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"This essay argues for paying attention to the life-worlds of gay and lesbian Indonesians. These Indonesians' lives provide valuable clues to how being 'Indonesian' gets defined and to the workings of nation-states more generally. In particularly, the lives of gay and lesbian Indonesians help to demonstrate how heteronormativity the assumption that heterosexuality is the only normal or proper sexuality plays a fundamental role in forming nation-states as "imagined communities." Restricting the family model to the heterosexual couple has been a key means by which the idea of the Indonesian nation (and other nations) has been promulgated and sustained. Thus, rather than see the exclusion of homosexuality as a latter-day response to an encroaching global gay and lesbian movement, this exclusion is most accurately understood as a point of departure by which the idea of 'Indonesia' comes to exist in the first place."

"Sejak awal berdirinya, Indonesia telah dibentuk berdasarkan gagasan bahwa 'kebudayaan nasional' dan 'identitas nasional' harus lebih diutamakan daripada identitas kesukubangsaan. Pemerintah Orde baru berusaha menciptakan 'kesatuan dalam keragaman' ini tidak hanya melalui Pancasila, tetapi juga melalui 'konsep kepulauan' (wawasan nusantara) dan 'azas kekeluargaan'. Dengan berakhirnya Orde baru, adakah cara untuk mengubah konsep-konsep ini, sehingga warga Indonesia dapat berpikir tentang diri mereka sebagai anggota suatu masyarakat nasional yang bersifat transethnic dan transreligious? Dalam tulisan ini, penulisnya berargumentasi bahwa jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini adalah 'ya'. Dengan mengilustrasikan kenyataan identitas gay dan lesbian berdasarkan penelitiandi Makassar, Surabaya dan Bali, penulisnya menunjukkan bahwa berbeda dari identitas seksual yang bersifat 'lokal' seperti bissu atau warok-gemblak, kaum gay dan lesbi Indonesia berpikir tentang diri mereka sebagai anggota dari suatu masyarakat yang tersebar luas keseluruh negeri 'gaya nusantara', termasuk laki-laki dan wanita dari berbagai latar belakang etnis dan agama. Contoh-contoh etnografis dari kehidupan sehari-hari kaum laki-laki gay dan wanita lesbian memperlihatkan bahwa walaupun perilaku para individu ini seringkali dikatakan bertentangan dengan kebudayaan Indonesia, dalam kenyataannya, perspektif dan perilaku mereka merupakan contoh dari 'kebudayaan Indonesia'. Mereka memiliki perspektif 'wawasan nusantara' sesuai dengan konsep pemerintah dan menggunakannya dengan cara-cara yang sebenarnya tidak diharapkan oleh pemerintah. Konsep nasionalisme Indonesia telah ditransformasikan dengan cara-cara yang tidak direncanakan sejak masa Orde Baru, dan akan terus berlanjut pada era reformasi. Dalam tulisan ini diketengahkan juga cara kaum gay dan lesbi memodifikasi 'prinsip kekeluargaan' ciptaan Orde Baru yang memungkinkan mereka diterima sebagai anggota masyarakat nasional yang baru."

"Regarding Indonesian recent extensive and intensive regional and communal violence, TNI, the Indonesian National Army-as one of the most responsible (and capable) state apparatus to deal with it-in fact, almost has not done something substantial. Or, violent actions in contemporary Indonesian (multicultural) societies, perhaps, have never been a legitimate monopoly of supposedly a modern state. Based on critical analysis of news and images disseminated by contemporary mass media in modern Indonesia, this paper tries to deconstruct a myth. It is a (anthropological) myth of presuming that thoughts (and identity), words (and language) and reality (and imagination) were different things; and that those three things were related one to another hierarchically. After the 'fall' of the New Order military regime in 1998, and even in its most chaotic period, since early year of 2000, TNI innocently and ironically has manipulated the myth in order to maintain its hegemonic (dual function) power in dealing with the Indonesian common people's expressions of looking for human rights and justice. Although, this paper likely does not believe any longer in the usual existing idea and practice of democracy that remains focus on making accountable the exercise of (military) government power. History of political economy has brought with it a fundamental change in the form of expanding business and financial power-modern audio-visual mass-media included. Cornering certain ironic contemporary typical Indonesian politico-economic and cultural representations, hopefully, this article would remind the readers on the allures and threats of a modernization which parades and sells out words, thoughts, and reality so recklessly."

"This paper represents Engels? theory of human origin with more modern facts and theories from contemporary fossil record. In Engels? theory, brain and cognitive ability is not the essential attribute of humanity. Brain capacity is not a cause; it is result or effect of evolution of more essential attribute in hominid evolution, that are terrestrial-bipedal life style and the use of tools by which labour social organisation emerge in hominid evolution."

"This article was written in response to a challenge put forth by two non-anthropologists over the role of anthropologists in Indonesian national development. The challenge was made by the late Dr. Y.B. Mangunwijaya (Kompas 24 January 1996) and Dr. Benjamin Lumenta (Kompas 29 January 1996). In fact, a response was given by Prof. Parsudi Suparlan (Kompas3 February 1996) and the author (Republika 2 May 1996). Also related to the matter is an article by Prof. S. Budhisantoso (Republika 24 May 1996).This article is an extension of the author's own article that appeared in Republika of May2, 1996. He finds that his ideas on the role of anthropologists in national development could not be covered adequately in the brief newspaper article, and requires an extended and serious discussion-even more so since the present articles touches upon the anthropological education system in Indonesia, specifically at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Indonesia. Thus, the article brings forth three main points, that is the role of anthropologists in Indonesia, the development of the anthropological education system in Indonesia, and Indonesian development."

"There are more similarities than differences in the development of folklore as a separated discipline in Indonesia and Japan. Folklore studies in Japan were started in 1930 while in Indonesia since 1972. As a result the Japanese has already developed their own theories and methods, while in Indonesia is still depending on the ones developed in Europe and United States. The similarities are both developed in order to look for their respected national identity. And it is interesting to note that there are many tale types and tale motifs that is similar in both countries."

"Based on data from fieldwork in Flores, this article suggests an indigenous form of tolerance and suppleness as the model for a new form of multiculturalism in Indonesia. Many studies of nationalism have criticized the perspective that developing nation-states need 'strong nationalism. However, if we step out of this hegemonic preoccupation, we come to realize that the relevant question is not how Indonesia can keep its unity but on what conditions Indonesia can function well as a politico-economic system, keeping diverse areas incorporated in the post-modern and global contexts at present and in the future. In Flores, people have been traversing real and imagined borders since the time of the Austronesian migration and the age of Southeast Asian maritime commerce. Even after independence, Flores has had direct transnational linkage through the Catholic network and recently quite a few Catholic priests and candidates from Flores have been sent abroad. Due to the development of global capitalism, many people from mountainous areas in central Flores also go to Malaysia as low-paid labourers, and they accommodate well to the new situations. As illegal labourers, Florenese people develop social ties with the people whom they meet overseas. Even when they are arrested and forced to come home from Malaysia, they are never stigmatized in their home village. I would like to name tentatively this principle of social adaptability and political flexibility, which also orders life in Florenese villages, 'Austronesian cosmopolitanism'. I further suggest that this Austronesian principle of political flexibility could prove a useful model for the Indonesian nation-state as it struggles to adopt a new political model that prevents the escalation of retaliatory violence and allows the country to continue as a politico-economic unit."

"The author argues that the Arab mind entered Indonesian society since the onset of Islam spreading in the 7th century. The development of the Arab mind has its own dynamic and inseparable from Islamic thought. The touch with Hindu-Budha cultural values created Kejawen among the Javanese; the contact with Dutch colonialism resulted acceptance of school system which brings secularism to Indonesian society. In the 80's, the Arab mind was suppressed by politically supported western mind through various ways. Globalization brings another challenge to the Arab mind that, interestingly, strengthens of Islamic identity among younger generation."

"This article will discuss legal and social discrimination against Chinese ethnic group in Indonesia and will show that the ethnic Chinese has been categorized as The Other since Chinese people are believed to have come from foreign country (China) and maintain their identity as different from other Indonesian ethnic groups. The discussion is focused on the essence of Indonesia as a multicultural society based on ethnicities as social force to develop social interactions within social, economy and political structures at the personal, social and state levels."

"The dramatic change in some important aspects of this country after the collapse of New Order Regime, primarily in the political aspect, provided larger opportunity to Indonesian Chinese in constructing their real identity, included to the Indonesian Chinese Muslim. In one hand, Indonesian Chinese Muslim tended to re-strengthen their cultural identity shown by articulating some features of their ethnic identity, and they show more the involvement in developing discourse of national building and the life of majority group by using their Islamic identity in the other hand. At this point, they then could not be categorized as ?peranakan? and ?totok?, the binary category which is often used to refer to the asimilated and unasimilated Chinese into the cultural system practized by the native majority. After the state launched the new regulation of citizenship No. 12/2006, they were then positioned by the state as the ?real? citizen who had the same civil rights before the law as well as the other groups. The implication of this legacy in the social and cultural context is that they then developed the inclusive identity, such as absorbing the categories and features of identity of other group, involved in the activities of majority group, and occupied the same kind of majority group profession, until they felt that those had become part of their own identity. By sharing their identity with non-Muslim Chinese and majority group, they could take a strategic role as cultural mediators, political brokers and bridge builders."