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"ABSTRAKPneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian utama anak-anak di seluruh dunia daripada penyakit-penyakit lainnya.. Period prevalence pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia adalah 18,5 per mil. Dari tahun ke tahun terjadi peningkatan jumlah kasus pneumonia di Kota Padang. Inhalasi bahan kimia beracun seperti partikulat juga dapat menyebabkan inflamasi dan kerusakan jaringan di paru-paru sehingga diduga menjadi penyebab pneumonia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pajanan PM2,5 di udara dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita yang tinggal di kawasan pemukiman industri dan dan non industri dan faktor risiko lainnya yang dapat menimbulkan pneumonia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control. Sampel terdiri dari masing-masing 51 sampel untuk wilayah industri dan non industri berusia 12 bulan ndash; 60 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel yang berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada balita adalah ASI eksklusif dan pemberian vitamin A. Sedangkan konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara dan faktor pencemaran dalam ruangan tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Kesimpulan didapatkan bahwa pneumonia pada balita dipengaruhi oleh PM2,5 di udara setelah dikontrol variabel letak dapur, ASI eksklusif vitamin A, status gizi, dan imunisasi campak. Di harapkan ibu balita meningkatkan kesadaran memberikan ASI eksklusif, memberikan vitamin dan menjaga kesehatan balita agar terhindar dari pneumonia.

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ABSTRACTPneumonia is the leading cause of death among children worldwide than any diseases. More than 2 million children aged 1 to 5 years died of pneumonia each year across the region. The prevalence of children pneumonia in Indonesia is 18.5 per mile. From year to year there is an increasing number of cases of pneumonia in Padang, West Sumatera. Inhalation of toxic chemicals such as particulates can also cause inflammation and tissue damage in the lungs that suspected to be the cause of pneumonia. This study aims to analyze the relationship of PM2.5 to incidence of children pneumonia living in industrial and non industrial areas in Padang and other risk factors that lead to pneumonia. This study used case control design. The sample consisted of 51 samples each for industrial and non industrial areas aged within 12 months 60 months. The results indicated that variables associated with pneumonia in children were exclusive breastfeeding and vitamin A. While the concentration of PM2,5 and indoor air pollution factor were not associated to the incidence of pneumonia in children. In conclusion, the incidence of pneumonia in children is affected by the concentration of PM2.5 after controlled by the location of the kitchen, exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A, nutritional status, and measles immunization. It is recommended to improve the awareness of mothers to give exclusive breastfeeding, provide vitamin A and maintain the health of the children to avoid pneumonia."

"Sopir angkutan kota (angkot) atau mikrolet di Terminal Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur, menghabiskan waktu berjam-jam di jalan sehingga terpajan particulate matter (PM2,5) dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi sehingga dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan bahkan kematian dini melalui mekanisme stres oksidatif. Malondialdehyde (MDA) adalah salah satu produk sampingan dari stres oksidatif yang menjadi biomarker peroksidasi lipid. Dalam tesis ini, peneliti mengukur PM2,5 pada 130 driver saat mereka mengendarai angkot selama satu kali pulang pergi. Kadar MDA diperiksa dari sampel urin, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) diukur dengan berat dan tinggi badan, dan data variabel lainnya (masa kerja, durasi kerja, kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol, konsumsi vitamin, konsumsi minuman energi, kebiasaan olahraga, dan trayek angkutan) dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pajanan PM2,5 dan IMT secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kadar MDA (p <0,05). Secara keseluruhan, tesis ini menyarankan pengemudi untuk mengontrol berat badannya agar kadar MDA dalam tubuh tidak meningkat serta agar sopir melindungi kesehatan dirinya.

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Mikrolet drivers in Terminal Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta, who spent long hours on road are exposed to the high concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2,5) which can lead to health problem even premature death through oxidative stress mechanism. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of byproduct from oxidative stress which becomes a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. In this study, we measured PM2,5 in 130 drivers while they were driven one round trip. MDA levels were examined from a urine sample, body mass index (BMI) were measured with body weight and height, and other variables data (working year, work duration per day, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, vitamin consumption, energy drink consumption, sports activities, and driving route) were collected by questionnaire and observation. The result shows that PM2,5 exposures and BMI were significantly associated with MDA levels (p <0.05). Overall, these results suggest drivers maintain their body weight to reduce MDA levels and protect drivers' health."

"ABSTRAKPekerja peleburan logam berisiko terhadap dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan particulate matter (PM2,5). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengestimasi risiko akibat pajanan dari PM2,5 pada udara ambien di lingkungan kerja Kawasan Perkampungan Industri Kecil (PIK) Desa Kebasen Kecamatan Talang Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan responden sebanyak 42 pekerja dan 5 titik sampel udara menggunakan alat DustTrak II TSI. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan yang menghasilkan nilai intake perhari dan risk quotient (RQ) berdasarkan konsentrasi PM2,5, pola pajanan, dan berat badan. Responden pada penelitian ini memiliki nilai rata-rata berat badan sebesar 56,926 kg dan rata rata laju inhalasi 0,6017 mg/m3. Nilai median untuk waktu pajanan 8 jam/hari, median frekuensi pajanan 273,5 hari/tahun, dan median durasi pajanan real time 8,5 tahun. Beberapa pekerja mulai berisiko (RQ>1) di saat durasi pajanan real time dengan konsentrasi minimal sebesar 254 µg/m3. Manajemen risiko dilakukan dengan mengurangi waktu dan frekuensi pajanan.

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ABSTRACT

Metal smelting workers are at risk of health effects due to their exposure to particulate matter (PM2,5). The purpose of this study is to estimate the risk due exposure of PM2,5 in ambient air in the work environment of the Small Industrial Village (PIK) of Kebasen Village, Talang District, Tegal Regency. This study used primary data with 42 respondents and 5 air sample points by using the Dusttrak II TSI tool. The method used is an environmental health risk analysis that produces daily intake and risk quotient (RQ) values based on PM2,5 concentration, exposure patterns, and body weight. Respondents in this study had an average weight value of 56,926 kg and had an average inhalation rate of 0,6017 mg/m3. The median value for exposure time is 8 hours/day, the median frequency of exposure is 273,5 days/year, and the median duration of real-time exposure is 8,5 years. Some workers begin to be at risk (RQ>1) at the time of real time exposure with a minimum concentration of 254 µg/m3.

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"ABSTRAK

Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan apabila terhirup oleh

manusia karena akan terdeposit ke dalam alveoli yang akan menimbulkan reaksi

radang yang mengakibatkan daya kembang paru menjadi terbatas dan

menurunkan fungsi paru pada manusia. Pekerja yang bekerja di industri kerajinan

batu ukir mempunyai risiko tinggi terpajan oleh PM2,5 yang dihasilkan dari proses

pemotongan, pembentukan dan penghalusan menggunakan gerinda. Penelitian ini

bertujuan mengetahui hubungan pajanan debu PM2,5 terhadap gangguan fungsi

paru pada pekerja dengan desain studi cross sectional yang dilakukan pada

seluruh pekerja industri kerajinan batu ukir yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan

eksklusi di desa Allakuang, Kecamatan Maritengngae, Kabupaten Sidrap

sebanyak 100 orang. Pemeriksaan faal paru menggunakan spirometri sedangkan

pengukuran konsentrasi PM2,5 di ruang kerja menggunakan Haz dust EPAM 5000.

Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi logistik. Hasil analisis

menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi PM2,5 dengan

gangguan fungsi paru (4,17 ;1,68- 10,38). Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi adalah

masa kerja (2,41; 1,05-5,52) dan kecepatan angin (4,77 ;1,93-11,77). Pada analisis

multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pekerja yang bekerja pada lingkungan kerja

dengan konsentrasi PM2,5 yang tidak memenuhi syarat memiliki risiko 6,86 kali

menderita gangguan fungsi paru setelah dikontrol dengan variabel kecepatan

angin, kelembaban, suhu, masa kerja dan penggunaan APD. Penelitian ini

menyimpulkan didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara tingkat pajanan debu batu

dengan gangguan fungsi paru. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengendalian

terhadap pajanan debu batu dan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat

dipergunakan sebagai acuan pelaksanaan program kesehatan dan keselamatan

pada pekerja serta pelaksanaan monitoring lingkungan kerja serta surveilans

kesehatan kerja.

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ABSTRACT

PM2,5 concentration on the air can affect health when inhaled by human. It will be

deposited in the alveoli that could inflict an inflammatory reaction that cause

reduce lung volume and decreasing the lung function in human. Workers who

work in stone carving craft industry had a high risk of PM2,5 exposure that resulted

from the process of cutting, forming and refining by using grinder. This cross

sectional study purposed to assess the relationship between exposure of PM2,5 dust

and impaired lung function among 100 workers who had fulfilled the inclusion

and exclusion criteria in the Allakuang village, Maritengngae subdistrict, Sidrap

District, South Sulawesi Province. Lung function was assessed by spirometry.

PM2,5 concentration in the workspace was assessed by Haz dust EPAM 5000.

Logistic regression analysis was carried out and showed a significant correlation

between the PM2,5 concentration with impaired lung function (4,2; 1,68- 10.38).

Another determinant factor was the work duration (2.4; 1,05-5,52) and wind speed

(4,8; 1.93-11.77). Multivariate analysis showed that worker who work on the

work space with high concentration of PM2,5 tend to have 6.86 times higher risk of

suffering from impaired lung function after adjusted by wind speed, humidity,

temperature, work duration and using PPE (Personal protective equipment). There

was significant association between the level of dust exposure with impaired lung

function. Hence, it is necessary to control the dust exposure.The finding of this

study could be used as a consideration of health and safety programs

implementation among workers and monitoring the implementation of work space

and also the surveillance of occupational health."

"Pencemaran udara luar ruangan telah menjadi salah satu risiko lingkungan terbesar terhadap kesehatan. Pedagang kaki lima dianggap sebagai populasi yang paling berisiko karena bekerja dalam waktu yang cukup lama dan secara terus-menerus terpapar polusi udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan agen risiko partikulat yaitu Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), PM10, dan PM2.5 terhadap pedagang kaki lima di Kelurahan Glodok, Jakarta Barat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) menggunakan data primer dengan jumlah sampel pedagang kaki lima sebanyak 65 responden. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, konsentrasi TSP sebesar 43 μg/m3, PM10 sebesar 25 μg/m3, dan PM2.5 sebesar 16 μg/m3. Seluruh konsentrasi partikulat masih di bawah standar baku mutu Indonesia, namun untuk PM2.5 sudah sedikit melebihi standar baku mutu World Health Organization (WHO). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan menggunakan nilai rata-rata dan nilai tengah, tingkat risiko seluruh pajanan partikulat (TSP, PM10, PM2.5) menunjukkan nilai RQ ≤1 atau dinyatakan aman. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan setiap responden, terdapat 2 responden berisiko terhadap pajanan PM10 dan PM2.5. Pengelolaan risiko yang dapat dilakukan adalah menurunkan konsentrasi partikulat hingga batas aman, salah satunya dengan mengembangkan substitusi bahan bakar dengan yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan menggunakan sumber tenaga alternatif rendah polusi seperti tenaga listrik.

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Outdoor air pollution has become one of the greatest environmental risks to health. Street vendors are considered to be the population at risk because they work long hours and are constantly exposed to air pollution. This study aims to estimate the health risks due to exposure to particulate risk agents, namely Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 to street vendors in Glodok Urban Village, West Jakarta. The study used an Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach using primary data with a sample of 65 street vendors. Based on the measurement results, the concentration of TSP was 43 g/m3, PM10 was 25 g/m3, and PM2.5 was 16 g/m3. All particulate concentrations are still below the Indonesian quality standards, but PM2.5 has slightly exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) quality standards. Based on the results of calculations using the average and median values, the risk level of all particulate exposures (TSP, PM10, PM2.5) shows an RQ≤1 or is declared safe. Based on the calculation results of each respondent, there are 2 respondents at risk of exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Risk management that can be done is to reduce the concentration of particulates to a safe limit, one of them is by developing fuel substitution with more environmentally friendly and using alternative sources of low-pollution energy such as electric power."

"Pencemaran udara menjadi ancaman besar bagi masyarakat dunia. Salah satu indikator yang umum adalah Particulate Matter 2.5 atau PM 2.5. PM 2.5 merupakan polutan yang dapat masuk ke paru-paru bahkan sampai pada alveolus dan dapat berdifusi ke pembuluh darah. PM 2.5 juga dapat mengandung ataupun mengadsorpsi logam berat, gas beracun, virus, bakteri, dan zat berbahaya lainnya. Tingginya konsentrasi PM 2.5 dapat menimbulkan berbagai efek kesehatan pada manusia. Salah satu sumber PM 2.5 adalah transportasi. Sekolah yang lokasinya dekat dengan jalan raya berisiko terhadap pajanan PM 2.5 yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi risiko kesehatan terhadap pajanan PM 2.5 pada siswa dan guru yang bekerja di SDN Cisalak 1 Tahun 2024. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) dari Bulan Maret-Mei 2024. Sampel pada penelitian ini terdiri dari 23 guru dan 63 siswa kelas 4 dan kelas 5. Pengukuran konsentrasi PM 2.5 dilakukan di 5 titik menggunakan alat DustTrak DRX 8533 selama 1 jam di tiap titiknya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata konsentrasi PM 2.5 di SDN Cisalak 1 adalah 0,208 mg/m3 atau 0,121 mg/m3 setelah dikonversi menjadi konsentrasi 24 jam. Konsentrasi tersebut masih berada di atas baku mutu Permenkes RI No. 2 Tahun 2023. Besar risiko secara realtime dan lifespan, baik pada siswa maupun guru secara keseluruhan menyatakan nilai RQ ≤ 1 yang artinya secara keseluruhan, siswa dan guru masih aman dari pajanan PM 2.5 dengan konsentrasi tidak lebih dari 0,208 mg/m3. Namun, jika dilakukan perhitungan secara individu, didapatkan sebanyak 4,48% dan 55,5% siswa berisiko terhadap pajanan PM 2.5 secara realtime dan lifespan. Sdangkan pada guru sebanyak 72,7% guru berisiko terhadap pajanan PM 2.5 secara lifespan selama 30 tahun. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisir risiko tersebut adalah dengan melakukan pembatasan pajanan melalui pembersihan ruang kelas secara rutin, penyortiran barang atau berkas, dan melakukan penghijauan di area sekolah.

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Air pollution is a major threat to world society. One common indicator is Particulate Matter 2.5 or PM 2.5. PM 2.5 is a pollutant that can enter the lungs and even reach the alveoli and can diffuse into the blood vessels. PM 2.5 can also contain or adsorb heavy metals, toxic gases, viruses, bacteria and other dangerous substances. High concentrations of PM 2.5 can cause various health effects in humans. One source of PM 2.5 is transportation. Schools that located close to highways have a high risk of PM 2.5 exposure. This study aims to estimate the health risk of exposure to PM 2.5 in students and teachers working at SDN Cisalak 1 in 2024. This research was conducted using the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) method from March-May 2024. The sample in this study consisted of 23 teachers and 63 students in grades 4 and 5. PM 2.5 concentrations were measured at 5 points using a DustTrak DRX 8533 for 1 hour at each point. The results of this study show that the average PM 2.5 concentration at SDN Cisalak 1 is 0.208 mg/m3 or 0.121 mg/m3 after being converted to a 24 hour concentration. This concentration is still above the quality standards of  Permenkes RI No. 2 Tahun 2023. The overall RQ value, for both students and teachers, is RQ ≤ 1, which means that overall, students and teachers are still safe from exposure to PM 2.5 with a concentration of no more than 0.208 mg/m3. From individual calculations, the results showed that 4.48% and 55.5% of students were at risk of exposure to PM 2.5 in realtime and lifespan. Meanwhile, 72.7% of teachers are at risk of exposure to PM 2.5 over a lifespan of 30 years. To reduce exposure can be done by cleaning up the classrooms, sorting items or files, and planting trees in school area."

"ABSTRAKPencemaran udara yang mengandung Particulate Matter (PM) baik dalam jangkapanjang maupun pendek telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan kematian dan efekkesehatan terutama pada jantung serta paru-paru. Polisi Satgatur Polda Metro Jayamerupakan salah satu pekerja yang terpajan akan pencemaran udara tersebut. Makadari itu penulis melakukan penelitian pada Polisi Satgatur Polda Metro Jaya untukmengetahui gambaran konsentrasi pajanan PM 10 dan 2,5 yang berasal daripencemaran udara terutama hasil pembakaran kendaraan bermotor di Pos PolisiHarmoni, Bundaran HI dan Bundaran Senayan. Metode yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan analisis Gravimetri untuk mengetahuikonsentrasi dari partikulat. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu konsentrasiPM 2,5 dan 10 terbesar di Bundaran Senayan pada shift 1 disaat hari kerja dan jikadibandingkan dengan standar ACGIH, NIOSH dan OSHA belum melebihi nilaiambang batas. Akan tetapi jika dibandingkan dengan WHO, sudah melebihi nilaiambang batas.

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ABSTRACTAir pollution which contained Particulate Matter (PM) both the short and long termhas been known to cause deaths and health effects especially on the heart and lungs.Police Satgatur Polda Metro Jaya is one of the workers who can be exposure.Therefore, this study talked about overview of particulate matter 2,5 and 10 personalexposure which came from air pollution especially gas emissions from motor vehiclesin Police Station Harmoni, Bundaran HI and Bundaran Senayan. The method whichis used in this research is to use Gravimetry analysis to determine the concentration ofparticulates. Results obtained at a biggest concentration of PM 2,5 and 10 is inBundaran Senayan on shift 1 while weekday and if compared to ACGIH, NIOSH andOSHA has not exceeded the quality standards. But if compared to WHO, hasexceeded the quality standards."

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalamruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TBterbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasusTB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TBparu BTA positif di Kota Cirebon.Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderitabaru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positifberdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetanggaterdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TBparu berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden.Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860).Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026-7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakarmemasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan lajuventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumahberhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan lajuventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atauventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masihbanyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upayapeningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat,dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidakmerokok.

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ABSTRACTPM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.]"

"Pajanan PM2.5 baik dalam jangka panjang maupun pendek telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan kematian dan efek kesehatan terutama pada jantung dan pembuluh serta paru-paru. Atas dasar tersebut, peneliti melakukan penelitian di Pusat Pengujian Kendaraan Bermotor unit Pulo Gadung, untuk mengetahui pajanan PM2.5 yang diterima oleh pekerja yang berasal dari emisi dari gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang merupakan salah satu kontributor terbesar kadar PM di daerah perkotaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pajanan PM pada 10 petugas penguji dan 4 petugas administrasi sebagai sampel. Pengambilan sampel PM2.5 mengacu pada metode IP-10A dari EPA yang telah diperbarui oleh SKC. Rata-rata konsentrasi pajanan personal PM2.5 selama pekerja pada periode penelitian yang diterima oleh petugas penguji mekanik adalah sebesar 149.01 µm/m3 dan 103.28 µm/m3 pada petugas administrasi. Setelah konversikan dan dibandingkan dengan AQG WHO, pajanan PM2.5 yang diterima oleh petugas penguji maupun petugas administrasi melebihi nilai ambang yang disarankan (25 µm/m3 ).

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Exposure to PM2.5 in both the short and long term has been known to cause deaths and health effects, especially on the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. On this basis, researcher conducted a study in the Motor Vehicle Testing Centre at Pulogadung unit, to determine the concentration of PM2.5 received by workers coming from the exhaust gas emissions from motor vehicles is one of the largest contributors to the levels of PM in urban areas. This study uses personal PM exposure of 10 emission test officers and four administrators as a sample. Sampling PM2.5 refers to methods of IP-10A from the EPA that has been updated by SKC. The average personal exposure concentrations of PM2.5 in the study period received by the clerk of mechanical testing amounted to 149.01 μm / m3 and 103.28 μm/m3 on administrative officer. Once converted and compared with WHO AQG, PM2.5 exposure received by testers officer or administrative officer exceeds the recommended value (25 µm/m3 )."