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"Ketahanan pipeline steel API 5L X70 MO/MS dan X65 MO terhadap serangan hidrogen yang diaplikasikan dalam lingkungan yang bersifat sour service dengan dilakukannya pengujian Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC dianalisa dengan melihat perubahan yang terjadi pada nilai mekanikal dan perubahan mikro struktur yang dihasilkan setelah hasil uji HIC. Pengujian HIC dilakukan dengan mengikutis spesifikasi uji dari NACE TM0284. Perubahan nilai mekanikal diinvestigasi dengan melihat nilai uji tarik dan nilai kekerasaan dan perubahan struktur mikro diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope SEM dan Energy Dispersive Spectrocopy EDS . Dari data nilai pengujian tarik tanpa HIC dan sesudah HIC, nilai kuat luluh dan elongasi pipa setelah uji HIC mengalami penurunan dan nilai kuat tarik pipa mengalami kenaikan. Kenaikan nilai kuat tarik menjadi acuan bahwa pengujian HIC dengan waktu uji selama 96 jam telah cukup menunjukkan adanya difusi hidrogen pada permukaan sampel pipa. Pada pengukuran nilai kekerasaan terdapat kecenderungan kenaikan nilai kekerasaan pada daerah lasan dan daerah terkena panas sebagian baik pada pipa X 70 dan X 65, untuk area logam induk pada pipa X 70 terjadi penurunan nilai kekerasaan setelah uji HIC. Penurunan nilai kekerasaan pada logam induk pipa X 70 lebih diakibatkan karena terdapatnya kumpulan unsur paduan metalik yang terjadi pada permukaan pipa X 70. Dari hasil pengamatan dengan menggunakan EDS terdapat area terindikasi yang disebabkan karena terbentuknya kumpulan unsur paduan metalik pada permukaan pipa sampel yang mengakibatkan perubahan topografi permukaan pipeline steel.

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The resistance of the pipeline steel API 5L X70 MO MS and X65 MO from hydrogen attacks applied in a sour service environment by Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC testing is analyzed by looking at the changes of the mechanical properties and microstructure changes produced after the HIC test results. HIC test is done by specification from NACE TM0284. Changes in mechanical properties were investigated by looking at the value of tensile test and the hardness, the microstructure changes were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectrocopy EDS. From the tensile test without HIC and after HIC, the yield strength and pipe elongation after the HIC test decreased and the tensile strength of the pipe increased. The increase in tensile strength is a reference that HIC testing with a test time of 96 hours has sufficiently shown the presence of hydrogen diffusion on the surface of the pipe sample. On the measurement of the hardness there is a tendency to increase the hardness in the welded area and heat affected areas in both the X 70 and X 65 pipes, for the base metal in the X 70 pipeline there is a decrease the hardness after the HIC test. Decrease in the hardness value on the base metal of pipe X 70 more due to the presence of metallic alloy elements that occur on the surface of pipe X 70. From the observation by using EDS there is an indicated area caused by the formation of metallic alloy elements on the surface of the sample pipe, resulting topographic Surface changes in pipeline steel."

"Ketahanan pipeline steel API 5L X70 MO/MS dan X65 MO terhadap serangan hidrogen yang diaplikasikan dalam lingkungan yang bersifat sour service dengan dilakukannya pengujian Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) dianalisa dengan melihat perubahan yang terjadi pada nilai mekanikal dan perubahan mikro struktur yang dihasilkan setelah hasil uji HIC. Pengujian HIC dilakukan dengan mengikutis spesifikasi uji dari NACE TM0284. Perubahan nilai mekanikal diinvestigasi dengan melihat nilai uji tarik dan nilai kekerasaan dan perubahan struktur mikro diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dan Energy Dispersive Spectrocopy (EDS). Dari data nilai pengujian tarik tanpa HIC dan sesudah HIC, nilai kuat luluh dan elongasi pipa setelah uji HIC mengalami penurunan dan nilai kuat tarik pipa mengalami kenaikan. Kenaikan nilai kuat tarik menjadi acuan bahwa pengujian HIC dengan waktu uji selama 96 jam telah cukup menunjukkan adanya difusi hidrogen pada permukaan sampel pipa. Pada pengukuran nilai kekerasaan terdapat kecenderungan kenaikan nilai kekerasaan pada daerah lasan dan daerah terkena panas sebagian baik pada pipa X 70 dan X 65, untuk area logam induk pada pipa X 70 terjadi penurunan nilai kekerasaan setelah uji HIC. Penurunan nilai kekerasaan pada logam induk pipa X 70 lebih diakibatkan karena terdapatnya kumpulan unsur paduan metalik yang terjadi pada permukaan pipa X 70. Dari hasil pengamatan dengan menggunakan EDS terdapat area terindikasi yang disebabkan karena terbentuknya kumpulan unsur paduan metalik pada permukaan pipa sampel yang mengakibatkan perubahan topografi permukaan pipeline steel.

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The resistance of the pipeline steel API 5L X70 MO / MS and X65 MO from hydrogen attacks applied in a sour service environment by Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) testing is analyzed by looking at the changes of the mechanical properties and microstructure changes produced after the HIC test results. HIC test is done by specification from NACE TM0284. Changes in mechanical properties were investigated by looking at the value of tensile test and the hardness, the microstructure changes were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrocopy (EDS). From the tensile test without HIC and after HIC, the yield strength and pipe elongation after the HIC test decreased and the tensile strength of the pipe increased. The increase in tensile strength is a reference that HIC testing with a test time of 96 hours has sufficiently shown the presence of hydrogen diffusion on the surface of the pipe sample. On the measurement of the hardness there is a tendency to increase the hardness in the welded area and heat affected areas in both the X 70 and X 65 pipes, for the base metal in the X 70 pipeline there is a decrease the hardness after the HIC test. Decrease in the hardness value on the base metal of pipe X 70 more due to the presence of metallic alloy elements that occur on the surface of pipe X 70. From the observation by using EDS there is an indicated area caused by the formation of metallic alloy elements on the surface of the sample pipe, resulting topographic Surface changes in pipeline steel."

"The kinetics of strain aging behavior of API 5L X65 and API 5L B steel types on long-term operations were studied. Pre-strain was applied to the two steel types and the process was continued with the aging process at various temperatures and over various time periods. Mechanical properties data were used to determine activation energy levels. The results showed that API 5L B steel has a lower activation energy level than API 5L X65 steel through the identification of yield strength value, which is 13.7 kJ compared to 24.87 kJ, which means that API 5L B steel is more susceptible to strain aging than API 5L X65 steel. Predictions of long-term mechanical properties which are verified through tensile testing showed that the appropriate parameters to observe and predict the strain-aging behavior are implemented by evaluating the changes in yield strength, which gives the minimum value for the average margin of error for API 5L X65 steel and API 5L B steel, i.e. 0.3% and 0.45%, respectively. On the other hand, prediction value parameters, such as elongation, toughness and the Vickers hardness have an average margin of error range between 2.6 to 5.06%."

"Pipa penyalur merupakan salah satu moda transportasi minyak dan gas yang dianggap paling ekonomis hingga saat ini. Fluida minyak dan gas yang mengandung hidrokarbon yang berbahaya dan bersifat korosif, seperti H2S, akan memberikan risiko kebocoran pada pipa penyalur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjadi salah satu masukan untuk menghindari kebocoran pada pipa penyalur yang sering terjadi pada daerah pengelasan. Sambungan pengelasan yang diteliti akan mewakili sambungan pipe to pipe bend, yang diwakili oleh sambungan pengelasan material API 5L X65 dan API 5L X65, dan pipe to flange, yang diwakili oleh sambungan pengelasan material API 5L X65 dan ASTM A694 F65, yang banyak ditemui dalam satu jalur pipa penyalur. Metode pengujian yang dilakukan mencakup pengujian tarik, tekuk, dan kekerasan pada spesimen yang dilanjutkan dengan pengujian SSC (Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking) berdasarkan NACE TM-0177 serta diikuti dengan pengamatan makro, mikro dan karakterisasi SEM/EDS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa spesimen sambungan pipe to pipe bend mengalami retakan pada daerah mid pengelasan yang disebabkan oleh stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC) sedangkan spesimen sambungan pipe to flange juga mengalami retakan, akan tetapi pada daerah root pengelasan yang disebabkan oleh SSC.

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Pipeline is the most economical and the most effective of oil and gas transportation mode. Oil and gas fluid also containing the toxic and corrosive hydrocarbon, such as H2S. The objective of present research was conducted to become one of the inputs to avoid pipelines leakage which often occur in the welding area. The investigated welding connection may represent the connection of pipe to pipe bend, represented by the welding connection of API 5L X65 and API 5L X65, and connection of pipe to flange material, represented by welding connection of API 5L X65 and ASTM A694 F65. The testing method including tensile, bending and hardness testing on specimens, which was followed by SSC (Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking) test based on NACE TM-0177. The macro and microphotograph examination, SEM and also EDS characterization were used to determine failure on both speciments. The results showed that pipe to pipe bend joint specimen were fracture in the mid-welding area which was caused by SOHIC (Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking) while the pipe to pipe flange joint specimens also experienced cracks at the welding root area which was caused by SSC."

"Teknik Metalurgi dan MaterialJudul : Studi Ketahanan Korosi Pipa Baja API 5L X42 dengan Green Inhibitor Ekstrak Bawang Dayak Eleutherine americanna Merr. dalam Lingkungan 1M HCl. Ketahanan korosi pipa baja API 5L X42 dengan inhibitor ramah lingkungan ekstrak bawang dayak Eleutherine americanna Merr. dalam lingkungan 1M HCl diinvestigasi dengan pengujian polarisasi tafel, weight loss, dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS . Senyawa flavonoid yang bersifat antioksidan yang berperan untuk menginhibisi korosi diinvestigasi melalui pengujian FTIR. Variabel yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi inhibitor, yaitu 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, dan 1000 ppm. Ekstrak bawang dayak yang mempunyai gugus flavonoid merupakan inhibitor jenis campuran, dan dominan katodik. Efisiensi inhibisi paling tinggi didapatkan dengan konsentrasi 1000 ppm. Inhibitor ekstrak bawang dayak dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif inhibitor ramah lingkungan untuk baja API 5L X42 pada lingkungan 1M HCl.

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Metallurgy and Materials EngineeringTitle Study of Corrosion Resistance of Pipeline API 5L X42 Using Green Inhibitor Bawang Dayak Eleutherine americanna Merr. in 1M HCl. This study aimed to investigate the ability of Eleutherine americanna Merr. extract as an environment friendly inhibitor for API 5L X42 in 1M HCl. Corrosion inhibition ability of this extract was tested using tafel polarization, weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. FTIR test was used to investigate flavonoid and antioxidant compound that plays an important role to inhibit corrosion. In this study the concentration of Eleutherine americanna Merr. extract used was 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm. It can be concluded that Eleutherine americanna Mer. extract can be used as an alternative and environmental friendly inhibitor for API 5L X42 in 1M HCl. "

"Inhibisi merupakan salah satu metode penghambatan laju korosi, salah satu jenis dari inhibitor adalah inhibitor organik yang memiliki sifat biodegradable sehingga bersifat lebih ramah lingkungandan relatif lebih murah dibandingkan inhibitor anorganik.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari perilaku inhibisi dari campuran ekstrak melinjo dan kunyit pada pipa baja API-5L di lingkungan NaCl 3,5% dengan menggunakan metode kehilangan berat dan polarisasi. Dalam penelitian ini variasi kadar ekstrak melinjo dan kunyit dicampur dengan berbagai kadar. Sebagai single inhibitor melinjo menghasilkan efisiensi yang lebih tinggi dari sebagian besar kadar campuran. Pada percobaan polarisasi efisiensi terbaik ada pada campuran 6 ml kedua ekstrak dengan acampuran 8 ml kedua ekstrak sebagai efisiensi kedua terbaik.

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Inhibition is one of corrosion protection method, one kind of corrosion inhibitor is organic inhibitor which has biodegradable characteristic thus the inhibitor is environmental friendlier than conventional inorganic inhibitor. This research was done to study the inhibition activity of combination between melinjo and turmeric extract for API-5L steel pipe in NaCl 3,5% environment. Weight loss and polarization method were used to measure the inhibitor efficiency.

In this study concentration of melinjo extract and turmeric extract were varied.It was found that as a single inhibitor melinjo extract has more efficiency than the combination inhibitor. In polarization method it was found that the combination of 6 ml of the two extract has the highest efficiency followed by the combination of 8ml."

"Pipa penyalur minyak umumnya menggunakan material baja karbon. Salah satu masalah besar dalam penggunaan material tersebut yang berkaitan dengan korosi dan biasanya terjadi kebocoran adalah akibat adanya pengaruh konsentrasi ion klorida yang terlarut dalam media air sehingga lingkungan bersifat korosif (asam). Oleh karena itu sebagai upaya untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu diketahui besaran laju korosi material baja karbon tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan antara laju korosi yang diperoleh dari metode pengujian linear polarisasi resistance dan pengukuran metal loss dengan peralatan ultrasonic thickness meter. Output dari kedua metode tersebut selanjutnya diperoleh hubungan laju korosi melalui analysis of variance dengan menggunakan software. Studi pengaruh kadar klorida dilakukan untuk mengetahui korosi internal pipa baja karbon API 5L Grade B yang digunakan sebagai pipa penyalur minyak di lapangan. Metode pengujian polarisasi resistance dilakukan dalam media larutan air formasi NaCl 1%, 2% dan 3.5%. Laju korosi internal pipa baja karbon API 5L Grade B cenderung meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi klorida dalam media larutan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pipa baja karbon API 5L Grade B memiliki ketahanan korosi yang cukup pada fluida dengan konsentrasi klorida 1%, 2% dan 3.5%.

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Oil pipeline is commonly used carbon steel. One of the big caused on using that material which related to corrosion problem and usually there is such as leakage due to effect of ion chloride concentration in water that causes corrosive environment (acid). In order to overcome this problem is necessarily to know corrosion rate of this steel.

In this study, output comparison of corrosion rate measurement methods are resistance polarization and metal loss measurement with ultrasonic. Correlation factor between both methods of corrosion rate measurement will achieved by analysis of variance from software.

The aim of this research is to study effect chloride level to internal corrosion carbon steel API 5L Grade B and carbon steel that used as oil pipeline in the field. A method used for corrosion testing is resistance polarization which was used formation water solution with NaCl 1%, 2% and 3.5%. The corrosion rate for carbon steel API 5L Grade B tend to increase accompanied with more chloride content in the medium, respectively. This research also explain that carbon steel API 5L Grade B have corrosion resistance fairly to fluid with chloride content 1%, 2% and 3.5%."

"ABSTRAKKemampuan ekstrak daun Physalis angulata daun ciplukan sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan di lingkungan HCl 1 M diinvestigasi menggunakan pengujian polarisasi linear dan weight loss. Adapun diinvestigasi flavonoid dan antioksidan yang menginhibisi permukaan Baja API 5L melalui pengujian FTIR. Variabel bebas yang dipakai yaitu ekstrak konsentrasi inhibitor dalam HCl 1 M, yakni 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, 40 mL, dan 50 mL. Ekstrak daun ciplukan mengandung senyawaan flavonoid yang merupakan inhibitor campuran yang dominan katodik. Inhibitor ini mampu mencegah kerusakan catastrophic akibat agresivitas HCl 1 M dengan mekanisme physisorption hingga 192 jam. Efisiensi inhibitor yang paling tinggi ada di konsentrasi 50 mL sebesar 98,9. Inhibitor ekstrak daun ciplukan berpotensi sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan bagi Baja API 5L dilingkungan HCl 1 M.

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ABSTRACTThe ability of Physalis angulata leaves extract as green inhibitor in HCl 1 M environment has been investigated with linear polarization measurement and weight loss method. FTIR analysis was used to investigate flavonoid and antioxidant compound that plays an important role to inhibit corrosion. The free variable that has been used in this study was 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, 40 mL, dan 50 mL. Physalis angulata leaves extract that contain flavonoid play role as mixed inhibitor that predominantly cathodic. This inhibitor can prevent cathasthropic damage due to aggressiveness of HCl 1 M with physisorption mechanism up to 192 hours. The concentration that showed highest efficiency 98.9 was 50 mL. It can be concluded that Physalis angulata leaves extract could be used as an alternative and environmental friendly inhibitor for API 5L in HCl 1 M environment."

"Pengaruh laju aliran pada laju korosi baja API 5L X-52 pada kondisi lingkungan NaCl 3.5% yang mengandung gas CO2 telah diteliti dengan variasi putaran 0-3000 RPM menggunakan metode polarisasi. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan laju korosi baja API 5L X-52 berkisar pada 60 s/d 240 mpy. Hasil tersebut dibandingkan dengan kondisi teraerasi dan didapatkan bahwa laju aliran tidak terlalu signifikan dalam menaikkan laju korosi dari baja API 5l X-52 pada kondisi adanya gas CO2 terlarut akibat adanya lapisan protektif berupa FeCO3 yang menghambat proses korosi sehingga hal ini juga membuat transport massa tidak terlalu punya pengaruh signifikan terhadap proses.

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Effect of flow rate for corrosion rate API 5L X-52 steel in NaCl 3.5% which containing CO2 gas has been studied with rotating speed 0-3000 RPM using polarization method. The result found corrosion rate API 5L X-52 steel is 60 - 240 mpy. This result compare with environment with aeration and found that flow rate insensitive for corrosion rate API 5L X-52 steel in environment with dissolve CO2 gas because of existence protective film FeCO3 which inhibit corrosion process. This protective film also contributes for mass transport has not significant effect for corrosion process."

"Ekstrak daun jati cina Cassia angustifolia sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan pada Baja API 5L di lingkungan HCl diinvestigasi. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah polarisasi dan kehilangan berat. Senyawa yang terkandung pada ekstrak adalah senyawa flavonoid, xanthone, dan anthraquinone. Senyawa tersebut diinvestigasi melalui pengujian FTIR. Variabel pengujian merupakan konsentrasi inhibitor, meliputi 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml, dan 50 ml. Kemampuan inhibitor untuk menginhibisi optimum pada konsentrasi 40 ml. Ekstrak daun jati cina berperan sebagai inhibitor campuran dengan dominan katodik. Mekanisme adsorpsi pada ekstrak daun jati cina merupakan mekanisme adsorpsi isotherm Langmuir dengan tipe adsorpsi physisorption.

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Cassia angustifolia leaves extract as green inhibitor for API 5L steel pipe in HCl environment was investigated. This study was experimented by using different types of test, such as polarization and weight loss. The compound in cassia angustifolia are flavonoid, xanthone, and anthraquinone. These compound was investigated by using FTIR. This experiment was investigated with different number of concentrations as its variables, which are 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml, and 50 ml inhibitor extracts. The optimum capability of the inhibitor to inhibit the steel surface was in 40 ml concentrations. Cassia angustifolia leaves extract is found to be a mixed type inhibitor with predominant cathodic effectiveness. The adsorption mechanism of cassia angustifolia leaves extract was Langmuir with physisorption as the types of adsorption. "