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"The management of natural resources is authorized with local regulations when dealing with forest community and legal law including some parties from outside of particular forest area. The two contrasts between the local and national regulations have frequently taken place as result of conflict of interest. Therefore some questions arise: how is the development of such conservation areas meet with the local regulation or adat? Is the activity to make use of the resources by the community remains possible? To response to the question the writer would like to argue that assessment of how a national park management interact with local regulations and hak ulayat or communal rights, one should aware of the contexts of their interaction as well as the following aspects: historical, adat law, economical, institutional and the dynamic of local politics. These have to be emphasized since the national park policy in Indonesia can be seen as the manifestation of state territorialization which results in the marginalization of adat community. All parties' interests in natural resources are consider as national citizen and legally authorized to manage or exploit the resources inside the country's territory. Cases from the four national parks observed concluded that even when they live in around the parkas indigenous, they are not automatically awarded their traditional rights or access to make use of the parks."

""Dengan tersedianya data etnografi suku-suku bangsa tersebut di atas, tahap awal daripemanfaatannya bagi Pembangunan Nasional dapat memperoleh momentumnya, meskipun dimensi, ciri-ciri khusus dan dinamikanya masing-masing masih harus diteliti dan diungkapkan. Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia melalui berbagai GBHN, Repelita dan RPJM, dan selanjutnya kelak RPJP, dilaksanakan meliputi seluruh penjuru Tanah Air Indonesia, baik Pembangunan Sektoral maupun Pembangunan Daerah. Pembangunan Nasional pada hakekatnya identik dengan Pembangunan Daerah, dalam artian Pembangunan Nasional dilaksanakan di daerah-daerah. Dalam era Otonomi Daerah saat ini, Pembangunan Daerah dalam rangka Pembangunan Nasional memperoleh ciri baru, yaitu Daerah Membangun untuk mengisi Pembangunan Nasional.""

"This article was written in response to a challenge put forth by two non-anthropologists over the role of anthropologists in Indonesian national development. The challenge was made by the late Dr. Y.B. Mangunwijaya (Kompas 24 January 1996) and Dr. Benjamin Lumenta (Kompas 29 January 1996). In fact, a response was given by Prof. Parsudi Suparlan (Kompas3 February 1996) and the author (Republika 2 May 1996). Also related to the matter is an article by Prof. S. Budhisantoso (Republika 24 May 1996).This article is an extension of the author's own article that appeared in Republika of May2, 1996. He finds that his ideas on the role of anthropologists in national development could not be covered adequately in the brief newspaper article, and requires an extended and serious discussion-even more so since the present articles touches upon the anthropological education system in Indonesia, specifically at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Indonesia. Thus, the article brings forth three main points, that is the role of anthropologists in Indonesia, the development of the anthropological education system in Indonesia, and Indonesian development."

"Indonesia is a multicultural society consisting of more than 500 ethnic groups, cultures, and various religious beliefs. They are united as a nation by the national state system of Indonesia. The Indonesian state was built by the founding fathers on the basis of the ideology of 'Unity in Diversity' (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika). During the Soeharto regime, it was turned into a state based on militarism, violence, totalitarianism, and was centered in the hands of the powerful elites. In line with the violence, militarism and totalitarianism, there has been an active use of primordialism (ethnicity and Islamic religion as the political tools). In this article the author presents the essence of Indonesia's multiculturalism and its potentials to unite and break up as a nation, as well as solutions on how to take care and maintain a democratic multiculturalism."

"This paper provides an outline for the study of the role of the social sciences in the study of the workings of civil society in the context of Indonesian and Malaysian Islam. It begins with a discussion on the concepts of civil society and masyarakat madani, term often mistranslated and misunderstood as civil society. It is through a comparison of the two that the relevance of civil society in terms of its theory and practice to Islam is established. Next, I turn to a discussion of the types of use of the social sciences by the various components of civil society. This is followed by a discussion on the need for an account of the impact of the social sciences on public discourse, policy-makers, legislators and NGOs. To the extent that the social sciences do impact in the above arenas, how we may understand the relevance of Islam in this respect is addressed. I conclude by way of an exposition of the relationship between the concepts of civil society and masyarakat madani in the context of the need for a moral public."

"The decision of Supreme Court of Justice as the formal legal system should have been strongly applied to solve legal matters such as the problem of inheritance. Among the social life of Karo, a sub-ethnic group of the Batak of North Sumatera, the national legal system which should be applied to all citizens in Indonesia, has not yet been able to be fully accepted due to the discrepancies of the nature of legal system with the nature of cultural system of the people and their customary law."

"Buton manuscripts indicated that Buton Kingdom appeared in 14th Century. In the periods of the 17 th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Buton Kingdom initiated to be the free kingdom. In the begining of 20th , dutch colonial goverment incorporated that the Buton kingdom and placed it under their rule. The principles were laid down based on the social cultural in eceonomic development. Relation to be governed especially are in the field of education, health, and economy. In 1960, Buton kingdom was dissolved following the death of Sultan Laode Muhammad Falihi as the last sultan. During the kingdom era, Buton social system consisted of three groups namelly kaomu, walaka, and papara. The system was established as power of ideology in Buton social political system in the era of goverment the fourth Sultan Dayanu Ikhsanuddin in 1578-1615. The Katobengke people as the subject and object of this paper belong to papara group. In the era of Buton Kingdom, the society was dominated by kaomu and walaka groups. This condition existed until the new order era, where in this period the dominant groups still have cultural and stereotype views toward this people as ini the era Buton kingdom. This paper focuses on the phenomena of power in the dynamic Buton?s social structure. In the Buton social structure, kaomu and walaka groups claimed them selves as the groups who have higher civilization in comparation with the Katobengke people, until today."

"Family and household are two concepts that have been blended into a single notion in most of the texts on kinship and social organization in the past, because, in many instances, they have interchangeably functions in many developed societies in which nuclear family type is the main reference. But, this situation is much different if we approach our developing societies-with special emphasis, urban-in terms of vastly and hardly social and economic changes. This article proposes to distinguish family and household concepts for analytical purposes. Household in its flexible form provides more promising space for dynamic anthropological research, especially in our society than the classical family concept. Selecting household as a common focus for anthropological research and analysis has both practical and theoretical justifications."

"The author argues that the Arab mind entered Indonesian society since the onset of Islam spreading in the 7th century. The development of the Arab mind has its own dynamic and inseparable from Islamic thought. The touch with Hindu-Budha cultural values created Kejawen among the Javanese; the contact with Dutch colonialism resulted acceptance of school system which brings secularism to Indonesian society. In the 80's, the Arab mind was suppressed by politically supported western mind through various ways. Globalization brings another challenge to the Arab mind that, interestingly, strengthens of Islamic identity among younger generation."

"For fourteen months in 2000-2001, I conducted a research in the District of Witihama, eastern Adonara. Witihama is a religiously mixed community, made up of Muslims and Catholics. However, both groups also practice blood sacrifice and carry out ceremonies required by adat. Muslims and Catholics are closely related by ties of marriage and descent. In the recent historical past, as well as in the ancient legendary past, the community has a remembered history of bloody warfare and murder, not linked to questions of modern religious allegiances, which provide incentives to take precautions to maintain community harmony and peace. Mindful of sectarian conflict elsewhere in Indonesia, Catholics and Muslims maintain close ties of cooperation and solidarity. On holidays like Christmas, Easter and Idul Fitri, for example, they hold community meetings to express mutual friendship. Members of the District have suffered from conflict elsewhere in Indonesia, for example during the fighting between Suku Batak and the 'Flores people' in 1999 in Batam, in the Moluccas and in the violence inDili, East Timor. Refugees from these other conflicts came and went while I was there. There have been attempts at sectarian provocation in Witihama by people from elsewhere in the past, leading to their expulsion. There was an unexplained incident in which a hand grenade exploded in Witihama killing one child and injuring two others, causing considerable consternation within the community. Rumors of plans to bomb the Catholic Church were taken seriously. Efforts to place East Timorese refugees in the Kabupaten of Flores Timur were strongly resisted on grounds of safety and local peace. Finally the national move toward regional autonomy led to Witihama becoming a separate Kecamatan and resulted in moves to turn Flores and Lembata into a separate Province."