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"Latar Belakang: Kanker serviks merupakan keganasan terbanyak nomor tiga pada perempuan di seluruh dunia dan nomor dua di Indonesia dengan angka insidensi mencapai 20928 kasus per tahunnya. Angka insiden dan mortalitas dari kanker serviks memiliki korelasi yang cukup baik dengan program pencegahan kanker serviks, terutama pada pemeriksaan berbasis sitologi, salah satunya sitologi berbasis cairan liquid-based cytology. Penambahan tes DNA HPV yang sensitif dalam pemeriksaan sitologi juga bertujuan untuk meningkatkan angka sensitivitas sehingga dapat memperkuat parameter penapisan lesi pra kanker serviks terutama pada pemeriksaan liquid-based cytology dan tes DNA HPV pada pusat pelayanan kesehatan swasta. Tujuan: Diketahuinya angka akurasi liquid-based cytology, DNA HPV, dan kombinasi keduanya dibandingkan dengan hasil histopatologi. Diketahuinya genotyping dan karakteristik DNA HPV tipe High Risk dalam setiap derajat NIS. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel 138 subjek pada Juli 2013 ndash; Desember 2015 di RSCM Kencana. Data dikumpulkan secara total sampling dan dilakukan uji akurasi. Penelitan ini sudah lolos kaji etik dan mendapat persetujuan pelaksanaan dari Komite Etik Penelitian Kesehatan FKUI-RSCM pada bulan Februari 2016. Hasil: DNA HPV tipe high risk terdapat pada 76 NIS 1, 88.46 NIS 2, dan 84.21 NIS 3 pada hasil histopatologi. Didapatkan akurasi pemeriksaan liquid-based cytology; sensitivitas 88.54 , spesifisitas 35.71 , NPP 75.89 , dan NPN 57.69 . Akurasi pemeriksaan DNA HPV; sensitivitas 81.25 , spesifisitas 78.57 , NPP 89.66 , dan NPN 64.71 . Sementara akurasi kombinasi keduanya adalah sensitivitas 94.79 , spesifisitas 35.71 , NPP 77.12 , dan NPN 75. Simpulan: Penambahan pemeriksaan DNA HPV meningkatkan angka sensitivitas dari 88.54 menjadi 94.79 karena turunnya angka negatif palsu pemeriksaan LBC. Hal ini menjadikan kombinasi pemeriksaan liquid-based cytology dan DNA HPV dapat menjadi pilihan metode penapisan lesi pra kanker serviks terutama pada fasilitas kesehatan sekunder ataupun tersier di Indonesia.

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Background: Cervical cancer was the third of the most female cancer in the world and the second in Indonesia with the incidence of 20928 new cases annually. The incidence and moratlity in cervical cancer have a good correlation with the cervical cancer prevention program, especially cytology based examination, for instance, liquid based cytology. The addition of HPV DNA test in cytology will increase the sensitivity, strengthened the parameter of pre cervical cancer lesion screening, espescially in liquid based cytology and HPV DNA test in the secondary or tertier health center in Indonesia.

Objectives: To show the accuracy of liquid based cytology, HPV DNA test, and the combination of liquid based cytology and HPV DNA test, compared to histopathology as a the gold standard of pre cervical cancer lesion screening. Furthermore, this study will show the genotyping characteristic of high risk type HPV DNA and dan high risk type HPV DNA characteristic in every stage of CIN.

Methods: This study is a cross sectional study with the sample of 138 subjects in July 2013 ndash December 2015 at RSCM Kencana. The data were collected by total sampling and be performed the accuracy test. This study had already passed the ethical clearance and permitted by Ethical Committee FKUI RSCM in February 2016.

Results: The high risk type HPV DNA is detected in 76 CIN 1, 88.46 CIN 2, and 84.21 CIN 3 in histopathology results. The accuracy of liquid based cytology sensitivity 88.54 , specificity 35.71 , PPV 75.89 , and NPV 57.69 . The accuracy of HPV DNA sensitivity 81.25 , specificity 78.57 , PPV 89.66 , and NPV 64.71 . The accuracy of combination sensitivity 94.79 , specificity 35.71 , PPV 77.12 , dan NPV 75.

Conclusions: The addition of HPV DNA test increased the sensitivity from 88.54 to 94.79 because of decreasing of false negative of liquid based cytology. This thing has showed that the combination of liquid based cytology and HPV DNA test could the one of the option of pre cervical cancer lesion screening method, especially in secondary or tertier health center in Indonesia. "

"Pendahuluan: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) tipe 16 dan 18 dapat terdeteksi pada saliva individu sehat dan dapat menimbulkan risiko transmisi bagi dokter gigi. Metode penelitian: Metode potong lintang menggunakan 27 butir pertanyaan kuesioner pengetahuan HPV dan kontrol infeksi serta deteksi PCR terhadap HPV 16 dan 18 pada saliva. Hasil penelitian: Dari total 152 kuesioner (98%) didapatkan median skor pengetahuan HPV 7 (3-10) dan kuesioner kontrol infeksi 38 (25-48). Tidak terdeteksi HPV 16 dan 18 dari 73 subjek. Kesimpulan: Tingkat pengetahuan HPV dan kontrol infeksi “cukup” dan tidak terdapat korelasi antar variabel.

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Introduction: HPV type 16 and 18 which can be detected in saliva of healthy individual, could poses a transmission risk to dentist. Research method: A cross-sectional study of 27-items questionaires on HPV knowledge and infection control as well as PCR detection of HPV type 16 and 18. Results: The median score of HPV knowledge was 7 (3-10) and the infection control was 38 (25-48) of the 152 eligible questionnaire (response rate 98%). No HPV type 16 and 18 were detected in 73 eligible subjects for PCR detection. Conclusion: The level of the dentists’s knowledge on HPV and control infection were “sufficient” and no correlation between variables."

"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis merupakan suatu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). Penyakit ini membuat penderita dipenuhi oleh kutil yang sangat banyak sehingga bisa menutupi salah satu bagian tubuh manusia pada bagian tertentu. Jumlah kasus penyakit ini sebanyak 501 di seluruh dunia. Salah satu penanganan untuk penyakit ini adalah cryotherapy dan merupakan metode yang paling aman digunakan pada saat ini. Pada penelitian ini telah didesain vaksin berbasis Epitop yang dikhususkan untuk penderita Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, dikarenakan belum ada ditemukan vaksin untuk HPV 5, 8, 10 dan 47 L1. Epitop dipilih dari kapsid Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Prediksi Epitop menggunakan ABCPred untuk B Cell, sedangkan T Cell menggunakan IEDB. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode molecular docking  dengan menggunakan software Molecular Operating Simulator (MOE) dengan data Struktur 3D yang diambil dari Protein Data Bank (PDB). Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil dari prediksi epitope untuk sel T dari HPV 5, 8, 10, dan 47 yaitu GTYKNQFYI 1, GMMKNQYYI 2, FTSPDIVAV 3, dan YIQRTNIYY 2 untuk MHC I secara berurutan, Sedangkan untuk MHC II adalah YKGLHFWDVDLTERL 4, ACRGLEISRGQPLGV 4, GVRSRSAVSVRKRPA 2, dan NINFKALQHSRSDVS 1 secara berurutan. Untuk sel B adalah VARVQSTDEYIQRTNI, KSPPKEKPDPYAKFNF, FVTVVDTTRSTNMCLC, dan KSPPKEKVDPYKGLNF, secara berurutan. Hasil dari cakupan populasi menunjukkan cakupan dengan rata-rata 97,04, PC₉₀ sebesar 2,02, dan avarege_hit sebesar 3,67.

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Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a disease caused by the HPV virus (Human Papilloma Virus). This disease makes sufferers filled with warts so much that it can cover one part of the human body in certain parts. One treatment for this disease is cryotherapy where the safest method is used at this time. In this study, Epitop-based vaccines have been designed specifically for patients with Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, because no vaccine has been found for HPV 5, 8, 10 and 47 L1. Epitopes was selected from the capsid of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). B Cell Epitop Prediction was used with ABCPred, while T Cell was used with IEDB. This research was conducted by the molecular docking method using Molecular Operating Simulator (MOE) software with 3D Structure data taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The results of epitope predictions for T cells from HPV 5, 8, 10, and 47 have been obtained, namely GTYKNQFYI 1, GMMKNQYYI 2, FTSPDIVAV 3, and YIQRTNIYY 2 for MHC I in sequence, while for MHC II are YKGLHFWDVDLTERL 4, ACRGLEISRGQPLGV 4, GVRSRSAVSVRKRPA 2, and NINFKALQHSRSDVS 1 in sequence. For B cells are VARVQSTDEYIQRTNI, KSPPKEKPDPYAKFNF, FVTVVDTTRSTNMCLC, and KSPPKEKVDPYKGLNF, respectively. The results of population coverage show coverage with an average of 97.04, PC90 of 2.02, and avarege_hit of 3.67."

"Latar Belakang: Human papillomavirus (HPV) tipe risiko tinggi diketahui dapat berperan dalam karsinogenesis kanker rongga mulut. Faktor risiko nonseksual maupun seksual dapat meningkatkan prevalensi HPV risiko tinggi di rongga mulut. Masih menjadi pertanyaan apakah merokok merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan prevalensi HPV risiko tinggi, karena beberapa studi memperlihatkan hasil yang belum konklusif. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi prevalensi dan faktor risiko HPV16 dan 18 pada saliva laki-laki dengan kebiasaan merokok di RSGM FKG UI. Metode: Pencatatan kebiasaan merokok dan faktor risiko lainnya dilakukan pada 200 subjek. DNA tipe 16 dan 18 dari saliva dideteksi menggunakan polymerase chain reaction. Hasil: Prevalensi DNA HPV18 pada subjek perokok adalah 1,08% dan tidak ada DNA HPV yang ditemukan pada subjek bukan perokok. Riwayat pembedahan mulut, seks di usia dini dan memiliki banyak pasangan seksual merupakan beberapa faktor risiko yang ditemukan dan berhubungan dengan kebiasaan merokok. Simpulan: Penelitian menemukan prevalensi HPV risiko tinggi yang rendah pada laki-laki perokok di RSGM FKGUI dan belum dapat mengklarifikasi peran rokok dengan meningkatnya prevalensi HPV rongga mulut.

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Backround: High risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has a role in carcinogenesis of oral cancer. Some sexual and nonsexual habits are shown to increase the prevalence of high risk HPV in the oral cavity. The role of smoking as one of the risk factors is still inconclusive.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of HPV 16 and 18 in oral cavity of male smokers in the Dental Hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia (FoDUI).

Method: The smoking habit and other risk factors were recorded from 200 subjects. The DNA was extracted from the collected stimulated saliva samples. The DNA was subjected to the conventional polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV16 and 18.

Result: The prevalence of HPV18 DNA was 1.08% in smoker subjects, while no HPV DNA were found in nonsmokers. The history of previous oral surgery, early sexual debut and multiple sexual partners were some of risk factors revealed and related to the smoking habit.

Conclusion: This study found low prevalence of high risk HPV in the oral cavity of male smokers and the role of smoking in increasing the prevalence of high risk HPV in the oral cavity could not been clarified."

"Salah satu media cetak yang umum dimanfaatkan oleh Puskesmas untuk upaya kesehatan promotif adalah poster. Kanker serviks menjadi kasus kanker penyebab kematian tertinggi nomor tiga dengan jumlah 21.003 (9,0%) di Indonesia. Penyebab kanker serviks diketahui adalah HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) sub-tipe onkogenik, terutama sub-tipe HPV16 dan 18. Vaksinasi HPV efektif dalam menstimulasi terbentuknya antibodi untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap infeksi HPV. Pertambahan kasus baru dan kematian akibat kanker serviks di Indonesia mendorong vaksin HPV menjadi vaksin wajib diberikan sebagai bagian dari program Bulan Imunisasi Anak Sekolah (BIAS). Program vaksinasi HPV perlu diikuti dengan edukasi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat dalam rangka menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas kanker serviks akibat infeksi HPV. Studi literatur dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan informasi terkait kejadian kanker serviks serta program vaksinasi HPV yang sudah dilaksanakan dalam rangka menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat infeksi HPV. Informasi hasil studi literatur yang dicantumkan dalam poster meliputi statistik pertambahan kasus serta kematian akibat kanker serviks di Indonesia tahun 2020, infeksi HPV, efektivitas dan keamanan vaksin HPV, biaya vaksinasi HPV melalui program BIAS, target dan dosis vaksinasi. Intervensi oleh tenaga kesehatan, misal apoteker menggunakan media poster dapat meningkatkan efektivitas media poster terhadap pengetahuan pasien dan/atau masyarakat.

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One of the common print media used by Sub-District Health Centers for promotional health program is posters. Cervical cancer is the third highest cause of cancer cases with 21,003 (9.0%) in Indonesia. The cause of cervical cancer is known to be oncogenic sub-types of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus), especially sub-types HPV16 and 18. HPV vaccination is effective in stimulating the formation of antibodies to provide protection against HPV infection. The increase in new cases and deaths due to cervical cancer in Indonesia has pushed the HPV vaccine to become a mandatory vaccine given as part of the School Immunization Month (BIAS) program. The HPV vaccination program needs to be followed by education to increase public knowledge and awareness. A literature study was carried out regarding the incidence of cervical cancer and the HPV vaccination program that has been implemented to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Information on the results of literature studies included in the poster are statistics on the increase in cases and deaths due to cervical cancer in Indonesia in 2020, HPV infections, effectiveness and safety of the HPV vaccine, costs of free HPV vaccination through the BIAS program, vaccination targets and doses. Intervention by pharmacists using poster media, can increase the effectiveness of poster media on patient and/or public knowledge."

"Vaksinasi HPV memiliki efektivitas paling tinggi bila diberikan pada anak usia 9-12 tahun. Sejak tahun 2016 Indonesia menjadi satu dari sekian banyak negara yang memberlakukan program vaksinasi HPV berbasis sekolah (BIAS), dimana saat ini program ini masih terbatas di DKI Jakarta.Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa vaksinasi HPV berbasis sekolah memiliki angka cakupan paling tinggi. Namun, menurut data di Jakarta, vaksinasi HPV masih belum mencapai target cakupan 95%. Guru pembina UKS sebagai garda terdepan pelaksanaan vaksinasi HPV di sekolah berperan sanga penting dalam proses pengambilan keputusan orang tua untuk mengijinkan atau menolak pemberian vaksinasi bagi anak mereka. Guru adalah fasilitator yang akan berperan memfasilitasi orang tua dan petugas kesehatan dalam pelaksanaan vaksinasi HPV di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Gambaran Kesiapan Guru Pembina UKS SD Sebagai Fasilitator Vaksinasi HPV Dalam Program Bulan Imunisasi Anak Sekolah (BIAS)  Di Jakarta Selatan menurut karakteristik jenis kelamin,umur, tingkat pendidikan, lama menjabat sebagai guru Pembina UKS dan riwayat pelatihan. Pengukuran kesiapan dilihat dalam enam dimensi yaitu peran, sikap, pengetahuan, kapasitas, kapabilitas dan tanggung jawab. Penelitian dilakukan pada 50 Guru pembina UKS SD di 10 Kecamatan Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode cross sectional dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan 52% Guru Pembina UKS di Jakarta Selatan memiliki kesiapan rendah dan 48% memiliki kesiapan tinggi dalam menjalankan tugas sebagai fasilitator vaksinasi HPV BIAS.  Dimensi pengetahuan merupakan dimensi kesiapan yang paling rendah, dengan 70% Guru pembina UKS memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang vaksinasi HPV dan kanker serviks. Karakteristik Individu memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kesiapan : umur (p= 0.036), lama menjabat (p=0.012) dan riwayat diklat ( p= 0.010). Sedangkan jenis kelamin (p=0.661) dan tingkat pendidikan (p=0.502) tidak ditemukan hubungan signifikan terhadap kesiapan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka pelatihan tentang vaksinasi HPV dalam BIAS bagi Guru pembina UKS merupakan hal yang paling penting untuk dilaksanakan dalam rangka mendukung kesiapan Guru Pembina UKS sebagai fasiliatator vaksinasi HPV BIAS di Jakarta Selatan.

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HPV vaccination has the highest effectiveness when given to children aged 9-12 years. Since 2016 Indonesia has become one of few countries that has implemented a school-based HPV vaccination program (BIAS), which is currently limited to DKI Jakarta. Previous research has shown that school-based HPV vaccination has the highest coverage rates. However, according to data in Jakarta, HPV vaccination has not yet reached the 95% coverage target. UKS teachers as the frontline in implementing HPV vaccination in schools play an important role in the decision-making process of parents to allow or refuse vaccinations for their children. School Health Teacher is the facilitator who will play a role in facilitating parents and health workers in carrying out HPV vaccinations in schools.

This study aims to determine the Readiness Overview of Elementary School Health Teacher (UKS) as Facilitators of HPV Vaccination in the School Children Immunization Month Program (BIAS) in South Jakarta according to the characteristics of gender, age, level of education, length of time serving as a UKS Teacher and training history. Measurement of readiness is seen in six dimensions, namely roles, attitudes, knowledge, capacity, capabilities and responsibilities. The study was conducted on 50 UKS elementary school teachers in 10 sub-districts of South Jakarta. This research is a descriptive study with cross sectional method and uses a quantitative approach.

The results showed that 52% of UKS teachers in South Jakarta had low readiness and 48% had high readiness in carrying out their duties as facilitators of BIV HPV vaccination. The knowledge dimension is the lowest readiness dimension, with 70% of UKS teachers having less knowledge about HPV vaccination and cervical cancer. Individual characteristics have a significant relationship with readiness: age (p = 0.036), length of service (p = 0.012) and training history (p = 0.010). While gender (p = 0.661) and education level (p = 0.502) no significant relationship was found in readiness in this study. Based on the results of this study, the training on HPV vaccination in BIAS for UKS Teachers is the most important thing to do in order to support the readiness of the UKS Guidance Teacher as a facilitator for BIV HPV vaccination in South Jakarta."

"Kanker serviks merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar kedua dan merupakan salah satu beban biaya kesehatan terbesar di Indonesia. Kanker serviks merupakan kondisi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi HPV. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan infeksi virus dapat dilakukan dengan vaksinasi HPV serta pemeriksaan skrining secara rutin. Desain penelitian ini potong lintang. Penelitian mengambil subjek wanita yang berobat ke Poliklinik Ginekologi dan Onkologi Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSCM tahun 2021—2022 dan didapatkan total 193 subjek untuk dianalisis. Data yang termasuk dalam analisis adalah usia, pendidikan, jumlah pernikahan, paritas, riwayat keguguran, riwayat KB, riwayat vaksinasi HPV, riwayat skrining dengan tes DNA HPV, dan temuan kelainan serviks. Didapatkan proporsi temuan non-neoplastik dan neoplastik serviks beruturut-turut adalah 3,1% dan 96,9%. Ditemukan hubungan vaksinasi HPV terhadap kejadian kelainan serviks berupa OR 0,022 (IK95% 0,002-0,194; nilai P 0,005), dan hubungan riwayat skrining tes DNA HPV dengan temuan kelainan serviks berupa OR 0,033 (IK95% 0,004-0,252; nilai P 0,008). Riwayat vaksinasi HPV, riwayat skrining kanker serviks, dan tingkat pendidikan berhubungan dengan temuan kelainan serviks (prakanker dan kanker).

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Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death and one of the biggest health cost burdens in Indonesia. Cervical cancer is a condition caused by HPV infection. Therefore, prevention of viral infection can be done with HPV vaccination as well as regular screening examinations. The design of this study was cross-sectional. The study took female subjects who sought treatment at the Gynecology and Oncology Polyclinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of RSCM in 2021-2022 and obtained a total of 193 subjects for analysis. Data included in the analysis were age, education, number of marriages, parity, history of abortion, history of contraception, history of HPV vaccination, history of screening with HPV DNA test, and findings of cervical abnormalities. The proportions of cervical non-neoplastic and neoplastic findings were 3.1% and 96.9%, respectively. The association of HPV vaccination with the incidence of cervical abnormalities was OR 0.022 (95% CI 0.002-0.194; P value 0.005), and the association of HPV DNA test screening history with cervical abnormalities was OR 0.033 (95% CI 0.004-0.252; P value 0.008). HPV vaccination history, cervical cancer screening history, and education level are associated with findings of cervical abnormalities (precancerous and cancerous)."

"Salah satu metode clustering yang banyak digunakan karena unggul dari sisi kestabilannya adalah metode Self Organizing Map. Pada tesis ini dibahas penggunaan metode SOM pada DNA Human Papillomavirus (HPV) yang menjadi penyebab utama penyakit kanker serviks, yaitu penyakit kanker yang menempati urutan pertama di negara berkembang. DNA HPV yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 18 buah yang diambil berdasarkan complete genome terbaru. Dengan menggunakan program berbasis opensource R, proses clustering berhasil mengelompokkan 18 tipe HPV ke dalam dua buah cluster berbeda, yang terdiri dari 2 tipe HPV di cluster pertama sementara 16 tipe HPV lainnya di cluster ke dua. Hasil analisis 18 tipe HPV adalah berdasarkan tingkat keganasannya, atau tingkat kesulitan dalam penyembuhannya. Dua di antara tipe HPV yang berada di cluster pertama tergolong jenis HPV jinak, sementara 16 tipe HPV yang berada di cluster ke dua tergolong jenis HPV ganas.

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One of the most widely used clustering method, since it has advantage on its robustness is Self Organizing Map (SOM) method. This thesis discusses the application of SOM method on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA which is a main cause of cervical cancer disease, the most dangerous cancer in developing countries. We use 18 types of HPV DNA based on the newest complete genome. By using open-source-based program R, clustering process can separate 18 types of HPV into two different clusters. There are two types of HPV in the first cluster while 16 others in the second cluster. The Analyzing result of 18 types HPV based on the malignancy of the virus (the difficultness to cure). Two of HPV types the first cluster can be classified as tame HPV, while 16 others in the second cluster are classified as vicious HPV."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Hepatitis B merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang serius, diperkirakan lebih dari 2 milyar orang didunia telah terinfeksi virus hepatitis B (VHB). Dari jumlah ini kira-kira 360 juta orang mengalami infeksi khronis. Kematian terutama disebabkan karena sirosis hepatis dan karsinoma hepatoseluler. Salah satu upaya pencegahan penularan infeksi VHB adalah uji saring darah donor terhadap hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) yang merupakan pemeriksaan skrinning yang dilakukan oleh Unit Transfusi Darah (UTD) di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Banyak peneliti membuktikan bahwa darah HBsAg negatif masih berpotensi menularkan infeksi VHB. Untuk itu meningkatkan keamanan darah, beberapa negara menambahkan parameter pemeriksaan antibodi terhadap hepatits B core (anti-HBc) sebagai petanda paparan terhadap infeksi VHB dan pemeriksaan antibodi terhadap hepatitis B surface (anti-HBs) sebagai tanda respon imun terhadap infeksi VHB. Dengan berkembangnya teknologi biologi molekuler, masa jendela infeksi VHB dengan seronegatif dapat di ketahui lebih cepat melalui deteksi DNA VHB dengan metode Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multipleks yang dilanjutkan dengan NAT discriminatory. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan, didapatnya DNA VHB pada spesimen darah donor yang seronegatif dengan metoda NAT. Darah dengan HBsAg negatif, DNA VHB positif dengan atau tanpa anti-HBc dan atau anti-HBs merupakan darah asal donor dengan Hepatitis B Occult (HBO). Prevalensi donor dengan HBO di Indonesia berkisar antara 8- 10%.Metodologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang (cross sectional) yang dilakukan di UTDP dan Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman, dengan jumlah sampel 4.973 asal subyek donor darah dari 4 UTD daerah DKI, Kota Tanggerang,kota Depok dan Kabupaten Tanggerang. Terhadap sampel penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan serologis HBsAg,anti-HBc,anti-HBs, NAT, dan PCR kuantitatif dan kualitatif, selanjutnya pada sampel yang HBsAg negatif, NAT positif dan didapatkan hasil PCR kuantitatif positif dilakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan sequencing asam amino untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya mutan HBsAg penyebab lolosnya deteksi serologi HBsAg oleh reagensia HBsAg yang digunakan untuk uji saring darah donor.Hasil. Didapatkan hanya 20 subjek (0,40%) mempunyai hasil HBsAg negatif dan NAT positif multipleks, dan hanya 16 subyek (80%) HBsAg negatif dan NAT discrimenatory positif. Lebih lanjut hasil pemeriksaan anti-HBc negatif dan anti- HBs positif/negatif didapatkan hanya1 subyek (6,25%), anti-HBc positif dan anti- Hbs negatif didapatkan 9 subyek (56,25%), hasil pemerksaan anti-Hbc dan anti- HBs positif 5 subyek (31,25%). Lebih lanjut dilakukan pemeriksaan PCR kualitatif dan didapatkan 3 subyek (18,75%) tidak terdeteksi, , 6 (37,5%) subyek menunjukkan hasil viral load yang low detection (dibawah sensitivitas alat), dan 7 subyek (43,75%) menunjukkan hasil viral load dapat di ketahui. Pada pemeriksaan PCR kualitatif dan sequencing didapatkan 2 subyek (28,57%) ditemukan mutasi pada gen S pada posisi 143 dimana terjadi subsitusi asam amino T143M.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution.;Background. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution.;Background. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution.;Background. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution.;Background. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution., Background. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 bilion people have been infected by this virus, of which 360 milion are chronically infected with severe and fatal risk especially of cirrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main ways to prevent transfusion transmitted HBV infection is blood screening for HBsAg. However, many studies have proven that HBsAg negative blood can still be infection. Therefore to enhance blood safety same countries have added antibody parameters in blood screening of donors – antibody for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as marker for HBV infection and antibody for hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) as marker for immunological response to HBV infection.And with the development of molecular biology technology, HBV infection can be knowing faster in seronegative windows period with HBV DNA examination inspection by methods Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) multiplex and discrimenatory. In fact the results of seronegative blood is still there HBV virus with NAT, and this result we can called with the Occult hepatitis B (HBO). Prevalence of donors with HBO ranges 8- 10% in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the efectivity analized by NAT method blood donor with HBO to see continuity with the examination of anti-HBc, anti-HBs, viral load, and the cause of the HBO that mutations in the gene encoding HBsAg.Methodology. This study used a cross-sectional design (cross-sectional) conducted in UTDP and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, with a sample of 4,973 sampless blood bloods donor from 4 units of blood transfusion area of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Depok and Bekasi district. Against sample serological examination HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, NAT, quantitative and qualitative PCR, then samples were HBsAg negative, positive NAT and quantitative PCR positive results obtained further investigation amino acid sequencing to determine whether there is a mutant HBsAg cause serological detection of HBsAg escape by HBsAg reagents used for screening of blood donorsResult. There was 20 samples (0.40%) had results of HBsAg negative and positive NAT multiplex, and only 16 samples (80%) HBsAg negative and positive discrimenatory NAT. Furthermore, the results of the examination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative positive / negative obtained only 1 samples (6.25%), anti-HBc positive and negative anti-Hbs obtained 9 samples (56.25%), and anti-HBc , anti- HBs positive are 5 samples (31.25%). and then , qualitative PCR examination and had 3 samples (18.75%), is not detected, 6 (37.5%) samples, and some samples showed a low viral load results detection (sensitivity under tools value), and 6 samples (43.75%) shows viral load is positive. In qualitative PCR and sequencing obtained 2 samples (28.57%) found a mutation in the S gene at position 143 where there T143M amino acid substitution.]"

"Papiloma sinonasal merupakan tumor jinak yang berasal dari epitel mukosa sinonasal. Papiloma sinonasal memiliki kecenderungan untuk mengalami transformasi keganasan. Salah satu petanda biomolekuler yang baru-baru ini diduga berperan dalam transformasi keganasan papiloma inverted menjadi karsinoma sel skuamosa sinonasal adalah FoxM1. FoxM1 merupakan faktor transkripsi yang peran utamanya adalah mengatur proliferasi seluler dan progresi siklus sel dalam karsinogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekspresi FoxM1 pada sediaan papiloma inverted sinonasal (PIS) dalam kaitannya dengan perubahan epitel menuju keganasan. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel terdiri atas 36 kasus dengan diagnosis histopatologik papiloma inverted sinonasal yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 21 kasus PIS dan 15 kasus PIS yang mengalami perubahan epitel menuju keganasan (displasia) di Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM tahun 2014-2019. Dilakukan pulasan imunohistokimia FoxM1 dan perhitungan persentase jumlah sel terpulas positif. Analisis stastistik berupa uji komparatif numerik persentase sel terpulas FoxM1 di antara dua kelompok tersebut. Ekspresi FoxM1 ditemukan pada semua sediaan sampel PIS. Rerata persentase sel terpulas FoxM1 pada PIS sebesar 7,4% (SD±1,67) dan PIS yang mengalami perubahan epitel menuju keganasan sebesar 33,5% (SD±14,77). Terdapat perbedaan persentase sel terpulas FoxM1 yang signifikan di antara kedua kelompok (p<0,001). Terdapat ekspresi FoxM1 yang lebih tinggi pada papiloma inverted sinonasal yang mengalami perubahan epitel menuju keganasan. Pulasan imunohistokimia FoxM1 berpotensi untuk menjadi penanda displasia pada papiloma inverted sinonasal.

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Sinonasal papilloma is an uncommon benign neoplasm arising from sinonasal surface epithelia. Sinonasal papilloma has propensity to undergo malignant transformation. A new biomarker recently reported to be involved in malignant transformation in sinonasal papilloma to be sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. FoxM1 is a transcription factor which main role in carcinogenesis is in cellular proliferation and cell cycle regulation. This study aims to describe the expression FoxM1 in sinonasal inverted papilloma and its association with dysplastic changes. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted comprising 36 samples of histologically-confirmed diagnosis of inverted papilloma between 2014 to 2019. The samples were further grouped into 2 groups: 21 samples without associated dysplastic changes and 15 samples with associated dysplastic changes. FoxM1 immunostaining was performed in all samples and. The percentage of positively-stained cells was compared among two groups using appropriate comparative statistics. The mean percentage of positively-stained cells in inverted papilloma without associated dysplastic changes is 7,4% (SD±1,67), and with associated dysplastic changes is 33,5% (SD±14,77). There was statistically-significant difference of FoxM1 expression among two groups (p<0,001). Expression of FoxM1 was found to be higher in the inverted papilloma with associated dysplastic changes. FoxM1 immunostaining is potential to be a biomarker of malignant transformation in sinonasal inverted papilloma."