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"ABSTRAKPenyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) mengakibatkan morbiditas yang signifikan pada anak dan merupakan penyebab kematian utama dari antara kelainan kongenital lainnya. Usaha preventif PJB dengan cara identifikasi faktor risiko maternal diharapkan dapat menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas PJB.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) karakteristik (usia saat pertama kali terdiagnosis, jenis kelamin, status gizi, dan status ekonomi keluarga) penderita PJB anak di Poliklinik Kardiologi Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (IKA) Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), (2) faktor risiko maternal yang diperkirakan mempengaruhi terjadinya PJB pada anak, yaitu: merokok aktif dan pasif selama kehamilan, diabetes melitus, obesitas, infeksi rubela saat kehamilan, usia saat kehamilan, dan pendidikan.Metode. Penelitian kasus kontrol dengan consecutive sampling dilakukan di Poliklinik Kardiologi IKA RSCM pada bulan Januari-Maret 2014. Pemeriksaan klinis, ekokardiografi, dan wawancara dilakukan terhadap 68 subjek PJB (kelompok kasus) dan 68 subjek anak sehat (kelompok kontrol).Hasil. Jumlah subjek penelitian sebanyak 136 subjek, dengan perbandingan kasus:kontrol adalah 1:1. Median (rentang) usia subjek saat diagnosis PJB adalah 5,5 (0,5-180) bulan, sebesar 80,9% terdiagnosis saat berusia kurang dari 1 tahun. Sebagian besar subjek PJB adalah perempuan (57,4%), mengalami malnutrisi (51,5%), dengan 7,4% di antaranya merupakan gizi buruk, dan memiliki status ekonomi keluarga menengah ke bawah (76,5%). Defek PJB non sianotik terbanyak adalah defek septum ventrikel (44,1%) dan PJB sianotik terbanyak adalah Tetralogi Fallot (14,7%). Faktor risiko maternal yang terbukti berhubungan bermakna dengan PJB anak adalah tingkat pendidikan ibu yang rendah. Faktor risiko merokok aktif dan pasif saat kehamilan, obesitas, dan usia ibu saat kehamilan tidak terbukti berhubungan dengan PJB anak, sedangkan faktor diabetes melitus dan infeksi rubela saat kehamilan tidak dapat dianalisis pada penelitian ini.Simpulan. Median (rentang) usia subjek saat diagnosis PJB adalah 5,5 (0,5-180) bulan, sebagian besar subjek terdiagnosis saat berusia kurang dari 1 tahun (80,9%). Sebagian besar subjek PJB adalah perempuan (57,4%), mengalami malnutrisi (51,5%), dan 7,4% di antaranya merupakan gizi buruk, dengan status ekonomi keluarga menengah ke bawah (76,5%). Faktor risiko maternal yang terbukti berhubungan bermakna dengan PJB anak adalah tingkat pendidikan ibu yang rendah.

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ABSTRACTCongenital heart defects (CHD) cause significant morbidities and are the leading cause of death among other congenital anomalies. Preventive measures with identification of maternal risk factors are expected to decrease morbidity and mortality rate in children due to CHD.Objectives. This study aimed to define: (1) characteristics (age at diagnosis, gender, nutritional status, and family’s economy status) of CHD patients in Pediatric Cardiology Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH), (2) maternal risk factors that may influence CHD in children, namely: active and passive smoking in pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, obesity, rubella infection in pregnancy, age at pregnancy, and education.Method. Case-control study with consecutive sampling was performed in Pediatric Cardiology Clinic CMH in January-March 2014. Clinical examination, echocardiography, and interview were performed in 68 CHD subjects (case group) and 68 healthy subjects (control group).Results. Total subject in this study was 136, with ratio of case:control is 1:1. Median (range) of subject’s age at diagnosis was 5.5 (0.5-180) months, and 80.9% were diagnosed in the first year of age. Most of the subjects were female (57.4%), were malnourished (51.5%) with 7.4% were severe malnourished, and were from middle to low income family (76.5%). The most prevalent non cyanotic CHD was ventricle septal defect (44.1%), and the most prevalent cyanotic CHD was Tetralogy of Fallot (14.7%). Maternal risk factor that was significantly associated with CHD was low maternal education. Active and passive smoking in pregnancy, obesity, and maternal age at pregnancy were not associated with CHD, whereas diabetes mellitus and rubella infection in pregnancy could not be analyzed in this study.Conclusion. Median (range) of subject’s age at diagnosis was 5.5 (0.5-180) months, and mostly were diagnosed in the first year of age (80.9%). Most of the subjects were female (57.4%), were malnourished (51.5%) with 7.4% were severe malnourished, and were from middle to low income family (76.5%). Maternal risk factor that was significantly associated with CHD was low maternal education."