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"ABSTRAKIndustri pariwisata di Pulau Bali telah berhasil menarik wisatawan mancanegara dalam jumlah besar, sehingga menjadi kegiatan ekonomi utama. Kegiatan pariwisata berkaitan erat dengan kondisi internal di Pulau Bali, salah satu diantaranya adalah kondisi cuaca/iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola kenyamanan iklim sehubungan dengan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan asing. Berbasis pada data unsur iklim tahun 1986 ndash; 2016 di 4 lokasi, tingkat kenyamanan iklim ditentukan dengan menerapkan Tourism Climate Index TCI , yang divalidasi melalui survey lapang dan wawancara dengan wisatawan asing yang penentuannya dilakukan dengan teknik quota sampling. Analisis spasial dengan metode overlay peta dilakukan untuk mengetahui pola kenyamanan iklim menurut ketinggian, yang dikaitkan dengan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan asing menurut obyek wisata dan kawasan asal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kenyamanan iklim di Pulau Bali 9 obyek wisata tergolong nyaman pada bulan Juni ndash; September, terutama obyek wisata yang berada di wilayah pegunungan. Besarnya jumlah kunjungan wisatawan pada obyek wisata di Pulau Bali bersamaan waktunya dengan tingginya tingkat kenyamanan iklim. Wisatawan merasa lebih nyaman ketika berada di obyek wisata yang tingkat kenyamanannya lebih tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe tourism industry in Bali has attracted large numbers of foreign tourists, making it the main economic activity. Tourism activities are closely related to internal conditions in Bali, one of which is weather climate conditions. This study aims to analyze the climate comfort pattern with the number of foreign tourists visits. Based on climate data from 1986 to 2016 in 4 locations, the climate comfort level was determined by applying the Tourism Climate Index TCI , which was validated through field surveys and interviews with foreign tourists who were determined by quota sampling techniques. Spatial analysis with map overlay method is used to find the climate comfort pattern according to height, which is associated by the number of tourist visits based on tourist attractions and the region of the tourists rsquo origin. The results showed that the comfort level in Bali of 9 attractions are relatively comfortable in June September, especially attractions in higher places. The large number of tourist visits is coincided with the optimal level of climate comfort. Tourists feel more comfortable while in the attractions with a higher level of climate comfort. "

"Provinsi Bali merupakan provinsi dengan kegiatan ekonomi utamanya adalah sektor pariwisata. Keindahan alam Provinsi Bali, khususnya Pulau Bali memiliki daya saing pariwisata yang semakin unggul, yaitu menempati peringkat 32 dari 140 negara. Keberlanjutan sektor pariwisata sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi cuaca dan iklim. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis pola tingkat kenyamanan iklim tahun 2010 hingga 2020 berdasarkan Tourism Climate Index (TCI), kemudian hasil analisis tersebut dijadikan sebagai bahan untuk melakukan prediksi nilai TCI hingga 15 Februari 2023. Hasil analisis pola tingkat kenyamanan iklim coba di asosiasikan dengan review wisatawan pada platform Tripadvisor.com. Hasil pemodelan nilai TCI digunakan untuk mengetahui besar akurasi model sehingga dapat berguna bagi sektor pariwisata. Analisis spasial dilakukan dengan metode interpolasi CoKriging berdasarkan data stasiun observasi BMKG dengan mempertimbangkan variabilitas ketinggian wilayah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pola dry peak season pada 20 obyek wisata Pulau Bali, dimana iklim ternyaman terjadi pada saat puncak musim panas (Agustus). Hasil prediksi menunjukkan hasil yang cukup baik dengan tingkat toleransi kesalahan maksimal 9, sehingga dapat dijadikkan sebagai teknologi alternatif untuk prediksi tingkat kenyamanan iklim di masa mendatang.

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Bali Province is a region whose primary economic activity is centered around the tourism sector. The natural beauty of Bali Province, especially the island of Bali itself, has significantly enhanced its tourism competitiveness, ranking 32nd out of 140 countries. The sustainability of the tourism sector is strongly influenced by weather and climate conditions. This research aims to analyze the pattern of climate comfort levels from 2010 to 2020, based on the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). The results of this analysis are then utilized to predict the TCI value until February 15, 2023. Furthermore, the analysis of climate comfort levels is correlated with tourist reviews on the Tripadvisor.com platform. To model the TCI value, the accuracy of the model is determined, making it valuable for the tourism sector. Spatial analysis was conducted using the CoKriging interpolation method, utilizing BMKG observation station data, and accounting for the variability of the area's altitude. The results revealed a peak season pattern with dry conditions across 20 tourism sites on the island of Bali, with the most comfortable climate occurring during the peak of summer (August). The prediction results demonstrate satisfactory accuracy with a maximum error tolerance level of 9, making it a reliable technology for predicting future climate comfort levels."

"Pariwisata telah menjadi sektor andalan sumber devisa, termasuk di Indonesia. Salah satu tujuan wisata wisatawan mancanegara ialah Pulau Jawa bagian tengah. Kondisi iklim mempengaruhi kenyamanan yang dirasakan wisatawan saat melakukan wisata. Cara untuk mengetahui tingkat kenyamanan iklim yang berkaitan dengan wisata dikenal dengan Tourism Climate Index (TCI). Studi mengenai TCI di Indonesia belum ditemukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kenyamanan iklim daerah tujuan wisata di Pulau Jawa bagian tengah dan mengetahui kaitannya dengan jumlah kunjungan daerah tujuan wisata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kenyamanan iklim daerah tujuan wisata di Pulau Jawa bagian tengah tidak ada yang termasuk kategori ideal. Nilai TCI tidak memiliki kaitan dengan jumlah pengunjung yang datang.

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Tourism has become one of the sectors which are the mainstay source of foreign exchange in Indonesia. One of the region which become a tourist destination for foreign tourists is the central part of Java Island. Climatic conditions affect the tourists' comfortability while doing the tourism activity. Way to determine the level of comfort associated with tourism activities are known to the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). In Indonesia, the study of the TCI has not been found.

This research aims to determine the level of climate comfort tourist destinations in the central part of Java based on the value of TCI and knowing the relation between TCI value with the number of visits a tourist destination. The results showed that the comfort level for tourism’s climate in the central part of Java Island have no ideal category. There was no significant association between TCI value and the number of visitors who come to the tourist destination."

"Pulau Bali menjadi destinasi utama wisata di Indonesia dan wisata pantai menjadi sektor utama. Fenomena perubahan iklim di Pulau Bali, dapat menggangu keberlanjutan wisata pantai di Pulau Bali. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan studi guna mengetahui tingkat sensitivitas wisata pantai terhadap perubahan iklim. Metode yang digunakan adalah modifikasi perhitungan Indeks Sensitivitas Pantai Goodhue dan diskoring dengan tren frekuensi gelombang tinggi serta jumlah hari hujan pada 24 segmen pantai yang ada di Kabupaten Tabanan, Kabupaten Badung dan Kota Denpasar. Hasil studi menunjukan bahwa, wisata pantai di Bali semakin aman untuk dilakukan aktivitas di lautan seperti aktivitas berenang, karena frekuensi gelombang tinggi cenderung menurun. Sensitivitas wisata pantai dari yang baik adalah Pantai Selatan, Pantai Timur dan Pantai Barat.

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Bali island is major destination in Indonesia and beach tourism becomes the main sector. The phenomenon of climate change in Bali, can interfere sustainability of tourism in Bali. Therefore, there should be a study to determine the sensitivity extent of beach tourism toward climate change. The method is a modification of Coastal Sensitivity Index Goodhue and have scoring with trend of high wave frequency and trend from number of rainy days in the 24 segments of the beach in Tabanan, Badung and Denpasar. The study results showed that tourism in Bali is getting safer to perform activities in the oceans such as swimming, because highfrequency waves tend to decline. Sensitivity of beach tourism in South Beach of Bali lower than East and West Beach. Sensitivity of beach tourism in East Beach of Bali is better than the West Beach."

"Bali merupakan salah satu destinasi wisata unggulan di Indonesia, rata-rata pertumbuhan jumlah Wisman sepanjang 2015-2018 mencapai 13,66%. Penelitian mengenai tipologi objek wisata dan tipologi wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Bali menjadi hal yang penting untuk diketahui dikarenakan kajian tipologi sangat penting untuk pengembangan pariwisata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola persebaran wisatawan berdasarkan persebaran jenis objek wisata dan kelas penginapan di Bali, dimana sebaran pengunjung wisata pada berbagai destinasi wisata di bali dapat dikaji secara spasial dengan melihat sebaran jumlah akomodasi pada tiap kabupaten, dan penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah pengunjung wisata pada tiap destinasi wisata di Bali dan mengasosiasikannya dengan jumlah akomodasi pada tiap kabupaten. Hasilnya pola sebaran objek wisata dan wisatawan terdapat di setiap Kabupaten/Kota di Bali dengan aktivitas pariwisata paling besar terdapat Kabupaten Gianyar, Kabupaten Tabanan, Kabupaten Karangasem, Kabupaten Badung, Kota Denpasar, Kabupaten Jembrana, Kabupaten Klungkung, dan Kabupaten Bangli yang mana terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pola persebaran wisatawan dengan jenis objek wisata dan kelas penginapannya dimana semakin baik dan banyak fasilitas akomodasi dan objek/atraksi wisata yang ada maka semakin banyak pula pengunjung dan kegiatan kepariwisataan yang ada.

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Bali is one of the leading tourist destinations in Indonesia, the average growth of the number of foreign tourist throughout 2015-2018 reached 13.66%.This research is important to know because the study of typology is very important for tourism development. The purpose of this study is to find out the pattern of tourist distribution based on the distribution of tourist attractions and lodging classes in Bali, where the distribution of tourist visitors in various tourist destinations in Bali can be studied spatially by looking at the distribution of the number of accommodation and the number of tourism object in each district. As a result, the pattern of distribution of tourist attractions and tourists is found in every Regency / City in Bali with the largest tourism activities there are Gianyar Regency, Tabanan Regency, Karangasem Regency, Badung Regency, Denpasar City, Jembrana Regency, Klungkung Regency, and Bangli Regency where there is a significant relationship between the pattern of tourist distribution with the type of tourist attractions and lodging classes where the better and more accommodation facilities and attractions /object that exist, the more visitors and tourism activities there are.

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"Bali merupakan salah satu destinasi wisata unggulan di Indonesia, rata-rata pertumbuhan jumlah Wisman sepanjang 2015-2018 mencapai 13,66%. Penelitian mengenai tipologi objek wisata dan tipologi wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Bali menjadi hal yang penting untuk diketahui dikarenakan kajian tipologi sangat penting untuk pengembangan pariwisata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola persebaran wisatawan berdasarkan persebaran jenis objek wisata dan kelas penginapan di Bali, dimana sebaran pengunjung wisata pada berbagai destinasi wisata di bali dapat dikaji secara spasial dengan melihat sebaran jumlah akomodasi pada tiap kabupaten, dan penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah pengunjung wisata pada tiap destinasi wisata di Bali dan mengasosiasikannya dengan jumlah akomodasi pada tiap kabupaten. Hasilnya pola sebaran objek wisata dan wisatawan terdapat di setiap Kabupaten/Kota di Bali dengan aktivitas pariwisata paling besar terdapat Kabupaten Gianyar, Kabupaten Tabanan, Kabupaten Karangasem, Kabupaten Badung, Kota Denpasar, Kabupaten Jembrana, Kabupaten Klungkung, dan Kabupaten Bangli yang mana terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pola persebaran wisatawan dengan jenis objek wisata dan kelas penginapannya dimana semakin baik dan banyak fasilitas akomodasi dan objek/atraksi wisata yang ada maka semakin banyak pula pengunjung dan kegiatan kepariwisataan yang ada.

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Bali is one of the leading tourist destinations in Indonesia, the average growth of the number of foreign tourist throughout 2015-2018 reached 13.66%.This research is important to know because the study of typology is very important for tourism development. The purpose of this study is to find out the pattern of tourist distribution based on the distribution of tourist attractions and lodging classes in Bali, where the distribution of tourist visitors in various tourist destinations in Bali can be studied spatially by looking at the distribution of the number of accommodation and the number of tourism object in each district. As a result, the pattern of distribution of tourist attractions and tourists is found in every Regency / City in Bali with the largest tourism activities there are Gianyar Regency, Tabanan Regency, Karangasem Regency, Badung Regency, Denpasar City, Jembrana Regency, Klungkung Regency, and Bangli Regency where there is a significant relationship between the pattern of tourist distribution with the type of tourist attractions and lodging classes where the better and more accommodation facilities and attractions /object that exist, the more visitors and tourism activities there are."

"Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia memunyai garis pantai terpanjang kedua setelah Kanada. Karena terletak di daerah tropis, diapit oleh dua benua (Asia dan Australia) dan dua samudera (Hindia dan Pasifik) menjadikan pantai di Indonesia sangat strategis. Dengan jumlah 13.466 pulau yang ada di Indonesia, banyak diantaranya yang belum terkelola dengan baik terutama pulau kecil. Kondisi ini menjadikan sektor pariwisata pesisir pulau kecil menjadi potensi yang layak untuk dikembangkan di masa mendatang. Pulau Ayer adalah salah satu pulau wisata di kawasan Kepulauan Seribu yang memunyai daya tarik berupa bangunan cottage dengan gaya arsitektur yang unik. Hanya saja dalam perkembangannya, wisata pesisir pulau kecil ini menemui ancaman perubahan iklim yang tidak dapat menunggu. Untuk itu, Arsitek pun dituntut untuk lebih kreatif merancang model bangunan yang sesuai dalam mengantisipasi perubahan iklim.

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Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country in the world has the second longest coastline after Canada. Being situated in the tropics, flanked by two continents (Asia and Australia) and two oceans (Indian and Pacific) made beach condition in Indonesia is very strategic. With a number of 13.446 islands in Indonesia, many of them are not well managed, especially small island. That was made a small island coastal tourism sector into a viable potential to be developed in the future. Ayer Island is one of the islands in the Thousand Islands region that has the appeal of cottage building with a unique architectural style. However, the development of small coastal island tourism meets the threat of climate change that can’t wait. To that end, Architect was required to be more creative designing appropriate building models in anticipation of climate change."

"Pariwisata merupakan salah satu sektor yang berkembang pesat di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Namun, perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini membayangi perkembangan sektor pariwisata melalui perubahan karakteristik destinasi wisata, termasuk Bali, sbeagai destinasi wisata utama pariwisata Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat dampak variabel iklim terhadap inbound tourism di Bali. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari 23 negara selama 25 tahun dengan menggunakan metode fixed effect. Hasilnya, kenaikan suhu di Bali masih akan menaikkan jumlah wisatawan mancanegara. Sementara kenaikan suhu di negara asal akan menurunkan jumlah wisatawan yang datang ke Bali. Selain itu, adanya kejadian bom akan menurunkan wisatawan dan depresiasi riil nilai rupiah tidak akan menaikkan jumlah wisatawan mancanegara dan kenaikan pendapatan wisatawan akan menaikkan jumlah kedatangan wisatawan mancanegara ke Bali.

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Tourism is one of rapidly growing sector in the world, including in Indonesia. However, climate change which happening now overshadows the development of the tourism sector through changes in the characteristics of tourist destinations, including Bali, as the main tourist destinations in Indonesia. This study was conducted to look at the impact of climate variables on inbound tourism in Bali. This study uses secondary data from 23 countries over 25 years using a fixed effect method. As a result, the temperature rise in Bali still will raise the number of foreign tourists. While the temperature rise in the country of origin would decrease the number of tourists coming to Bali. In addition, bombings would decrease the number of tourists and real depreciation of Rupiah will not reduce the number of foreign tourists and the increasing of touris?s income would increase the number of foreign tourist arrivals to Bali."

"The information about bird community and response guild of each species are required for calculating the ecosystem health in Nusa Penida Island. At present time, the facts about bird species in the island has been known but not the response guild. Respose guild considered necessary to construct a Bird Community Index, thus we can make judgement on the ecosystem health in that region. Base of this research is animal ecology and ecological indicators. The aims are to develop a regional index of biotic integrity based on bird community composition, apply the index to a probability-based sample of field sites to verify the proportion of the study area exhibiting various categories of biotic integrity, determine the combination of landscape configuration and local vegetation variables that are associated with different levels of biotic integrity, and to verify the bird community index with independent data collected from the same sample locations. The research was held on two parts, from March -May and July - September 2010 on Nusa Penida Island. This study is classified as a non-experimental study. Point count along the transect was used to collect the information of bird community. The Landsat satellite imagery was personalized by supervised method and overlay with sampling points coordinat. The image was enhanched by buffered the sampling points coordinat 500 m that intersect with landscape configurations to reveal the proportion of land cover type each sampling points. The enhanched imagery was done using ArcGIS 9.3. Linear regression by stepwise method was used to identify the association along with land cover category and bird community. Statistic calculations were counted using SPSS 17.0. The instruments are binocular [Bushnell] 10 x 50, GPS [Garmin 76 CSX], rollmeter, digital camera [Sony DSC P-150], watch, field guide book, note book, pencil, and an image from Landsat satellite path 116 row 66. The result for bird community on first part of the research are eleven sites classified as high integrity, thirty five sites as moderate integrity, and five sites as low integrity. On the second part of the study showed that four sites as highest integrity, twenty three sites as high integrity, and twenty four sites as moderate integrity. Nevertheless, not all land cover and vegetation variables were significant different on each integrity category. The conclusions are bird community index in Nusa Penida Island devided into three category, high, moderate, and low; there is a connection between bird community index and disturbance levels; the BCI that used to rank the environmental condition appropriate to land cover in that area; and landscape configuration combination has relationship with every level of biotic integrity."