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"This study looks into the internal process of the urban poverty of Jakarta in terms of the flowering phenomena of building and maintaining specific social relations among the poor to fulfill their basic economic needs. These complex social relations and exchanges among the poor and non-poor-called social integration of the poor-make the boundaries between the two social categories blurred and flexible. The paradox of social and economic statuses of the people involved has made this integration possible. This phenomenon will make poverty reduction programs in Indonesia face more complicated problems."

"The writer put forward that in mainstream social sciences not much attention is given to problems related to power relationship in small social units such as the family. Thus in this article attempts are made to describe how much autonomy women have regarding household economy matters. The description of cases is based on research conducted in Jakarta by the team of "Srikandi Foundation" a small research institute of which writer is one of the chairpersons."

"This article analyzes the positive thinking culture of each ethnic group in Poso, CentralSulawesi. This article also examines the factors that cause degradation of ethnic culture ofpositive thinking so as to serve as guidelines for public behavior. The study was conductedby observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of qualitative data. The research foundthe degradation of cultural values with several contributing factors. Finally, the model canbe described cultural transformation of positive thinking is right to apply to the youngergeneration. The transformational models of positive thinking culture are: parents need tocomprehend positive thinking culture and teach it to their children; the need to teach morals,positive thinking culture and the regional language in schools; an emphasis of parents andleaders as role-leader for the younger generation; the empowerment of traditional leadersin socializing positive thinking culture; the need for emerge individual to direct their thoughtand actions to positive matter."

"This paper is an ethnographic study to understand the prison?s culture in the correctional institutions ?X?. The writer has examined carefully the way of living day by day directly and raised a variety of mutual agreements among the residents behind the prison walls. The results in the investigation field shows the limit and deprivation that appears as an interpretation actor, not the institution, that occur according certain contexts. The prison?s culture not only discuss informal agreement but how the agreements can be maintained by the actors in everyday?s life utilization in fulfilling the needs and self-interests"

"In this article, the author brings forth the need for a cultural perspective in examining and handling the problem of transmigration. He concentrates on transmigrants and their settlements, and emphasizes the importance of transmigration settlement planning that accord with the culture of the future transmigrant, along with settlement planning that takes into account its future as a center of social and economic growth and social integration in the area. Drawing from his experience with transmigration in Irian Jaya, the author shows how the transmigrants of the village of Jambal and most of the local ethnic groups show varying, sometimes opposing, characteristics. He points out that transmigrants from Java are oriented toward their urban centers, but are then placed at relatively isolated areas. Thus it should come as no surprise if these transmigrants tend to abandon their new settlement for the city. The author suggests that the transmigration program can be said to be successful if it can be shown that the settlers are in fact faring better in their new area. Here, transmigration settlements cannot be regarded as mere settlement, but as arenas for the improvement of their habitants' prosperity. They must be viewed as part of the region's development and administrative system. The author completes the article with a model of transmigration for Irian Jaya that rests on a pluralistic model of society rather than a model of assimilation."

"The author explains how social change occurred in Minahasa due to education. Traditional education in Minahasa was strongly influenced by traditional belief (malesung) in which the teachers were adat leaders called walian. The impacts of Western education were felt with the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese in the 16th century. In the middle of the 17th century both of them were expelled by the Dutch. VOC and NZG intensively disseminated Protestantism with the founding of schools for teachers, assistant preachers, and elementary schools. Those schools resulted into the decline of agricultural skills and handicraft of the youth which had been the primary way of earning a livelihood. They tend to look for work outside their villages. After independence, education grew rapidly with the increase of the number of schools. However, the awareness of the importance of education in some rural areas was not accompanied with the increase of social welfare."

"This article examines the social and cultural roots of gender-based violence in Indonesia. The emphasis is on social relations, particularly ethnic group relations, and on cultural practices-especially those within the family that endanger women. The author argues that there is a process which begins with labeling, followed by state-sanctioned discrimination, and that culminates in the creation of situations prone to violence. The author provides examples from various regions in Indonesia as well as from different periods in Indonesian history. She further argues that the process can be stopped with a more positive attitude towards the diversity of Indonesian society, which must be brought about by education in the home and in schools, and by legal reforms."

"The article is a preliminary study on the social impact of development in Minahasa. The authors try to identify, development problems as exhaustable as possible. The factors that have influenced the development in Minahasa are originated from the Minahasa community themselves and from government policies. The central government has exercised a strong influence on local condition. Local government which functions on behalf of the central government exhibit such characteristics a bureaucratic, hierarchic, and paternalistic. On the other hand, the Minahasa people are democratic and egalitarian in their social relationship. The difference between both value systems does not come into conflict, because the Minahasans channel their aspirations through the church and are able to make adjustment."

"Literature on the history of Islam in Indonesia notes the tremendous role of the Arabs who migrated to Indonesia from Hadramaut (South Yaman) for many centuries. Introduction of Islam through noble people has brought the Arabs both into prestigious status as well as to the Indonesian struggle against the Dutch colonialism. This historical background has continued, but in the last decades there has been a shift in their religious role contributed by various factors, both internal and external factors. This writing focuses only on the internal factor, namely the kinship system which is under rapid changes amongst the Arabs. Based on both research and experience, the author clarifies the relationship between the kinship system and social change in the religious sphere among Arab community in Jakarta."

"This article attempts to explain the basic nature of social structure of the Sultanate of Wolio which is divided into four categories, namely Kaomu, Walaka, Papara and Batua. The analysis itself is based on local manuscripts and fieldwork in the Sultanate of Wolio in the course of several years. Through the study of Wolio social structure, the writer also attempts to comprehend the ideology of power in Wolio society. In addition, the discussion shows as well the misinterpretation of the basic nature of Wolio social structure and ideology of power done by several Dutch scholars since 1878"