to U.S. public officials, the membership in the Paris Agreement was predicated upon three interests: (1) the high contribution of U.S. global emissions; (2) the utilization of institutional mechanisms for economic growth; and (3) the proactive role of the hegemon in providing international public goods as a stimulus for the stability of the order. Nevertheless, in June 2017, Donald Trump decided to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement, thereby reversing the active-passive approach of the U.S. in international climate policy diplomacy. Consequently, this thesis aims to inquire into why the U.S. (under Trump) withdrew from the Paris Agreement. Employing a method of causal process tracing, the author constructs an analytical framework for foreign policy change. The reasons for the withdrawal decision include changes in the relative international position (distribution of power and stability of the order) of the U.S., prompting a comprehensive renewal of the overall approach/strategy to U.S. foreign policy; critiques and advocacy from business sectors affected by complementary environmental regulations in the Paris Agreement; the limited institutionalization of the Paris Agreement in the U.S. (lacking checks and balances for executive agreements); and the anti-globalist policy maker's response to change (Trump), aiming to reduce U.S. international commitments."

"Penelitian ini berjudul “Penyebaran Demokrasi di Timur Tengah oleh Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Implementasi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dalam Konflik Suriah (2011-2016)”. Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh Konflik Suriah yang terjadi setelah serangkaian aksi demonstrasi yang menuntut reformasi pemerintahan di Suriah di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Bashar al- Assad. Konflik Suriah telah menarik perhatian komunitas internasional, hal ini disebabkan oleh berbagai pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi, dan Amerika menjadi salah satu negara yang fokus terhadap isu tersebut. Penelitian ini memiliki rumusan masalah, bagaimana Amerika mengimplementasikan kebijakan luar negerinya di Suriah di tengah keterlibatan berbagai pihak yang bertikai, baik kelompok domestik maupun internasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyediakan analisis mengenai evaluasi implementasi kebijakan luar negeri Amerika dalam konflik Suriah. Penelitian ini juga akan menyajikan kepentingan nasional Amerika dalam keterlibatannya di Konflik Suriah.Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode library research atau penelitian kepustakaan. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah data-data primer dan sekunder dari press release, serta data dari berbagai kementerian Amerika Serikat. Untuk menganalisis kebijakan Amerika di Suriah, penulis menggunakan neorealisme digunakan sebagai teori utama dalam penelitian ini, disertai dengan rational choice theory dan konsep balance of power. Setelah mengumpulkan data, penulis kemudian mengelompokkan data-data tersebut dan menganalisisnya menggunakan teori dan konsep di atas.Berdasarkan pada analisis yang telah dilakukan, penulis menemukan berbagai pokok kebijakan Amerika Serikat di Suriah. Mulai dari diplomasi, ekonomi hingga militer. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa kebijakan Obama di Suriah memiliki banyak kekurangan yang perlu di evaluasi. Hal ini berkaitan dengan efektivitas, konsistensi dan standar ganda yang terdapat dalam kebijakan yang diimplementasikan di Suriah.

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This research entitled "U.S. Democracy Promotion in the Middle East: A Case Study on the Implementation of U.S. Foreign Policy in Syrian Conflict (2011-2016)". This research is motivated by the Syrian conflict which occurred after a series of demonstrations demanding government reform in Syria under the leadership of President Bashar al-Assad. The Syrian conflict has attracted the attention of the international community, this is due to the various human rights violations that have occurred, and America has become one of the countries that has focused on this issue. This research has a problem identification on how America implements its foreign policy in Syria amid the involvement of various warring parties, both domestic and international groups. This research was conducted to provide an analysis regarding the evaluation of the implementation of American foreign policy in the Syrian conflict. This research will also present America's national interest in its involvement in the Syrian Conflict.

In this research, the authors used the library research method. The data sources used are primary and secondary data from press releases, as well as data from various US ministries. To analyze U.S. policy in Syria, the author uses neorealism as the main theory in this study, accompanied by rational choice theory and the concept of balance of power. After collecting the data, the writer then classifies the data and analyzes it using the theory and concepts above.

Based on the analysis that has been carried out, the author finds various main points of US policy in Syria. Starting from diplomacy, economy to military. The author also finds that Obama's policy in Syria has many flaws that need to be evaluated. This is related to the effectiveness, consistency and double standard of the policies implemented in Syria."

"ABSTRAKThis article will focus specifically on US foreign policy implications of the creation of a public diplomacy network in Indonesia and the views that are commonly expressed with regard to US interaction with Indonesia. By studying the attributes of each discourse the study has been able to determine the contrast between the networks that supported the Embassy messaging strategies and the dominant networks that were untouched or remained resistant towards the US Embassy influence attempts in Twitter cyber space by lndonesian Tweeps. The study has focused on the unfolding relationship placed in a spatial and temporal context."

"When first invited to present my thoughts on Indonesian-US relations since 1C70, [ was unsure how to approach this complex and important topic, especially in such a brief presentation. I was also intimidated hy the high quality of the audience and panelists of scholars, diplomats and other long-time experts on this subject I had no academic theory prepared for identifying and explaining some essential characteristics briefly on the subject of Indonesia-US relations. Unlike my distinguished pan el ials and guests, I had no direct and unique know I edge of Ihis subject based on many years of policy making. ] have no lessons gained from such labors lo share with you. Instead, I will raise some obvious and general questions with you that might serve lo help me lo understand- more as a layperson than a scholarly expert- what our experience in Indonesian-U.S. relations has been in recent decades. Where have we been? What major forces have driven our relations? Where arc we now?"