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"This thorough reference work discusses various causes of failure with integrated coverage of process metallurgy of steels by forging, casting, welding, and various heat treatment processes. The breadth of coverage and the numerous examples provide an invaluable resource for the designer, engineer, metallurgist, mechanical and materials engineers, quality control technicians, and heat treaters."

"ABSTRAKMaloklusi adalah ketidaksesuaian letak gigi dari lengkung rahang.Berdasarkan hasil survey WHO pada tahun 2006, maloklusi pada remaja diIndonesia tahun 2006 mencapai 89%. Maloklusi dapat dikurangi dengan perawatan menggunakan bracket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh heat treatment dan bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan Candida albican terhadap ketahanan korosi dan sifat mekanik dari stainless steel 17-4 PH pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga metode uji, yang pertama adalah metode heat treatment (annealing, quench, dan temper) dengan menggunakan oven furnace, metode kedua yaitu uji celup korosi dengan periode pencelupan 17 hari, dan metode ketiga adalah pengujian ion release. Hasil heat treatment (HT) menunjukan, nilai kekerasan material stainless steel 17-4 PH meningkat sebesar 1 HRC dan laju korosi material menurun dari 0.003 mm/year menjadi 0.00004 mm/year pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Hasil uji korosi menunjukan bahwa bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan jamur Candida albicans meningkatkan laju korosi dari material setelah HT sebesar 0.0021 mm/year dan 0.00048 mm/year.Hasil ion release menunjukan ion nikel yang terlarut sebesar 0.3 mg/L dan ionchromium sebesar 0.1 mg/L dan morfologi korosi pada permukaan sampel 17-4 PH setelah pencelupan 20 hari terbentuk pit dengan luas permukaan sebesar 11.40 μm2 dan 8.01 μm2. Hasil dari seluruh pengujian menyimpulkan material stainless steel 17-4 PH dapat digunakan sebagai material orthodontic bracket karena berdasarkan data laju korosi dan ion release material stainless steel 17-4 PH memenuhi spesifikasi yang dibutuhkan

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ABSTRACTMalocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close. Based on the survey results of the WHO in 2006, adolescents who suffered malocclusion reached 89% in Indonesia. Malocclusion can be reduced by applying orthodontic treatment to patients by using orthodontic brackets. This study aims to determine the effects of heat treatment on corrosion rate and mechanical properties of stainless steel 17-4 PH, the influence ofStreptococcus sobrinus bacteria and Candida albicans to corrosion rate, surface morphology and ion release of Stainless steel 17-4 PH. The study was conducted with three test methods. First, heat treatment of SS 17-4 PH, second is the immersion corrosion test methods for 17 days and third is the ion release test. The results of heat treatment (HT) show that stainless steel 17-4 PH corrosion rate decrease from 0.003 mm/year to 0.00004 mm/year in the oral environment. Corrosion test result of Streptococcus sobrinus hasthe greatest effect is 0.0021 mm/year and Candida albicans is 0.00048 mm/year. From the ion release test, the results showed that the dissolved nickel ions is 0.3 mg/L and for chromium is 0.1 mg / L. Morphology of 17-4 PH sampel was pit with area are 11.40 μm2 dan 8.01 μm2 for streptococcus sobrinus dan candida albican. Stainless steel 17-4 PH can be used as the material for orthodontic brackets based on the data of the corrosion rate and ion release."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh heat treatment terhadap laju korosi dan sifat mekanik dari stainless steel 17-4 PH, pengaruh bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus pyogenes terhadap microbiology induced corrosion dan morfologi korosinya, serta mengetahui sifat biokompatibel dari stainless steel 17-4 PH. Media lingkungan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah saliva dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus pyogenes. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus pyogenes tersebut merupakan bakteri yang umum dan banyak ditemukan pada lingkungan mulut manusia dan merupakan bakteri yang dapat membentuk lapisan biofilm pada permukaan material.Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga metode uji, yang pertama adalah metode heat treatment dengan menggunakan oven furnace dan dilakukan proses annealing pada suhu 1080oC selama 1,5 jam dilanjutkan dengan pendinginan cepat menggunakan media oli dan dilakukan temper pada suhu 590oC, kedua adalah dengan metode uji celup korosi dengan perbandingan sampel sebelum heat treatment, setelah heat treatment tanpa bakteri, dan setelah heat treatment dengan bakteri yang dilakukan dengan periode waktu pencelupan 17 hari, dan metode ketiga adalah pengujian ion release dengan tujuan melihat ion nikel dan kromium yang terlarut didalam saliva.Hasil penelitian untuk pengujian heat treatment menunjukan peningkatan pada kekerasan dan ketahanan korosi pada sampel, yaitu terjadi penurunan laju korosi dari 0,0035 mm/y menjadi 0,00047 mm/y. Untuk hasil pengujian celup korosi dengan bakteri didapatkan bakteri meningkatkan laju korosi pada sampel dan menghasilkan pit pada permukaan material, peningkatan laju korosi terbesar adalah 0,01 mm/y yang dihasilkan oleh S. mutans dan S. pyogenes. Hasil penelitian ion release didapatkan ion nikel yang terlarut sebanyak 0,3 mg/l dan ion kromium 0,1 mg/l, Hasil ion release tersebut masih dapat di toleransi sesuai dengan standar FDA. Sehingga, material stainless steel 17-4 PH dapat digunakan sebagai material orthodontic bracket.

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The purpose of this research is to study the effect of heat treatment on corrosion rate and mechanical properties of stainless steel 17-4 PH, influenced of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria on microbiology induced corrosion and its corrosion morphology, also knowing the biocompatibility of stainless steel 17-4 PH. Medium used in this research is saliva with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria used because they are the most common bacteria found in oral mucosa and also the type of bacteria that can create a biofilm in the surface of materials.This research is done using three method, first is using heat treatment oven furnace with annealing process at 10800C for 1,5 hour continue with fast cooling using oil quench and then tempering at 5900C for 4 hour. Second is using immersion corrosion test for sample before heat treatment, after heat treatment, and after heat treatment with bacteria. The immersion test periode is 17 days. Third is ion release research in order to see nickel and chromium ion disolve in saliva.The result of heat treatment process show increase of hardness and corrosion resistivity on sample, for the material corrosion rate decrease from 0,0035 mm/y to 0,00047 mm/y. The immersion test with bacteria effect the corrosion rate of materials and make a pit at the surface of material, it increase corrosion rate from 0,00047 mm/y into 0,01 mm/y for the highest which is made by s.mutans and s.pyogenes. ion release method show that nickel ion disolve in saliva is 0,3 mg/l and for chromium is 0,1 mg/l and this data is acceptible by FDA standard. However, according to this research data, it is prove that stainless steel 17-4 PH can be used for orthodontic bracket material."

"ABSTRAKMaloklusi adalah ketidaksesuaian letak gigi dari lengkung rahang. Berdasarkan hasil survey WHO pada tahun 2006, maloklusi pada remaja di Indonesia tahun 2006 mencapai 89%. Maloklusi dapat dikurangi dengan perawatan menggunakan bracket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh heat treatment dan bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan Candida albican terhadap ketahanan korosi dan sifat mekanik dari stainless steel 17-4 PH pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga metode uji, yang pertama adalah metode heat treatment (annealing, quench, dan temper) dengan menggunakan oven furnace, metode kedua yaitu uji celup korosi dengan periode pencelupan 17 hari, dan metode ketiga adalah pengujian ion release. Hasil heat treatment (HT) menunjukan, nilai kekerasan material stainless steel 17-4 PH meningkat sebesar 1 HRC dan laju korosi material menurun dari 0.003 mm/year menjadi 0.00004 mm/year pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Hasil uji korosi menunjukan bahwa bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan jamur Candida albicans meningkatkan laju korosi dari material setelah HT sebesar 0.0021 mm/year dan 0.00048 mm/year. Hasil ion release menunjukan ion nikel yang terlarut sebesar 0.3 mg/L dan ion chromium sebesar 0.1 mg/L yang berada dibawah batas aman. dapat digunakan sebagai material orthodontic bracket. Sehingga berdasarkan data laju korosi dan ion release, maka material stainless steel 17-4 PH dapat digunakan sebagai material orthodontic bracket.

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ABSTRACTMalocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when the jaws close. Based on the survey results of the WHO in 2006, adolescents who suffered malocclusion reached 89% in Indonesia. Malocclusion can be reduced by using orthodontic brackets. This study aims to determine the influence of heat treatment and the influence of Streptococcus sobrinus bacteria and Candida albicans fungi on corrosion rate and mechanical properties of stainless steel 17-4 PH. The study was conducted with three test methods. First, heat treatment of SS 17-4 PH, second is the immersion corrosion test methods for 17 days and third is the ion release test. The results of heat treatment (HT) show that stainless steel 17-4 PH corrosion rate decrease from 0.003 mm/year to 0.00004 mm/year in the oral environment. For immersion corrosion test results, corrosion rate samples are increased by S. Sobrinus is 0.0021 mm/year and C. albicans is 0.00048 mm/year. The ion release test showed that the dissolved nickel ions is 0.3 mg/L and for chromium is 0.1 mg / L. Based on this result, stainless steel 17-4 PH can be used as the material for orthodontic brackets based on the data of the corrosion rate and ion release."

"This book provides a concise discussion of fatigue crack growth (FCG) failure and lifing analysis methods for metallic aircraft structures and components. After a reasonably concise historical review, surveys are made of (i) the importance of fatigue for aircraft structural failures and the sources of fatigue nucleation and cracking, (ii) contemporary FCG lifing methods, and (iii) the Quantitative Fractography (QF) required for determining the actual FCG behaviour. These surveys are followed by the main part of the book, which is a discussion, using case histories, of the applicabilities of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and non-LEFM methods for analysing service fatigue failures and full- and sub-scale test results. This discussion is derived primarily from the experiences of the Defence Science and Technology Group in Melbourne, Australia, and the Netherlands Aerospace Centre, Marknesse, the Netherlands."

"This publication reviews most of the available literature on the fatigue properties of β annealed Ti-6Al-4V and titanium alloys with similar microstructures. The focus is on β processed and β heat-treated alloys because β annealed Ti-6Al-4V has been selected for highly loaded and fatigue-critical structures, including the main wing-carry-through bulkheads and vertical tail stubs, of advanced high-performance military aircraft. An important aspect of the review is a concise survey of fatigue life assessment methods and the required types of fatigue data. This survey provides the background to recommendations for further research, especially on the fatigue behaviour of β annealed Ti-6Al-4V under realistic fatigue load histories, including the essential topic of short/small fatigue crack growth. Such research is required for independent fatigue life assessments that conform to the aircraft manufacturer?s design requirements, and also for life reassessments that most probably will have to be made during the service life of the aircraft."

"Contents :- Introduction - Engineering Plastics: An Introduction - Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics* - Materials Selection and Design of Engineering Plastics - General Design Guidelines* - Design with Plastics* - Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods - Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Plastics - Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Thermoset Resins* - Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Thermoplastic Resins* - Thermal Analysis and Thermal Properties* - Environmental and Chemical Effects - Characterization of Weathering and Radiation Susceptibility* - Flammability Testing* - Electrical Testing and Characterization* - Optical Testing and Characterization* - Mechanical Behavior and Wear - Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics: An Introduction* - Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Yielding* - Crazing and Fracture* - Fracture Resistance Testing* - Impact Loading and Testing* - Fatigue Testing and Behavior* - Fatigue Failure Mechanisms* - Friction and Wear Testing* - Wear Failures of Plastics* - Wear Failures of Reinforced Polymers* - Environmental Effects - Thermal Stresses and Physical Aging* - Environmental Stress Crazing* - Moisture-Related Failure* - Organic Chemical Related Failure* - Photolytic Degradation* - Microbial Degradation* - Failure Analysis of Plastics - Analysis of Structure* - Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis* - Surface Analysis - Fracture and Fractography - Fractography of Composites* - Reference Information - Abbreviations and Symbols - Index "

"Systems Failure Analysis gives your product teams the tools and concepts to get at the root causes of defects and failures in complex manufacturing and engineered systems. Whether the failure is a ?show stopper? that brings an organization to a halt, or if your team wants to find and correct root causes of unacceptable variations in a system, the methods described in Systems Failure Analysis can help you identify and evaluate all potential failure causes, not just by jumping to conclusions on the perceived obvious ones. Quantifying the ?hidden factory? of process variations also can help prevent failures and improve productivity and yields by reducing scrap or rework."