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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Sindroma Down SD merupa kan kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh trisomi kromosom nomor 21. Kelainan ini menyebabkan abnormalitas pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orokraniofasial. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang distribusi frekuensi klasifikasi maloklusi Angle dan profil jaringan lunak wajah Subtelny pada penyandang Sindroma Down di Jakarta. Metode: Deskriptif potong lintang, partisipan penelitian adalah penyandang Sindroma Down yang bersekolah di Sekolah Luar Biasa di Jakarta. Klasifikasi maloklusi Angle ditentukan melalui pemeriksaan klinis, profil jaringan lunak wajah ditentukan melalui pengukuran sudut nasion N, subnasal Sn dan pogonion Pog pada foto profil digital. Hasil: Penelitian melibatkan 40 penyandang Sindroma Down dengan rentang usia 14-41 tahun. Klasifikasi maloklusi Angle kelas I ditemukan pada 14 orang 35, maloklusi Angle kelas II ditemukan pada 3 orang 7,5 dan maloklusi Angle kelas III ditemukan pada 23 orang 57,5 . Profil jaringan lunak wajah datar ditemukan pada 13 orang 32,5, profil jaringan lunak wajah cembung ditemukan pada 3 orang 7,5 dan profil jaringan lunak wajah cekung ditemukan pada 24 orang 60. Kesimpulan: Mayoritas penyandang Sindroma Down memiliki klasifikasi maloklusi Angle kelas III dan profil jaringan lunak wajah cekung.

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ABSTRACTBackground Down Syndrome is genetically abnormality on chromosome 21. Phenotipically the abnormality was characterized by the defect on orocraniofacial growth. Aim The aim of this research was to describe frequency distribution Angles malocclusion classification and soft tissue facial profile of Subtelny on people with Down Syndrome in Jakarta. Method Descriptive study with cross sectional design, people with Down Syndrome age 14 41 years old in Sekolah Luar Biasa Special Schools in Jakarta was used as participants for this study. Angles malocclusion classification was determined by clinical examination, soft tissue profile was by measuring angle of soft tissue nasion N, subnasal Sn and pogonion Pog rsquo on digital profile picture. Results Result showed that Angles malocclusion classification class I was found in 14 people 35, Angles malocclusion class II was found in 3 people 7,5 and Angle rsquo s malocclusion class III was found in 23 people 57,5. Flat soft tissue facial profile was found in 13 people 32,5, convex soft tissue facial profile was found in 3 people 7,5 and concave soft tissue facial profile was found in 24 people 60. Conclusion Predominantly people with Down Syndrome has class III Angles malocclusion and concave soft tissue facial profile."

"Latar Belakang: Sindroma Down merupakan kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh terjadinya trisomi pada kromosom 21.  Penyandang sindroma Down memiliki karakteristik fisik dan kondisi sistemik tertentu. Hal ini berhubungan dengan kondisi rongga mulutnya, terutama jaringan periodontal (gingiva) serta kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi gingivitis dan OHIS (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) pada penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB tipe C di Jakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang. Subjek penelitian adalah 174 penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas yang bersekolah di SLB tipe C di Jakarta. Gingivitis diukur menggunakan Indeks Gingiva oleh Loe dan Sillness, sementara kebersihan gigi dan mulut diukur menggunakan OHIS oleh Greene dan Vermillon. Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan distribusi frekuensi gingivitis sebagai berikut; 3,45% bebas gingivitis, 47,13% gingivitis ringan, 40,80% gingivitis sedang, dan 8,63% gingivitis berat. Sementara, untuk distribusi frekuensi OHIS adalah sebagai berikut; 28,16% memiliki OHIS baik, 49,43% memiliki OHIS sedang, dan 22,41% memiliki OHIS buruk. Kesimpulan: Penyandang sindroma Down memiliki distribusi frekuensi gingivitis yang dominan pada gingivitis ringan dan sedang, sementara mayoritas memiliki OHIS sedang.

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Background: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy in chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome have specific physical characteristics and systemic conditions. This may relate to their oral condition, such as periodontal tissues (gingiva) as well as their oral hygiene. Objective: The aim of this study is to know the frequency distribution of gingivitis and OHIS (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) in 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged 14 and above in SLB type C in Jakarta. Method: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive method. Research subjects were 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged 14 and above who went to school in SLB type C in Jakarta. Gingivitis was measured using Gingival Index by Loe and Sillness, while oral hygiene was measured using OHIS by Greene and Vermillon. Result: The result of this study showed a frequency distribution of gingivitis as follows; 3.45% were free of gingivitis, 47.13% had mild gingivitis, 40.80% had moderate gingivitis, and 8.63% had severe gingivitis. Frequency distribution of OHIS were as follows; 28.16% had good OHIS, 49.43% had fair OHIS, and 22.41% had poor OHIS. Conclusion: Individuals with Down syndrome had frequency distribution of gingivitis mainly in mild and moderate category, while the majority the subjects had fair OHIS."

"Anomali gigi merupakan gangguan tumbuh kembang yang umum dialami oleh penyandang sindroma Down, terdiri dari anomali jumlah, ukuran, bentuk dan struktur. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi anomali gigi pada penyandang sindroma Down di Jakarta. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional pada 174 penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil: Anomali jumlah hipodonsia 80.90 , supernumerari 6.74 dan kombinasi hipodonsia dan supernumerari 12.36 . Anomali ukuran mikrodonsia 98.81 dan makrodonsia 1.19 . Anomali bentuk fusi 66.675 dan talon cusp 33.33 . Anomali struktur hipoplasia enamel 70.83 , hipokalsifikasi enamel 12.50 , kombinasi hipoplasia dan hipokalsifikasi enamel 4.17 dan diskolorasi gigi 12.50. Kesimpulan: Penyandang sindroma Down di SLB C Jakarta menampilkan prevalensi anomali gigi yang cukup tinggi dengan hipodonsia dan mikrodonsia sebagai anomali paling sering terjadi serta menunjukkan kecenderungan pada laki-laki.

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Dental anomaly is a common developmental disorder experienced by people with Down syndrome consisting of number, size, shape and structure anomalies.

Aim: This research aims to describe the frequency distribution of number, size, shape and dental anomalies structure in people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above in Jakarta.

Method: The method of this research is descriptive with cross sectional design done on 174 people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above chosen with purposive sampling technique.

Result: Anomalies of number hypodontia 80.90, supernumerary 12.36 and combination of hypodontia and supernumerary 12.36. Anomalies of size microdontia 98.81 and macrodontia 1.19. Anomalies of shape fusion 66.67 and talon's cusp 33.33 Anomalies of structure enamel hypoplasia 70.83 , enamel hypocalcification 4.17, combination of enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification 12.50 and tooth discoloration 12.50.

Conclusion: People with Down syndrome in SLB C Jakarta showed a high prevalence of dental anomalies with hypodontia and microdontia as the most common anomalies that have a tendency in boys."

"Latar Belakang: Inklinasi gigi insisivus merupakan titik utama dalam menentukan rencana perawatan demi mewujudkan hasil yang estetis dan seimbang. Profil wajah seseorang sangat mempengaruhi persepsi estetika dan penampilan. Di Indonesia, penelitian mengenai hubungan inklinasi gigi insisivus dengan profil jaringan keras dan lunak wajah masih sangat jarang dilakukan, terutama pada pasien dengan maloklusi kelas II. Di sisi lain, pasien dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II seringkali memiliki masalah pada inklinasi gigi dan profil wajah sehingga penelitian ini sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi inklinasi gigi insisivus rahang atas dan bawah terhadap profil jaringan keras dan lunak wajah pada pasien maloklusi skeletal kelas II.Metode: Pengambilan sampel penelitian berupa radiograf sefalometri lateral digital pasien dengan skeletal kelas II yang diperiksa dengan alat yang terstandarisasi dari suatu klinik yang sama kemudian dilakukan identifikasi landmark dan analisis sudut dengan aplikasi OneChep untuk diperoleh data berupa besar sudut inklinasi insisivus dari analisis Eastman, profil jaringan keras wajah dari analisis Down, dan profil jaringan lunak wajah dari analisis Holdaway. Analisis data dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Uji korelasi Pearson antara inklinasi insisivus rahang atas maupun rahang bawah terhadap seluruh parameter uji profil jaringan keras dan lunak wajah menunjukkan angka signifikansi lebih besar dari 0,05. Maka diperoleh hasil bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi antara inklinasi gigi insisivus rahang atas terhadap profil jaringan keras wajah yang ditunjukkan dengan parameter sudut wajah dan kecembungan wajah serta terhadap profil jaringan lunak wajah yang ditunjukkan dengan parameter sudut wajah jaringan lunak pada pasien dengan skeletal kelas II. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara inklinasi gigi insisivus rahang bawah terhadap profil jaringan keras wajah yang ditunjukkan dengan parameter sudut wajah dan kecembungan wajah serta terhadap profil jaringan lunak wajah yang ditunjukkan dengan parameter sudut wajah jaringan lunak pada pasien dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi antara inklinasi gigi insisivus rahang atas maupun rahang bawah terhadap profil jaringan lunak dan keras wajah pada pasien dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II.

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Background: Incisors inclination is one of the main point on deciding the treatment plan to bring an aesthetic and balanced result. Facial profile also have a great impact on the perception of aesthetic and appearance. In Indonesia, research about the correlation of incisors inclination with facial profile is rarely done, especially in patient with class II skeletal malocclusion. On the other hand, patient with class II skeletal malocclusion usually have problems regarding incisors inclination and facial profile. Hence, research about the correlation on incisors inclination with soft and hard tissue facial profile is really important to conduct. Objective: Determine the correlation of incisors inclination with soft and hard tissue facial profile in patient with class II skeletal malocclusion. Method: 52 sample of lateral cephalometric radiograph from patient with class II skeletal malocclusion from standardized lab were analyzed with an application called OneChep to gain the data of incisors inclination from Eastman analysis, hard tissue facial profile from Down analysis, and soft tissue facial profile from Holdaway analysis. Then, the data was tested for correlation using Pearson Correlation test. Result: Pearson correlation test on class II skeletal malocclusion patient showed the significance value between maxillary and mandibular incisors inclinations towards hard and soft tissue facial profile were >0.05 on each of the parameter. The parameters used on hard tissue facial profile were facial angle and angle of convexity from Down analysis. The parameter used on soft tissue facial profile was soft tissue facial angle by Holdaway analysis. Thus, there were no correlation between maxillary incisors inclination and facial angle, angle of convexity and soft tissue facial angle, also no correlation between mandibular incisors inclination and facial angle, angle of convexity and soft tissue facial angle in patient with class II skeletal malocclusion. Conclusion: There were no correlation between maxillary and mandibular incisors inclination toward soft and hard tissue facial profile in patient with class II skeletal malocclusion."

"Latar Belakang: Perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat perbedaan gambaran jaringan lunak wajah pria dan wanita khususnya ras Deutro-Melayu. Profil wajah lurus dipilih karena profil wajah lurus tidak mengindikasikan adanya disproporsi dental dan fasial sehingga individu dengan profil wajah lurus diindikasikan memiliki oklusi normal serta penampilan wajah dan dental yang dapat diterima. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran jaringan lunak wajah pasien pria dan wanita ras Deutro-Melayu dengan profil wajah lurus di RSKGM FKG UI beserta perbedaannya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 56 rekam medis dan sefalogram lateral pasien pria dan wanita berusia 18-25 tahun ras Deutro-Melayu sebelum perawatan ortodonsia. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji T tidak berpasangan dan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: 8 parameter pengukuran menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara pria dan wanita (p<0,05) yakni pada kecembungan fasial, kecembungan fasial total, sudut nasofrontal, sudut mentolabial, sudut servikomental, posisi hidung terhadap bidang fasial, posisi bibir atas terhadap bidang fasial, dan posisi bibir bawah terhadap bidang fasial. Pria menunjukkan hasil pengukuran yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan wanita, kecuali pada sudut nasofrontal yang secara statistik menunjukkan nilai rerata wanita lebih besar dibandingkan pria. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara gambaran jaringan lunak wajah pria dan wanita ras Deutro-Melayu dengan profil wajah lurus.

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Background: It is necessary to conduct research to see the difference of facial soft tissue profile in male and female especially Deutro-Malay race. Straight face profile is selected because it does not indicate any dental and facial disproportions, so that individuals with straight facial profiles are indicated to have normal occlusion and acceptable facial and dental appearance. Objective: To compare the difference of facial soft tissue image in Deutro-Malay male and female with straight facial profile. Method: This study used medical records and lateral cephalograms of 56 male and female patients aged 18-25 with Deutro-Malay race before orthodontic treatment. Measurement performed with independent sample T-test and Mann-Whitney test. Result: 8 measurement parameters showed significant difference (p<0,05) those are facial convexity, total facial convexity, nasofrontal angle, mentolabial angle, cervicomental angle, position of nose to facial plane, position of upper lip to facial plane, and position of lower lip to facial plane. Male showed larger measurements than female, except in nasofrontal angle that statistically showed that female's mean score was greater than male. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between facial soft tissue image in Deutro-Malay male and female with straight facial profile."

"Latar Belakang: Penelitian persepsi Ortodontis dan masyarakat awam tentang profil wajah biasanya dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kesepakatan di antara kelompok tersebut. Namun, masih sedikit penelitian yang menghubungkan persepsi dengan parameter jaringan lunak profil wajah. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan persepsi ortodontis dan masyarakat awam dan korelasinya terhadap parameter jaringan lunak profil wajah menurut Arnett, Schwarz, dan Rickett. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah analitik korelatif dengan desain potong lintang. Foto profil 52 orang dinilai estetikanya oleh 17 ortodontis dan 17 masyarakat awam pada kuesioner. Uji korelasi Spearman dilakukan antara nilai modus persepsi VAS oleh Ortodontis dan masyarakat awam dengan selisih pengukuran parameter jaringan lunak Arnett, Schwarz, Rickett pada foto terhadap nilai normal. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara persepsi ortodontis dan masyarakat awam tentang profil wajah (p=0,001). Uji kappa menunjukkan kesepakatan antara Ortodontis dan masyarakat awam yang rendah (p=0,035 untuk persepsi estetika, p=0,112 untuk persepsi kecembungan). Terdapat korelasi linier negatif sedang yang bermakna secara statistik antara persepsi estetika Ortodontis dan parameter jaringan lunak profil wajah menurut Rickett (Ls/bibir atas) (r=-0,287, p=0,039), tetapi tidak terdapat korelasi linier yang bermakna secara statistik antara persepsi Ortodontis dan masyarakat awam dengan parameter jaringan lunak profil wajah menurut Arnett, Schwarz, dan Rickett (Li/bibir bawah). Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi antara persepsi Ortodontis dengan parameter jaringan lunak profil wajah menurut Rickett (Ls/bibir atas).

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.Background: Facial profile perception of Orthodontists and Laypeople was usually studied to assess the agreement between them. However, there is still lack of study that correlates the facial profile perception with soft tissue parameters. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the perception of Orthodontists and Laypeople about the facial profile and its possible correlation with soft tissue facial profile parameters according to Arnett, Schwarz, and Rickett. Methods: This study was correlative analytical study with cross-sectional design. The facial profile photographs of 52 people were rated by 17 Orthodontists and 17 Laypeople on the questionnaire. The correlation between the mode value of VAS perception score by Orthodontists and Laypeople with the difference of soft tissue facial profile parameters at photographs from the normal value according to Arnett, Schwarz, and Rickett was tested using Spearman's correlation. Results: Regarding the perception of Orthodontists and Laypeople on facial profile, statistically significant difference was detected (p=0.001). The Kappa statistic test showed poor agreement between Orthodontists and Laypeople in facial profile perception (p=0.035 for pleasantness, p=0.112 for convexity). The correlation test showed that there was statistically significant difference (moderate negative linear correlation) between Orthodontists’ perception with soft tissue facial profile parameters according to Rickett (Ls/upper lip) (r=-0.287, p=0.039), but there was no statistically significant difference (linear correlation) between Orthodontists’ and Laypeople’ perceptions with the soft tissue facial profile parameters according to Arnett, Schwarz, and Rickett (Li/lower lip). Conclusion: It was concluded that there was correlation between Orthodontists’ perception with soft tissue facial profile parameters according to Rickett (Ls/upper lip.

"

"Latar Belakang: Menurut beberapa penelitian gangguan pada masa tumbuh kembang kraniofasial yang menyebabkan gangguan fungsi otot dapat dihubungkan atau disebabkan oleh habit posisi postur kepala. Prevalensi deviasi postur kepala pada anak berusia 6-15 tahun, yaitu sebesar 52,5% dan pada usia 12-16 tahun yaitu sebesar 63%. Adanya ketidakseimbangan otot akibat gangguan fungsi otot dianggap sebagai faktor penyebab posisi dental dan skeletal yang tidak normal. Hal ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap sistem skeletal dalam hal perubahan morfologi wajah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah pada anak usia 10-12 tahun secara fotometri untuk mencegah terjadinya masalah perkembangan wajah. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini dilakukan di klinik IKGA RSKGM FKG UI dengan total 33 subjek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Pengukuran postur kepala dan profil wajah menggunakan fotometri lateral dan aplikasi imageJ. Postur kepala: sudut craniovertebral (tragus-C7-garis horizontal), dan Profil wajah: sudut G,Sn dan Pg. Hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg dianalisis menggunakan uji Pearson. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah (p<0,05), dan kekuatan hubungan lemah (r=0,373) Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara sudut craniovertebral postur kepala dengan sudut G-Sn-Pg profil wajah. Semakin kecil sudut craniovertebral maka semakin kecil sudut G-Sn-Pg yang berarti bahwa postur kepala forward, berhubungan profil wajah yang cembung.

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Background: According to several studies, disturbances in the craniofacial growth and development period that cause impaired muscle function can be related to or caused by habitual head posture positions. The prevalence of head posture deviation in children aged 6-15 years is 52.5% and in children aged 12-16 years is 63%. The existence of muscle imbalance due to impaired muscle function is considered as a factor causing abnormal dental and skeletal positions. This can have a negative impact on the skeletal system in terms of changes in facial morphology.

Objective:Analyzing the relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile in children aged 10-12 years by photometry to prevent facial development problems.

Methods: This research was conducted at the IKGA RSKGM FKG UI clinic with a total of 33 research subjects that matched with the inclusion criteria. Measurement of head posture and facial profile using lateral photometry and the imageJ application. Head posture: craniovertebral angle (tragus-C7-horizontal line), and facial profile: angles G,Sn and Pg. The relationship between craniovertebral angle and G-Sn-Pg angle was analyzed using Pearson test.

Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile (p < 0.05) with a weak relationship strength (r = 0.373).

Conclusion: There is a relationship between craniovertebral angle of the head posture and G-Sn-Pg angle of the facial profile. The smaller craniovertebral angle, the smaller G-Sn-Pg angle, which means that forward head posture is associated with a convex facial profile."

"Sindroma Down adalah kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh trisomi kromosom 21. Anak dengan sindroma Down memiliki kondisi rongga mulut yang beragam dan memiliki masalah kesehatan oral seperti karies dan penyakit periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian karies pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta. Subjek penelitian berasal dari 43 SLB C di Jakarta. Total subjek adalah 174 anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 sampai 53 tahun. Pemeriksaan karies dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian ditemukan indeks DMF-T 5,90 pada total subjek dengan prevalensi karies sebesar 84,48 . Kesimpulan studi ini adalah terdapat tingkat kejadian karies yang tinggi pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta dengan indeks DMF-T sebesar 5,90."

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome children have variety of oral characteristics and have oral problem such as caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to know frequency distribution of caries in Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta. Subjects of this study are from 43 SLB C in Jakarta. Total of subjects are 174 Down syndrome children aged 14 to 53. Caries examination was done by clinically using DMF T index. The result of this study is 5,90 DMF T index in total subject population with 84,48 caries prevalence. This study conclude that Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta have high caries experience with DMF T index scored 5,90."

"Down's syndrome is caused by chromosom abberation namely 21 trisomy. Skeletal and neurological disorders are found in Down's syndrome patient. Skeletal disorder may cause craniofacial growth abnormalities, where neurological disorder may cause brain growth defects which result in mental retardation, as well as neuromuscular disorder, which results in muscular hypotonia. The aim of this study was to prove that facial shape in Down's syndrome patient was not only influenced by genetic factor, but also by environmental factors such as cognitive capability, oral muscular exercises, and oral muscular tone. The population consisted of Down's syndrome children aged 14 to 18 years from sekolah Luar Biasa (Special School) in Jakarta. Samples used in the study consisted of 25 Down's syndrome patients. Clinical and cytogenetic test were conducted to ensure a diagnosis. Lateral cephalograms were made to analyze facial shape by Fourier analysis on gonion angle. lntelligence Quotient (lQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) tests, electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, oral function examination and speech therapy questionnaires to the respondents were performed. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that the genetic factor is the main factor causing Down's syndrome facial shape abnormalities. The environmental factors such as oral muscular tone cognitive capability, and oral muscular exercies may also play role in Down's syndrome facial shape."