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"Penelitian ini didorong oleh pengalaman saya bahwa penerjemahan adalah suatu kegiatan rekreatif yang menuntut usaha sangat keras dan kreatif untuk menemukan padanan optimal dalam teks sasaran (TSa) meski hal ini tidak selalu mudah. Persoalan yang dihadapi penerjemah merentang mulai dari perbedaan mekanisme gramatikal antara bahasa sumber (BSu) dan bahasa sasaran (BSa) sampai sistem kebahasaan yang lebih luas bahkan perkara yang pads dasarnya di luar bahasa. Pokok perhatian kajian ini adalah penerjemahan pemarkah kohesi (PK) yang merupakan bagian penting dalam pembentukan teks. PK adalah perangkat bahasa untuk mengikat bagian-bagian dalam teks agar menjadi satuan yang utuh sehingga penerjemahannya layak dicermati. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan (1) berbagai PK yang digunakan pengarang, (2) padanan yang digunakan oleh penerjemah, (3) pergeseran yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan OMS ke LTL, dan (4) implikasi pergeseran itu. Untuk itu dipilihlah novel The Old Man and the Sea (OHMS) sebagai sumber data teks sumber (TSu) dan Lelaki Tua dan Laut (LTL) sebagai sumber data TSa. Lima jenis PK yakni:PK Pengacuan, Penyulihan, Pelesapan, Konjungsi, dan Leksikal diidentifikasi dari OMS dengan mengikuti metode identifikasi PK yang dikembangkan oleh Halliday dan Hasan. PK itu diklasifikasikan menurut jenis dan subjenisnya. Karena alasan fisibilitas, PK pengacuan dan PK leksikal dibatasi hanya yang berkaitan dengan tiga tokoh utama dalam cerita Santiago (TOM), Manolin (TB), the marlin (TF). Lebih lanjut, PK pengacuan yang dikaji hanya mencakupi PK pengacuan prononuna, dan PK leksikal kolokasi mencakupi kata-kata yang berkaitan langsung dengan ketiga tokoh utama tersebut. Data pemarkah kohesi dari teks sumber, OMS, dilacak terjemahannya di dalam teks sasaran, LTL. Butir terjemahan itu dipilah untuk mendapatkan terjernahan yang mengalami suatu pergeseran yaitu yang tidak berkorepondensi formal dengan unsur TSunya. Butir TSa yang bergeser itu dianalisis keadaan pergeserannya. Pergeseran dapat melibatkan bentuk terjemahan sebagai akibat dari digunakannya prosedur penerjemahan transposisi, atau dapat pula bersifat maknawi bila penerjemah menerapkan prosedur modulasi. Pergeseran akibat transposisi dapat dibedakan menjadi pergeseran aras dan kategori di mana yang terakhir ini dapat dibagi menjadi pergeseran struktur, kolas kata, satuan, dan sistem internal. Adapun pergeseran akibat modulasi dibedakan antara yang bersifat pergeseran sudut pandang dan cakupan makna. Pergeseran sudut pandang dirinci lagi menjadi perubahan negatif-positily aktif-pasif, dan fokus. Sedangkan pergeseran cakupan makna meliputi perubahan spesifik-generik, generikspesifik, dan perubahan yang bersifat pergantian.Hasil analisis data menunjukkan penerjemahan PK pengacuan secara relatif paling banyak mengalami pergeseran makna dengan kecenderungan pelemahan kohesi karena penggunaan padanan bahasa sasaran yang lebih rendah keeksplisitannya daripada unsur bahasa sumbernya. Pada penerjemahan PK penyulihan dan pelesapan, tcrjadi kecenderungan peningkatan kohesi karena terjemahan melibatkan unsur leksikal yang lebih lengkap (verba utama). Sebaliknya, dalam penerjemahan PK banyak digunakan bentuk lesap yakni padanan tidak hadir secara eksplisit. Penerjemahan PK leksikal juga lebih banyak menggunakan padanan yang keeksplisitannya lebih rendah.

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This research was stimulated by self-experience on translating which showed that translating was indeed a recreative effort in the sense that the translator should try hard to find the best translation equivalent ever available for every piece of the source language (SL) text. The problems faced by translators lie on a wide-overwhelming area covering grammatical and lexical differences and often including non-linguistic matters such as those of culture. This study focuses on the problems of translating cohesive items, i.e. linguistic elements that link parts in a text. Cohesive items, thus, play an important role for text unity that their translation needs a careful scrutiny.

This study aims at revealing (1) the cohesive items used by the author, (2) the items used by the translator as the translation of the cohesives, (3) the shifts that may happen in the translation of the cohesive items, and (4) the implication of the shifts. The novel The Old Man and the Sea (OMS) was taken as the main source of the source language data and its translation, Lelaki Tua dan Laut (LTL), of the target language (TL) data. The five cohesives were identified from OMS following the method developed by Halliday and Hasan. Further classification was done to the data to find their specifications. For some feasibility reasons, the reference and lexical cohesive items under investigation were restricted to those items related to the three main characters in the story, namely Santiago , Manolin, and the marlin. Moreover, the reference was only limited to the pronominal whereas the collocational lexical cahesives should only include those words that had direct association with the three main characters. Then, the SL data were traced to LTL to find their equivalents used by the translator in his translation These TL data were selected and classified to screen out those which underwent translation shifts of some kind, that is having no formal correspondence. It is the data of this quality that serve as the main data of this investigation. The translation shifts can be attributed to the translating procedure used by the translator. Transpositional procedure results in level shift and category shift, the latter of which is further divided into shifts of structure, class, unit, and internal system. Meanwhile, modulation procedure yields viewpoint shifts and semantic field shifts, both of them having a number of subdivisions.

The result of the data analysis shows a tendency of a weaker cohesion upon the translation of reference due to the use of TL items which in some respects less explicit Yet, the translation of substitution and ellipsis goes to the opposite direction, strengthen the cohesion. The reason seems to be that the TL tends to use more lexical items involving the main verb or noun head, just the elements under subsitution or ellipsis in the SL text. (in the other hand, the translation of conjunctions weakens the cohesion for the reason of the their absence in the TL text. Many of lexical cohesions are translated into TL equivalents with lower explicitness. The researcher fully realizes the complexity of textual cohesion and that this study touches only a little part of it. The intertextuality and the reader's background knowledge are among others to claim to play important roles in the integrity of a text. A similar but comprehensive study of this field would be warmly welcome to get a more exhaustive result."

"Translation is the activity of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. Transferring is done by going from the form of the source language into the form of the target language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must held constant, but it is the form which is changed.One of the translation activities is to translate the modal expressions of English into Indonesian. The meaning which is carried in the modal expressions of English is transferred into Indonesian. The meaning should be constant. The form may change.Analyzing translation concentrates on the textual equivalent and formal correspondence. If the translation is not equivalent and does not correspond formally and is equivalent but does not correspond formally, there will be shifts. Shifts are the result of translation procedures: transposition and modulation. Transposition will make grammatical shifts such as unit, word-class, structure and intra-system, and modulation will make semantic shills such as point of view and scope of meaning.Modality is the speaker's attitude toward the proposition of his utterance and the event of proposition which is ex-pressed in lexical forms such as words, phrases, or clauses. One of the modalities is epistemic which consists of epistemic possibility and epistemic necessity. Epistemic possibility is expressed in lexical forms such as may, can, perhaps, maybe, it is possible that (English), and mungkin, barangkali, bisa-jadi(Indonesian). Epistemic necessity is expressed in lexical forms such must, should, it is necessary that (English), and harus, mesti, tentu saja, saya yakin (Indonesian). Deontic is another modality. It contains of obligation and permission. Obligation is expressed in lexical forms such as must, should (English), and wajib, mesti, jangan (Indonesian). Permission is expressed in lexical forms such as might, can, could (English), and boleh, dapat, bisa (Indonesian). The other modality is dynamic, that is ability. It is expressed in lexical forms such as can, could, be able to, be capable of (Englsih), and bisa, dapat, ma?npu, sanggup (indonesian).In translation of English modal expressions which are in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua darn Laut, there are some problems. The ones that are found are the differences of unit and word-class of modal expressions, and subcategory of modality. The differences of unit and word-classes will make grammatical shifts unit and word-class shifts, and those of subcategory will make semantic shifts: shifts of point of view and shifts of scope of meaning.The differences of unit between source text and target text cause unit shifts. For example, can as word is translated into boleh jadi as phrase. In other case, the unit differences will also cause semantic shifts : shift of scope of meaning and shift of point of view. Can mean 'bisa' whose scope of meaning is broader than masih bisa because bisa is emphasized by masih. Must which means 'kepastian' is translated into akan masih which means 'Keteramalan'. Kepastian and keteramalan have different point of view. The shifts which occur in translation The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut can be caused by the different systems of English and Indonesian or by the translator. From the number of shifts which are found, especially those which are caused by translator can be concluded that the translation of modal expressions in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut is not good enough."

"Penulisan skripsi ini terutama adalah untuk memerikan (mendeskripsikan) penerjemahan kata kerja be di dalam bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu penulis juga berusaha untuk mencari peluang perpadanannya serta kemungkinan-kemungkinan pergeseran yang terjadi. Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap korpus, dapatlah kemudian diambil kesimpulan sementara berdasarkan fungsi kata kerja be sebagai kata kerja ko_pula, sebagai kata kerja bantu yang berfungsi sebagai bagian penanda aspek progresif dan diatesis pasif, dan sebagai kata kerja leksikal. Kata Kerja Kopula Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dalam analisis terha_dap korpus, terdapat beberapa padanan bagi kata kerja kopula be, yaitu bentuk zero, kata kopula adalah, dan kata-kata kopula lain (kata-kata lain yang berfungsi se_bagai kopula). Dari 583 kali pemunculan kata kerja kopu_la be dalam korpus, 86,27% di antaranya berpadanan dengan bentuk zero, 4,80% berpadanan dengan kata kopula adalah, dan 13,72% berpadanan dengan kata-kata kopula lain. Dan data di atas, yang menarik adalah bahwa kata kerja kopula be berpadanan zero dalam korpus bahasa Indonesianya mempunyai peluang perpadanan yang paling besar. Kenyataan ini kiranya mendukung pendapat bahwa pada dasarnya kata kopula tidak perlu selalu digunakan dalam kalimat nominal bahasa Indonesia, kecuali kalimat nominal tersebut dapat menimbulkan keambiguan. Hal lain yang juga menarik adalah bahwa padanan zero dapat muncul dalam kalimat nominal berpredikat kata benda, ajektif, maupun adverbia. Dengan kata lain, padanan zero muncul"