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"Tujuan: Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara indeks plak terhadap efikasi Propolis Fluoride dalam menghambat aktivitas karies. Metode: 246 anak dengan karies aktif pada anak usia 36-71 bulan diaplikasikan Propolis Fluoride. 149 anak merupakan kelompok perlakuan dengan diberi perlakuan sikat gigi serta edukasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut rutin. Sedangkan 97 anak merupakan kelompok kontrol hanya diberi edukasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada saat baseline. Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah 3 bulan untuk menilai persentase karies yang menjadi arrested dan hubungannya dengan indeks plak. Hasil: Pada saat evaluasi 3 bulan persentase karies arrested pada kelompok perlakuan 62,44 sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 46,18. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rata-rata indeks plak dan jumlah karies aktif antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan bernilai negatif antara indeks plak dan persentase karies arrested. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan bernilai positif antara skor tindakan dan persentase karies arrested. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara indeks plak dan efikais Propolis Fluoride dalam menghambat aktivitas karies.

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Objective To determine the relationship between plaque index and efficacy of propolis fluoride in inhibiting caries activity. Method 246 children aged 36 71 month were applied Propolis Fluoride on every tooth surface that has active caries. 149 children are intervention group, they have been treated toothbrushing program and give them routine Dental Health Education. 97 children are control group only have been given Dental Health Education on the baseline. The evaluation and examination were conducted after 3 months to measure the percentage of arrested caries and the correlation with plaque index. Result At the 3 months evaluation, the percentage of arrested caries for both group of intervention and control were 62,44 and 46,18 respectively. There was a significant difference in mean plaque index and the number of active caries between two groups. There was a significant correlation between the plaque index and the percentage of arrested caries. There was a significant correlation between the behavior score and the percentage of arrested caries. Both correlation has negative and positive value respectively. Conclusion There is a significant correlation between plaque index and efficacy of Propolis fluoride in inhibiting caries activity."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Berdasarkan RISKESDAS 2013 sebanyak 28,9 anak kelompok usia 5-9 tahun yang memiliki masalah gigi, hanya 35,1 yang menerima perawatan. Penyakit gigi dan mulut yang paling sering terjadi adalah karies gigi, sehingga butuh bahan yang dapat berfungsi sebagai perawatan karies gigi anak yang mudah diaplikasikan dan terjangkau. Tujuan: Diketahuinya perbandingan aktivitas karies dentin sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi propolis fluoride serta hubungannya dengan indeks plak. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi eksperimental tanpa randomisasi menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode pengambilan sampel convenience sampling. Sebanyak 183 subjek yang memiliki karies dentin dilakukan pengolesan propolis fluoride dan pemeriksaan indeks plak. Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah 1 bulan. Hasil: terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai median karies dentin aktif sebelum 4 permukaan/anak dan setelah 1 bulan 1 permukaan/anak diaplikasikan Propolis Fluoride. Secara statistik terdapat korelasi berpola negatif yang signifikan p=0,015 dan r=-0,177 antara indeks plak dengan persentase karies terhenti. Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara aktivitas karies dentin sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi propolis fluoride serta terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dengan indeks plak.

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ABSTRACTBackground According to Basic Health Research from 28,9 children aged 5 9 who had dental problems, only 35,1 children received treatment. Dental caries is the most prevalent dental problem, therefore treatment of dental caries that are easy to apply and affordable is needed. Objective The purpose of the study was to determine the comparison of dentine caries activity before and after propolis fluoride application and the correlation with plaque index. Method Design of the study was experimental study nonrandom using secondary data with convenience sampling method. A total of 183 subjects whose teeth have active dentine caries were smeared by propolis fluoride and plaque index were examined. Follow up examination were carried out after 1 month. Results There was a significant difference between the median value of active dentine caries before 4 surfaces children and after 1 month 1 surface children applicated by propolis fluoride. Statistically, there was a significant negative correlation p 0,015 and r 0,177 between plaque index with arrested dentine caries percentage. Conclusion There was a significant difference between dentine caries activity before and after propolis fluoride application and there was a significant correlation with plaque index.Keywords dentine caries plaque index propolis fluoride."

"Streptococcus mutans merupakan mikroorganisme yang berkoloni pada permukaan gigi dan membentuk plak penyebab utama terjadinya karies. Salah satu bentuk upaya pencegahan karies yaitu dengan cara menggosok gigi secara teratur menggunakan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis. Lilin propolis merupakan residu dari proses pean propolis lebah madu yang memiliki kandungan antibakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas pasta gigi dengan kandungan lilin propolis terhadap pertumbuhan koloni Streptococcus mutans dan pembentukan plak dan membandingkannya dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung propolis. Metode: Sebanyak 24 subjek karies yang diinstruksikan menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari dan tidak melakukan prosedur kebersihan mulut lainnya. Plak gigi diukur menggunakan indeks plak Sillness-Loe dan sampel plak diambil dari permukaan bukal gigi insisif atas subjek karies sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan pasta gigi selama 7 hari, selanjutnya dibiakan pada media agar TYS20B selama 2x24 jam, kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah koloni S.mutans yang dihitung dalam CFU/ml. Hasil: Pasta gigi lilin propolis dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans dan indeks plak gigi. Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah koloni S.mutans dan indeks plak sebelum dan sesudah pemakaian pasta gigi dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara penggunaan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis dan propolis. Kesimpulan: Pasta gigi lilin propolis berpotensi sebagai alternatif pencegahan karies gigi.

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Streptococcus mutans is a microorganism that colonizes on the tooth surface and forms plaque which is the main cause of caries. One form of prevention of caries is by tooth brushing regularly with toothpaste containing propolis wax. Propolis wax is a residue from the purification process of pure honey bee propolis which has antibacterial contents.

Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of toothpaste containing propolis wax on growth of Streptococcus mutans and dental plaque formation and compare it with toothpaste containing propolis in caries patient.

Methods: 24 caries subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily refrain from any other oral hygiene procedures. The plaque was measured using the Sillness Loe plaque index and plaque samples were collected from subjects buccal surface upper incisors before and after using toothpaste for 7 days, subsequently cultured on TYS20B agar medium for 2x24 hours then counting the number of colonies of S.mutans in CFU ml.

Results: In this study toothpaste containing propolis wax can decrease the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies and dental plaque index. There is a significant difference between the amount of S.mutans colony and plaque index before and after using toothpaste.

Conclusion: The use of toothpaste containing propolis wax has the potential as an alternative to prevention of dental caries."

"Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan Riskesdas 2013 lebih dari seperempat penduduk Indonesia (25,9%) mempunyai masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan karies gigi sebagai masalah yang memiliki prevalensi tertinggi di angka 53,2%. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah plak gigi, yang dapat dihilangkan dengan perilaku menyikat gigi. Waktu menyikat gigi yang selama ini dianjurkan adalah setelah sarapan dan sebelum tidur. Namun, ditemukan kerugian dan ketidak efektifan dari waktu menyikat gigi tersebut, sehingga dibutuhkan waktu menyikat gigi lain yang dapat menghilangkan plak secara efektif. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan perlakuan menyikat gigi sebelum dan setelah makan terhadap derajat keasaman (pH) plak gigi sebagai faktor risiko karies. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Before-After Randomized Crossover Trial. Subjek penelitian adalah 20 mahasiswa/i FKG UI dengan rentang umur 19-22 tahun yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan pH plak pada perlakuan menyikat gigi sebelum dan setelah makan. Perlakuan dilakukan sekali seminggu selama 2 minggu, dengan empat kali pengambilan data setiap perlakuannya, yaitu T0 (sebelum dilakukan perlakuan apapun/baseline), T1 (setelah makan/ setelah sikat gigi sebelum makan), T2 (setelah makan/ setelah sikat gigi setelah makan), dan T3 (setelah 6 jam). Subjek diambil sampel derajat keasaman (pH) plaknya menggunakan digital pH meter Horiba LAQUAtwin. Sample plak diambil di gigi 11-21 dengan menggunakan sample sheet sekali pakai. Hasil: Kedua kelompok sama-sama mengalami penurunan rata-rata pH plak setelah makan dan setelah enam jam paska perlakuan terakhir, serta mengalami kenaikan rata-rata pH plak setelah sikat gigi. Pada kelompok perilaku menyikat gigi sebelum makan rata-rata pH plak pada awal pemeriksaan adalah 7,32 dan turun menjadi 7,27 setelah 6 jam. Sedangkan pada kelompok perilaku menyikat gigi setelah makan rata-rata pH plak pada awal pemeriksaan yaitu 7,49 turun menjadi 7,41 setelah 6 jam. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara perlakuan menyikat gigi sebelum dan setelah makan terhadap pH plak.

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Background: According to the 2013 Basic Health Research, more than a quarter of Indonesia's population (25.9%) have dental and oral health problems, of which the highest prevalence is held by dental caries at the rate of 53,2%. One of the causes of caries is dental plaque which can be removed by tooth brushing. Most recommended time for tooth brushing is twice a day, after breakfast and before going to bed. However, the ineffectiveness of those brushing time is found. Therefore, the effective time to tooth brushing is needed. Objective: To determine the effect of before-eating tooth and after-eating tooth brushing on the hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) of dental plaque as caries risk factor. Methods: This study used the Before-After Randomized Crossover Trial approach. The research subjects were 20 FKG UI students with an age range of 19-22 years selected through a purposive sampling method. The study was conducted by comparing the pH of plaque to the treatment of tooth brushing before and after eating. The treatment is done once a week for 2 weeks, with four times data collections, there are T0 (before any treatment / baseline), T1 (after eating / after brushing before eating), T2 (after eating / after brushing after eating) , and T3 (after 6 hours). The subjects would be sampled the acidity degree (pH) of dental plaque using a digital pH meter called Horiba LAQUAtwin. Plaque samples were taken in teeth 11-21 using a disposable sheet sample. Results: Both groups experienced a decrease in the average pH of plaque after meals and after six hours, and experienced an increase in the average pH of plaque after brushing. In the group tooth brushing before eating the average pH of dental plaque at the beginning of the examination, which was 7.32, dropped to 7.27 after 6 hours. While in the group of brushing behavior after eating the average pH of plaque at the beginning of the examination, which was 7.49, dropped to 7.41 after 6 hours. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the treatment of tooth brushing before and after eating to the pH of plaque."

"Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri utama penyebab karies gigi. Bakteri ini dapat ditemukan pada saliva individu bebas karies sebagai flora normal. Propolis telah dilaporkan memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap berbagai bakteri gram positif dan dapat mereduksi Streptococcus mutan. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi permen propolis madu terhadap prevalensi Streptococcus mutans pada subjek bebas karies. Metode: Subjek penelitian adalah kelompok individu bebas karies. Pada sampel saliva dilakukan perhitungan koloni Streptococcus mutans sebelum dan sesudah tujuh hari konsumsi permen propolis madu, permen madu dan permen merk X. Streptococcus mutans dari sampel saliva dibiakkan pada medium agar TYS20B selama 48 jam, selanjutnya koloni Streptococcus mutans yang terbentuk dihitung dan dinyatakan dalam CFU/ml. Hasil: Seluruh kelompok perlakuan cenderung mengalami penurunan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans jika dibandingkan dengan sebelum konsumsi permen, namun hanya pada kelompok yang mengkonsumsi permen propolis madu yang penurunannya bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Permen propolis madu terbukti dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans pada individu bebas karies setelah dikonsumsi selama tujuh hari.

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Streptococcus mutans is the main microbes responsible for dental caries. This microb can be found in a caries-free individual’s salivary as a normal flora. Propolis has been reported to have antibacterial effects on various positive gram bacteria and capable to reduce Streptococcus mutans.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Propolis Honey candy consumption on Streptococcus mutans prevalence in a caries-free subject.

Methods: The subject of this research was a caries-free group of individuals. The Streptococcus mutans colony was counted on saliva samples after 7 days period of consuming Propolis Honey candy, Honey candy, and "X" candy. The Streptococcus mutans was proliferated in a TYS20B gelatin medium for 48 hours. The number of Streptococcus mutans colony was expressed in CFU/ml.

Result: Compared with the pre-treatment group, the number of Streptococcus mutans colony in the treatment group tended to show a significant reduction statistically (p<0.05).

Conclusion: After seven days of consumption, the Propolis Honey candy showed that it is capable to reduce the number of Streptococcus mutans colony in caries-free individual. "

"Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam Indonesia seperti ikan teri jengki (Stolephorus insularis), yang mengandung konsentrasi fluor tinggi (CaF2), perlu dikembangkan untuk fluoridasi topikal. Penelitian eksperimental laboratorik in vivo menggunakan 14 ekor tikus Sprague dawley yang dibagi menjadi kelompok baseline, kontrol negatif pakan, kontrol negatif pengolesan, perlakuan pemberian pakan, dan perlakuan pengolesan larutan teri. Setelah 15 hari, gigi dipotong dan dianalisa dengan EDX. Terdapat peningkatan kadar retensi fluor pada email gigi kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kontrol negatif (p<0.05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan retensi fluor antar kelompok perlakuan (p>0.05). Maka pemberian substrat ikan teri jengki, baik lewat pengunyahan maupun pengolesan, meningkatkan retensi fluor pada email.

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Usage of Indonesian resource like anchovy (Stolephorus insularis), which contains high fluoride concentration (CaF2), needs to be pursued as of topical fluoridative agent. This experimental laboratory in vivo research used 14 Sprague dawley rats which were divided into baseline, experimental (feeding and smearing), and their negative control groups. After 15 days, teeth were extracted and analyzed using EDX. There were increased fluoride retention on enamel of experimental groups compared to negative control groups (p<0.05). Fluoride retention levels in both experimental groups were not different (p>0.05). Thus, anchovy substrate application, either by chewing or smearing, increases fluoride retention on tooth enamel."

"Pendahuluan: Ikan teri jengki (Stolephorus insularis) mengandung fluor dalam bentuk senyawa CaF2 yang berperan dalam fluoridasi. Tujuan: Menganalisis perubahan ketahanan terhadap asam permukaan email setelah pemberian ikan teri jengki. Metode: Perlakuan dilakukan pada 9 gigi tikus Sprague dawley yang terbagi menjadi kelompok baseline, perlakuan pakan teri, perlakuan oles larutan teri, kontrol negatif pakan, dan kontrol negatif akuades. Hasil: Nilai ketahanan terhadap asam meningkat dilihat melalui kerusakan permukaan email dan perubahan kekerasan mikro permukaan email setelah pemaparan asam fosfat 50% selama 60 detik. Kesimpulan: ikan teri jengki dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif bahan fluoridasi.

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Introductions: Anchovies (Stolephorus insularis) contain high enough fluor in the form of CaF2 and functioning as fluoridation material.

Aim: To analyze the alteration of enamel solubility towards acid after anchovy substrate application.

Method: Treatment was done on 9 incisors of Sprague dawley rats, comprised from groups which were baseline, feeding application, topical application, negative control of feeding, and negative control of topical.

Results: From the enamel surface destruction and email surface microscopic hardness shifting there is a decrease in enamel solubility towards acid after anchovy substrate application.

Conclusion: Stolephorus insularis can be used as an alternative material of fluoridation."

"The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the use of xylitol chewing gum and risk of dental caries. The sample was taken from a population of 800 (120 samples). Standard equipment was used in observing the dental plaque, salivary flow rate and pH of the saliva from patients using xylitol chewing gum or non-xylitol chewing gum. The results were analzed using the t-test (one tailed) with 95% confidence intervals (a < 0.05) The results show a significant effect of chewed xylitol gum with increased pH in saliva, increased salivary flow rate (SFR), and decreased plaque score."

"Latar belakang: Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2013, proporsi anak kelompok usia 5-9 tahun yang memiliki permasalahan gigi dan mulut yaitu 28,9%. Penyakit yang paling sering terjadi adalah karies gigi yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah plak gigi, sehingga dibutuhkan bahan yang dapat menghambat pembentukan plak gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek dari aplikasi CPP-ACP yang mengandung Propolis dan tanpa Propolis terhadap indeks plak anak usia 7-10 tahun di SDN Cipinang Besar Utara 09 Pagi, Jakarta Timur. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimental dengan menggunakan one group pretest-posttest design. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan rata-rata indeks plak anak sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi CPP-ACP yang mengandung Propolis dan tanpa Propolis. Aplikasi dilakukan sekali sehari selama empat minggu. Subjek penelitian adalah 32 anak (CPP-ACP Propolis n=16; CPP-ACP n=16) usia 7-10 tahun yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Rata-rata indeks plak diperoleh dengan pengukuran menggunakan modifikasi metode indeks plak Loe dan Silness yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi hari ke-7, 14, dan 28. Hasil: Kedua kelompok sama-sama mengalami penurunan indeks plak setelah aplikasi selama empat minggu. Pada kelompok aplikasi CPP-ACP yang mengandung Propolis indeks plak pada awal pemeriksaan yaitu 1,79 turun menjadi 0,97 pada hari ke-28. Sedangkan pada kelompok aplikasi CPP-ACP tanpa propolis, indeks plak pada awal pemeriksaan yaitu 1,72 kemudian pada hari ke-28 turun menjadi 1,18. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada efek dari aplikasi CPP-ACP yang mengandung Propolis dan tanpa Propolis selama empat minggu terhadap indeks plak.

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Background: According to the 2013 Basic Health Research, the proportion of children in the population of 5-9 years who had dental and oral problems was 28.9%. The most common disease is dental caries, which one of the causes is dental plaque. Therefore, materials which can inhibit the formation of dental plaque are needed.

Objective: To determine the effect of the application of CPP-ACP containing propolis and without propolis against plaque index of children aged 7-10 years at SDN Cipinang Besar Utara 09 Pagi, East Jakarta.

Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study using one group pretest-posttest design. The research was conducted by comparing the plaque index mean of children before and after the CPP-ACP application containing Propolis and without Propolis. Application is carried out once a day for four weeks. The research subjects were 32 children (CPP-ACP Propolis n= 16; CPP-ACP n=16) ages 7-10 years who were selected through a purposive sampling method. The plaque index mean was obtained by measurement using a modification of the Loe and Silness plaque index method carried out before and after the application of the 7th, 14th, and 28th days.

Results: Both groups experienced a decrease in plaque index after application for four weeks. In the CPP-ACP Propolis, plaque index mean at the initial examination was 1.79 then dropped to 0.97 on the 28th day. Whereas in the CPP-ACP without Propolis, the plaque index mean at the initial examination was 1.72 then on the 28th day it dropped to 1.18.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the effect of the application of CPP-ACP containing Propolis and without Propolis for four weeks on the plaque index."

"Efektivitas pasta gigi herbal dan non-herbal dalam mengurangi akumulasi plak. Mengingat pentingnya menjaga kebersihan mulut pada pasien ortodonti dengan alat cekat dan seiring dengan meningkatnya minat masyarakat akan bahan herbal, pasta gigi herbal pun dikembangkan. Namun, efektivitas pasta gigi tersebut terhadap akumulasi plak masih diperdebatkan. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas pasta gigi herbal dengan pasta gigi non-herbal. Metode: Penelitian uji klinis randomisasi, buta ganda ini diikuti oleh 16 subyek penelitian berusia 15-35 tahun yang akan menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat. Enam belas subyek tersebut dibagi menjadi dua kelompok sesuai dengan pasta gigi yang akan mereka gunakan dan diukur akumulasi plaknya dengan indeks plak Löe dan Sillness pada gigi Ramfjord sebelum dilakukan bonding braket dan dua minggu setelah bonding braket. Hasil: Uji kemaknaan Wilcoxon menunjukkan tidak terdapatnya penurunan indeks plak yang bermakna baik yang terjadi pada penggunaan pasta gigi herbal, maupun peningkatan indeks plak yang bermakna yang terjadi pada penggunaan pasta gigi non-herbal. Hasil uji Mann-Whitney pun menunjukkan tidak terdapatnya perbedaan yang bermakna antara efektivitas pasta gigi herbal dan pasta gigi non herbal. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan akumulasi plak yang bermakna antara sebelum dan setelah pemakaian pasta gigi herbal ataupun pasta gigi nonherbal. Serta tidak terdapat perbedaan efektivitas yang bermakna secara statistik antara kedua pasta gigi tersebut pada pasien ortodonti dengan alat cekat.

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Maintaining good oral hygiene in orthodontic patients is important and as the community interest in herbal ingredients increases, herbal toothpaste was developed. Its effectiveness against dental plaque accumulation is still under debate. Herbal toothpaste has not been tested in fixed orthodontic patients. Objective: To study the effectivenes differences between herbal toothpaste and non-herbal toothpaste. Methods: This randomized, double blind clinical trial was participated by 16 subjects aged range 15-35 years who were planned for fixed orthodontic. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the type of toothpaste used. Plaque accumulations were measured according to Löe and Sillness plaque index on Ramfjord teeth before and two weeks after bonding. Results: Wilcoxon test result showed there was no significant reduction of plaque index on herbal toothpasteusage nor significant increase on non-herbal toothpaste usage. Mann-Whitney test showed no significant differences between herbal and non-herbal toothpaste. Conclusion: There was no significant differences in plaque acummulation between usage of herbal toothpaste nor usage of non-herbal toothpaste. There was no significant effectiveness differences between those toothpastes in fixed orthodontic patients, although herbal toothpaste usage showed a reduction of plaque index, whereas non-herbal toothpaste usage showed an increase of plaque index."