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"Drawing on a mix of economic history, network science, and sociology, "Currency Wars" provides a rich understanding of the increasing threats to U.S. national security, from dollar devaluation to collapse in the European periphery, failed states in Africa, Chinese neomercantilism, Russian adventurism, and the current scramble for gold."

"Periode krisis keuangan tahun 2008 sampai dengan tahun 2010 telah diteliti sebagai salah satu sumber kerusakan dalam pembangunan ekonomi global. Jumlah investasi asing, yang juga salah satu indikator pembangunan ekonomi, hancur oleh krisis keuangan ini. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat dampak krisis keuangan global terhadap investasi asing di Belanda. Namun, untuk mengukur ini, peraturan pemerintah dan ukuran pasar Belanda penting untuk dianalisis sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan untuk berinvestasi di negara-negara tertentu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa investasi asing di Belanda tidak mengikuti tren dari negara lain. Pada tahun 2009, tren dari issue ini condong ke atas meskipun menurun lagi pada tahun 2010, yang terutama disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam peraturan pemerintah daripada ukuran pasar.

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The financial crisis period 2008 until 2010 has been investigated as one of the sources of damage in the global economic development. The amount of foreign investment, which also one of the indicators of economic development, was ruined by the financial crisis. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the degree of the impact of global financial crisis on foreign investment in the Netherlands. However, in order to measure this, government regulation and market size in the Netherlands are important to be analyzed as factors that influence decision to invest in certain countries. The result shows that foreign investment in the Netherlands did not follow the trends of other countries. It has upward sloping in 2009, though it decreased again in 2010, which were mainly due to the changes in the government regulations rather than the market size."

"This book incorporates a selection of eight revised papers presented at the Conference on "Managing Economic Crisis in Southeast Asia", organized jointly by the Saw Centre for Financial Studies, NUS Business School and the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, in January 2010. The chapters deal with the management of the 2008-09 economic crisis in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, and the region as a whole. They represent an analysis of the impact of the economic crisis and the stimulus packages that were swiftly put in place by the governments to mitigate the economic recession and to pave the way for a quick recovery. The success of the monetary and fiscal policy measures in engendering a strong economic recovery in these countries is also discussed in considerable depth. The book, with contributions from experts on the topics covered, will be extremely valuable to businessmen, analysts, academics, students, policy-makers and the general public interested in seeking a greater understanding of the sub-prime crisis that led to the global economic recession."

"The 1997-1999 currency crises series was a major shock to Indonesian economy. The crises had damaged Indonesian economy, since economic growth declined sharply and Indonesian banking system was in collapse. Should the monetary authority and business practitioners anticipated the currency crises, the social loss caused by it could be reduced. Learning from past mistakes, an early warning system to predict the possibility of currency crises occurrence in the near future is needed.This study applies the leading indicator approach to construct early warning system of currency crisis for Indonesia, both by using individual and composite leading indicators. A currency crises in this study is defined as any observation of exchange market pressure {EMI') over EMPs mean plus one time of EMPs standard deviation. Meanwhile, the threshold level for indicator's signal issuance is set to leave 20% best observations. Each indicator's performance is measured by using three criteria: (I) percentage of correctly called crises; (2) adjusted noise to signal ratio; and (3) probability of crisis following a signal.Results from this study show that there are five best individual indicators that can fulfil all of the criteria: (1) Rupiah REER misalignment over its trend value; (2) Deposit Money Banks' foreign assets growth; (3) financial account surplus; (4) base money growth; and (5) financial account surplus to GDP ratio. From the best individual indicators, 17 best composite indicators can be constructed. The first best composite indicator is the "VW', which is a direct combination of "Rupiah REER misalignment over its trend" and "Deposit Money Banks' foreign assets growth"."

"Penelitian ini menguji dampak dari krisis finansial global pada tahun 2008 dan pandemi Covid-19 terhadap utang dan keberlanjutan fiskal di 11 negara. Sampel dari 11 negara pilihan diantaranya adalah negara dengan delta debt to gdp ratio tertinggi di dunia seperti Angola , Armenia , Yunani , Prancis , dan Spanyol. Pengujian menggunakan dua pendekatan , dimana untuk mengetahui dampak krisis finansial dan pandemi menggunakan pendekatan regresi dengan metode Pool Least Square, sedangkan untuk mengetahui dampak krisis finansial dan pandemi terhadap keberlanjutan fiskal diuji dengan menggunakan pendekatan Panel Structural Vector Autoregressive (PSVAR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krisis finansial dan pandemi berpengaruh pada peningkatan utang. Untuk perbandingan dampak , berdasarkan koefisien regresi menunjukkan bahwa pandemi memiliki dampak yang lebih besar dalam peningkatan utang dibandingkan krisis finansial. Sedangkan terkait dengan keberlanjutan fiskal , menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya krisis finansial dan pandemi menunjukkan bahwa shock yang terjadi menunjukkan pemudaran efeknya mulai dari lag ke-9 sehingga penggunaan fiskal sebagai media untuk pemulihan ekonomi disarankan hanya dalam jangka pendek saja. Apabila fiskal untuk pemulihan ekonomi jangka panjang , akan mengurangi sustainabilitas fiskal.

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This study examines the impact of the global financial crisis in 2008 and the Covid-19 pandemic on debt and fiscal sustainability in 11 countries. Samples from 11 selected countries include countries with the highest delta debt to gdp ratios in the world such as Angola, Armenia, Greece, France, and Spain. The test uses two approaches, where to find out the impact of the financial crisis and pandemic using a regression approach with the Pool Least Square method, while to determine the impact of the financial crisis and pandemic on fiscal sustainability, it is tested using the Panel Structural Vector Autoregressive (PSVAR) approach. The results showed that the financial crisis and pandemic had an effect on increasing debt. For the comparison of impacts, based on the regression coefficients, it shows that the pandemic has a greater impact on increasing debt than the financial crisis. While related to fiscal sustainability, it shows that the financial crisis and pandemic indicate that the shock that occurs shows the fading of its effects starting from the 9th lag so that the use of fiscal as a medium for economic recovery is recommended only in the short term. If fiscal is for long-term economic recovery, it will reduce fiscal sustainability."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara currency mismatch dan terjadinya sudden stop aliran modal asing dengan menggunakan estimasi model Markov-Switching untuk periode 1990-2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan aliran masuk modal bruto (gross capital inflow) sebagai proksi dari pinjaman mata uang asing di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan bukti empiris dimana currency mismatch mempunyai dampak signifikan terhadap terjadinya sudden stop aliran modal asing di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bukti empiris dimana aliran modal asing sektor publik cenderung bersifat counterbalance dengan aliran modal sektor swasta. Ekspektasi durasi rata-rata dan nilai transisi kemungkinan probabilitas (transition regime probability) dari terjadinya sudden stop aliran modal asing di Indonesia cenderung singkat, yang berarti probabilitas terjadinya sudden stop di Indonesia cenderung kecil. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa faktor global merupakan pemicu terhadap terjadinya sudden stop di Indonesia, sementara faktor domestik meningkatkan terjadinya sudden stop di Indonesia.

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This paper aims to investigate the correlation between the consequence of massive foreign currency borrowing, related to the currency mismatch, and sudden stop of liability inflow in Indonesia using the Markov-Switching model, for the period 1990-2018. This paper uses the gross capital inflow as the proxy of foreign currency borrowing in Indonesia, since the gross capital inflow represents the liability in the national balance of payments. This paper finds that currency mismatch has significant impact to the sudden stop occasion in Indonesia. This study also finds that gross capital inflow in public sector has a counterbalance effect with private-sector gross capital inflow. The expected duration of the sudden stop episodes is around three quarters during the sample period. This paper also finds that the global factors acts as a trigger to the sudden stop episodes in Indonesia and the domestic factors, particularly the currency mismatch, exacerbate its impact in Indonesia."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa efek perang nilai tukar secara keseluruhan di negara - negara berkembang melalui survei studi. Studi ini juga menginvestigasi efek devaluasi dalam jangka pendek terhadap neraca perdagangan secara empiris. Model regresi digunakan dalam menganalisa hubungan antara nilai tukar dan neraca perdagangan untuk membuktikan hipotesa Kurva J dengan menggunakan  panel data dari 8 negara - negara berkembang dalam periode 2000 - 2016. Negara - negara tersebut yang terdiri dari Venezuela, Brazil, China, Iran, Congo, Malaysia, Philippines, and Uruguay diklasifikasikan berdasarkan rezim nilai tukar. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa efek jangka pendek devaluasi berdampak buruk terhadap neraca perdagangan disebabkan oleh tingginya ketergantungan imported inputs dalam produksi barang ekspor pada negara - negara berkembang.

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This paper presents a survey study reviewing the overall effects of currency wars in developing countries. The study also investigates the short run effects of devaluation on trade balance particularly in an empirical study. A regression model is established to analyse the relationship between exchange rates and the trade balance in verifying the J-curve hypothesis by using a panel data of eight developing countries for the period 2000 - 2016. These countries, which consist of Venezuela, Brazil, China, Iran, Congo, Malaysia, Philippines, and Uruguay, are classified based on their exchange rate regimes. The findings indicate that the short run effects of devaluation lead to a worsening in trade balance due to most of developing countries are highly dependence on imported inputs in their production of exports."