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"Perkembangan industri keramik di Indonesia khususnya di Gresik menghasilkan potensi bahaya gangguan kesehatan pekerja khususnya pernafasan akibat debu respirabel yang dihasilkan dalam proses produksi. Gangguan atau kelainan pernafasan ini dirasakan pekerja sebagai keluhan sistem pernafasan dan dapat menimbulkan penurunan produktifitas. Belum ada penelitian yang dilakukan di industri keramik di Gresik mengenai hubungan pajanan debu respirabel dan faktor risiko lain dengan keluhan sistem pernafasan pada pekerja selama ini. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pajanan debu respirabel dan faktor risiko lain dengan keluhan sistem pernafasan pada pekerja industri keramik. Metode penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan sampling population sebanyak 141 orang. Hasil penelitian ini adalah responden yang terpajan debu respirabel diatas NAB sebanyak 5, sedangkan yang terpajan dibawah NAB (3mg/m3) sebanyak 95%, didapatkan pula responden yang mengalami keluhan sistem pernafasan sebesar 40,4%. Konsentrasi debu respirabel berhubungan dengan keluhan sistem pernafasan dengan nilai p-value = 0,001 (95% CI; 0,300-0,465) dengan PR sebesar 2,680. Sedangkan faktor risiko lain jenis kelamin, usia, masa kerja, IMT, kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan olahraga dan penggunaan APD tidak berhubungan dengan keluhan sistem pernafasan.

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The development of ceramic industry in Indonesia especially in Gresik produces potential health hazards to workers, especially respiratory problems, due to the respirable dust produced in the production process. This respiratory disorder is perceived by the worker as respiratory complaints and may lead to a decrease in productivity. No research has been done in the ceramic industry in Gresik regarding the relationship between respirable dust exposure and other risk factors with respiratory complaints on workers over the years. Therefore the purpose of this thesis is to know the relationship between respirable dust exposure and other risk factors with respiratory complaints on ceramic industry workers. The method of this study is cross sectional with a sampling population of 141 people.

The result of this research is the exposure of respirable dust over NAB is 5%, while those exposed below NAB (3mg/m3) is 95%, also respondents having subjective respiratory complaint is 40,4%. Respirable dust concentration was associated with subjective respiratory complaints with p value 0.001 (95% CI, 0.300-0.465) with a PR of 2,680. While other risk factors sex, age, employment, BMI, smoking habits, exercise habits and use of PPE are not associated with subjective respiratory complaints. Key words ceramic industry, respirable dust, respiratory complaints."

"Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan masalah kesehatan ketiga di kelurahan Utan Kayu Utara. Wilayah tersebut merupakan sentra industri tahu yang seluruhnya menggunakan bahan bakar kayu sehingga berisiko tinggi terhadap pencemaran udara dan pengaruhnya kepada kejadian ISPA. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan fisik dan karakteristik pekerja terhadap hubungannya dengan kejadian ISPA. Jumlah pekerja yang mengalami ISPA 39 orang (39%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada atap, ventilasi, kelembaban, pencahayaan p=1,000, suhu p=0,999, umur p=0,307, kebiasaan merokok p=0,372 dan masa kerja p=0,254. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara lingkungan fisik dengan kejadian ISPA pada pekerja.

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Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) is the third health problems in village Utan Kayu Utara. The region is the industrial centers of tahu who are all using fuel wood that high risk of air pollution and its effects to the occurrence of ARTI.

The study design used is cross sectional to know the relationship of the physical environment and the characteristics of the workers against the association with ARTI. The number of workers who are having ARTI 39 people (39%).

The results showed on the roof, ventilation, humidity, lighting p = 1.000, temperature p=0.999, aged p=0,307, smoking p=0,372 and working period p=0,254. There is no relationship between the physical environment with the occurrence of ARTI on workers."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan keluhan pernafasan subyektif pada operator cetak yang terpajan (PM2,5) di lingkungan produksi. Subyek penelitian ini adalah 51 pekerja operator cetak shift tiga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi PM2,5 lebih tinggi ditemukan pada daerah mesin solna 1 (0,463 mg/m3) dan solna (40,211 mg/m3) dibandingkan mesin HT dan magnum. Ditemukan operator mengalami keluhan pernafasan sebanyak 88,2% dan yang tidak mengalami ada 11,8%. Ditemukan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan konsentrasi PM2,5, durasi pajanan, perilaku merokok dan karakteristik tempat tinggal dengan keluhan pernafasan subyektif. Diperlukan perbaikan desain lingkungan kerja serta penggunaan alat pelindung pernafasan yang baik dan benar.

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This study aimed to determine factors that associated with subjective respiratory complaints on printing operator who exposured particulate matter 2,5 respirable in the environment of production. The subjects of research in the measurement are 51 printing operators in the third shift. The result showed that the higher average exposure concentrations of PM2,5 were found in the Solna 1 machine (0,463 mg/m3) and Solna 4 machine (0,211 mg/m3) than HT 1,2,3 machine and magnum machine. The result also showed that the printing operators who get the subjective respiratory complaints are 88,2 percents and who not to get the subjective respiratory complaints are 11,8 percents. There were not significant differences between the average concentration of PM2,5 in production area, the duration of exposure, smoking habit and characteristic of living environment with the subjective respiratory complaints. Further improvements on the design of working environment and the good using of respiratory protective equipments."

"Kejadian infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) pada balita di Wonosobo meningkat dalam 3 tahun terakhir. Kejadian tertinggi adalah 348 per 1.000 balita pada tahun 2010. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lingkungan fisik rumah terhadap ISPA, dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional analitik. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua balita di Kabupaten Wonosobo, Provinsi Jawa Tengah 2012. Sampel dipilih secara acak sederhana berdasarkan cluster mewakili perbedaan ketinggian di Wonosobo, selanjutnya pemilihan subjek penelitian menggunakan cara Propobability proportional to Size (N = 250). Studi ini menemukan prevalens kejadian ISPA sebesar 60,80%, lingkungan fisik rumah berhubungan dengan kejadian ISPA setelah dikontrol dengan variabel pengetahuan ibu. Proporsi kejadian ISPA 68,47% dari balita yang tinggal pada kondisi rumah kurang, sedangkan 27,66% balita tinggal dalam kondisi baik (PR= 2,47, 95% CI: 1,545-3.967). Diperlukan upaya promosi kesehatan dan tindakan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan lingkungan terutama kondisi rumah untuk mencegah ISPA.

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The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) on children under five in Wonosobo was increasing in the last 3 years. The highest was 348 per 1.000 children under five in 2010. The study aimed to determine the influence of house condition to ARI. This was an analytic cross sectional study. The population was all of under five In Wonosobo District, Central Java Province 2012. Sample was selected by cluster simple random sampling, the cluster was representing the altitude of Wonosobo, then the selection of subject study using propobabilty proportional to size (N=250).

This study found a prevalence of 60.80% of ARI, the house physical environment associated with the incidence of ARI home after the controlled of maternal knowledge variable. proportion of ARI incidence 68.47% of children who live on bad house conditions, while 27.66% children under five living in good conditions (PR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.545 to 3967). Need a health promotion and an action to increasing the health environments especially the house conditions to prevent ARI."

"Latar Belakang : Banyaknya pembangunan sarana prasana serta infrakstruktur diIndonesia meningkatkan kebutuhan akan bahan bangunan termasuk beton, sehinggaproduksi beton terus berjalan. Debu hasil proses produksi beton terdiri dari debu semen,pasir, dan batu kerikil, yang sebagian mengandung silika yang telah terbukti dapatmenimbulkan masalah kesehatan terutama di saluran pernapasan. Pada pabrik beton yangbaru beroperasi selama 3 tahun seharusnya belum ada masalah gangguan saluranpernapasan bila SMK3 diimplementasikan dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui apakah sudah ada masalah gangguan awal saluran pernapasan danmengaitkannya dengan implementasi SMK3 dan faktor-faktor lainnya. sehingga bisa diupayakan program promotif – preventif bagi pekerja sehubungan dengan pajanantersebut.Metode : Desain cross-sectional dengan sampel berjumlah 70 responden yang diambilsecara total sampling. Data penelitian diperoleh dari wawancara keluhan saluranpernapasan dengan menggunakan kuesioner Pneumobile Project dan pemeriksaanspirometri, pengukuran kadar debu, serta pengisian formulir audit SMK3.Hasil : Didapatkan 8 pekerja (11,40%) memiliki gejala awal gangguan saluranpernapasan. Pengukuran debu lingkungan kerja melebihi nilai ambang batas pada plant 1(16.5 mg/m3) dan plant 2 (12.1 mg/m3). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara, usia,tingkat pendidikan, IMT, kebiasaan merokok, masa kerja, dan lama kerja terhadap gejalaawal gangguan saluran pernapasan. Tingkat pelaksanaan SMK3 pada PT. X masih kurang(15,06%). Telah ada kebijakan K3, namun belum ada kegiatan perencanaan, pemantauan,evaluasi maupun usaha peningkatan kinerja K3 yang terdokumentasi dan sistematis.Kesimpulan : Didapatkan pekerja dengan gejala awal gangguan saluran pernapasansebanyak 8 (11,4%) orang. Hasil pemeriksaan kadar debu melebihi NAB. Tidakdidapatkan faktor risiko yang berhubungan secara statistik dengan gejala awal gangguansaluran pernapasan, akan tetapi tingkat pelaksanaan SMK3 masih kurang sehingga harusditingkatkan.

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Background : The large number of infrastructure development in Indonesia increased

the need of concrete. Therefore, the concrete factory production continues to run and

produce. The residue of the concrete production process derived from the dust of the

cement, sand, and gravel which partially contained silica, that had been proven to caused

health problems especially in the respiratory tract. The new concrete plant which had only

been operating for 3 years should have no cases of early symptoms of respiratory

disorders when the OSH management system is successfully implemented. This study

aimed to determine whether there are respondents with early symptoms of respiratory

disorders in association of the implementation of OSH management system and the other

factors, so that promotive-preventive programs in connection with the exposures able to

be planned regarding the conditions.

Method : Cross-sectional study with a total sampling of 70 respondents. Data were

obtained from interview using the Pneumobile Project questionnaire, spirometry

examination, measurement of dust levels, and OSH management system audit form

filling.

Results : There were 8 (11.40%) workers with early symptoms of respiratory disorders.

Dust measurement exceeds the threshold value, 16.5 mg/m3 on Plant 1 and 12.1 mg/m3

on Plant 2. There was no significant association between age, level of education, BMI,

smoking habits, working period and working time to early symptoms of respiratory tract

disorder. The implementation of OSH management system at PT. X was poor (15,06%).

There was already an OHS policy, but the planning, monitoring, evaluation or effort of

improvement of OSH were not documented systematically.

Conclusion : The prevalence of early symptoms of respiratory disorders is 11,40%. The

dust levels exceed the threshold level. No risk factors are found to be statistically associate

with early symptoms of respiratory disorders but the level of implementation of OSH is

below the expected results thus must be improved"

"Industri garmen P T X merupakan jenis industri yang bergerak di bidang pembuatan pakaian jadi untuk keperluan ekspor Proses produksi industri garmen melibatkan penggunaan kapas dan bahan baku tekstil dalam pembuatannya Berdasarkan data Poliklinik Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut ISPA merupakan penyakit tertinggi pada tahun 2010 2012 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko lingkungan fisik terhadap kejadian ISPA pada pekerja bagian material cutting dan sewing industri garmen P T X Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional atau potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 102 pekerja Jumlah pekerja yang menderita ISPA sebanyak 39 38 2 dan besar rata rata suhu kelembaban dan pencahayaan di area kerja sebesar 29 7o C 69 dan 231 lux Faktor lingkungan fisik kerja karakteristik dan perilaku tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian ISPA pada pekerja garmen Himbauan penggunaan APD perlu diterapkan pada pekerja garmen.

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Garment Industry of P T X is an industry leading on making clothes for export Garment Industry production process involves cotton and textile raw materials usage According to Policlinic Data Acute Respiratory Infection is a number one disease in 2010 2012 This research aims to determine physical working environment risk factor toward acute respiratory infection to material cutting and sewing workers of P T X Garment Industry The research uses cross sectional study design with 100 samples of workers Number of workers infected acute respiratory infection is 39 workers 38 2 and average temperature humidity lightning at working area are 29 7o C 69 and 231 lux Working environment factor characteristic and behavior are not significantly related to acute respiratory infection case to material workers PPE usage's call has to be applied by garment workers."

"This book is ideal for practitioners and managers with low experience in the field. It introduces the theme of extrusion in ceramics and provides checklists, questionnaires, as well as the related literature and websites covering the topic. This Brief is written in a simple language and covers topics such as honeycombs, ceramic filters, auger geometry, wear and tear."

"ABSTRAKAnak-anak merupakan kelompok umur yang memiliki risiko tinggi karenapencemaran particulate matter PM10. Oleh sebab itu dilakukan penelitian untukmelihat hubungan asupan pajanan PM10 dengan gejala gangguan pernafasan padaanak sekolah dasar. Dalam penelitian ini variabel intake pajanan particulate matter,jenis kelamin, umur dan status gizi diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap gejala gangguanpernafasan. Disain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional, analisis datadilakukan dengan univariat dan bivariat terhadap 102 responden. Pengukuran PM10dilakukan selama 1 jam pada 4 titik sampling telah menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasiPM10 telah melampaui baku mutu sebesar 120,25 μg/m3. Sebanyak 43,1% respondenmengalami gejala gangguan pernafasan dan disimpulkan bahwa intake pajanan PM10yang tinggi berhubungan signifikan dengan gejala gangguan pernafasan denganpeluang 3 kali dibanding responden dengan intake pajanan rendah (p value =0,009).Hubungan antara intake PM10 dan gejala gangguan pernafasan dipengaruhi juga olehumur responden dengan p value 0,018.

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ABSTRACTChildren are within high risk age group of particulate matter PM10 exposure.Therefore, a study needs to be conducted to see the correction of PM10 exposureintake with respiratory symptoms in elementary students age group. In this study, theintake of the PM10 exposure, the gender, the age and the nutritional status areexamined to know their effects on the respiratory symptoms. The study design beingused is cross sectional, with univariat and bivariat analysis on 102 respondents. Themeasurement of PM10 carried out in 1 hour at 4 sampling points has shown that theconcentration of the PM10 has exceeded the standard quality of 120.25 μg/m3. A totalof 43.1% respondents are experiencing respiratory symptoms and it is concluded thathigh exposure intake of PM10 is significantly associated with respiratory symptomswith higher chances a chance of 3 times compared to respondents with low exposureintake (p value = 0.009). The relationship between the exposure of PM10 andrespiratory symptoms is also influenced by the age of the respondents with p value of0,018"

"e purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of ceramic filters made from a mixture of natural clay, rice bran, and iron powder in removing cadmium from pulp industry effluent. Some parameters were examined such as acidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium concentration. Results showed that the composition percentage of the ceramic filter, which in this case amounted to 87.5% natural clay, 10% rice bran, and 2.5% iron powder, may decrease cadmium concentration in pulp industry effluent by up to 99.0%. Furthermore, the permeate flux decreased after 30 minutes of filtration time, and subsequently became constant at one hour of contact time. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs of the ceramic filter surfaces indicate that ceramic filters have a random pore structure and can be categorized as microfiltration filters."

"Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan penyebab utama penyakit akut di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, prevalensi ISPA paling tinggi terjadi pada kelompok balita. Kabupaten Bogor merupakan salah satu wilayah di Jawa barat dengan kasus ISPA yang tinggi. RW1 Desa Ciampea, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor merupakan lokasi pemukiman sekaligus lokasi industri pengolahan batu kapur. Keberadaan industri pengolahan batu kapur di sekitar area pemukiman merupakan sumber pencemaran udara yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Ciampea, ISPA merupakan penyakit dengan jumlah kasus terbanyak pada tahun 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor lingkungan (PM10 udara ambien, jarak rumah ke pabrik pengolahan batu kapur, suhu dan kelembaban udara rumah, ventilasi rumah, kepadatan hunian rumah, ada atau tidak anggota keluarga serumah yang terkena ISPA, ada atau tidak anggota keluarga serumah yang merokok, penggunaan obat anti nyamuk, jenis bahan bakar memasak, dan letak dapur) dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita di RW1 Desa Ciampea, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data primer yang mana jumlah sampel sebanyak 106 orang balita. Hasil analisis bivariat diperoleh bahwa faktor lingkungan yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita adalah PM10 udara ambien (7,40; 2,02-27,10) dan kepadatan hunian rumah (3,39; 1,39-8,32). Adapun karakteristik individu balita yang memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita berdasarkan hasil uji statistik dengan analisis bivariat adalah jenis kelamin (2,61; 1,08-6,34). Faktor yang paling dominan hubungannya dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita adalah PM10 udara ambien (9,62; 2,39-38,71). Kerjasama lintas sektoral diperlukan untuk menurunkan angka kejadian ISPA.

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Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a major cause of acute illness in the worldwide. In Indonesia, the prevalence of ARI is highest in the group of children under five years. Bogor district is one of region in West Java with high ARI case. Hamlet 1 of Ciampea Village is both settlement location and limestone processing industry location. The existence of limestone processing industry around the settlement area is source of air pollution that can affect people’s health. In the working area of Health Center of Ciampea Sub District, ARI is the disease with the highest case on 2012.

This study aims to determine the relationship between environmental factors (ambient PM10, distance from house to limestone processing plant, the temperature and the humidity of house, house ventilation, residential density of house, whether or not the family members at home who got acute respiratory infection, whether or not a family member at home who smoke, the use of mosquito repellent, type of cooking fuel, and the location of the kitchen) with the occurrence of ARI. This study uses cross-sectional study design and primary data with sample of 106 toddlers.

Result bivariate analysis shows that environmental factors which significantly associated with ARI among children under five years are ambient air PM10 (7.40; 2.02-27.10) and residential density of house (3.39; 1.39-8.32). The individual characteristic of a toddler who has a significant association with the occurrence of ARI among children under five years based on the results of statistical test with bivariate analysis is gender (2.61; 1.08-6.34). The most dominant factor associated with the occurrence of ARI among children under five years is ambient air PM10 (9,62; 2,39-38,71). Cross-sectoral cooperation is needed to reduce the number of ARI."