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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai kemunculan pasar gelap di Jakarta pada masa Ekonomi Terpimpin 1957-1965. Perdebatan-perdebatan mengenai perwujudan ekonomi nasional sejak pengakuan kedaulatan antara pemikir ekonomi pragmatis dengan radikal-nasionalis akhirnya berujung pada Ekonomi Terpimpin. Namun Ekonomi Terpimpin yang dimaksudkan untuk menyejahterakan masyarakat justru menimbulkan kerugian-kerugian pada masyarakat dan bahkan menimbulkan pasar gelap. Pasar gelap ini muncul karena adanya peraturan di bidang harga pada barang-barang pokok yang menyebabkan peralihan barang dari pasar resmi ke pasar gelap. Pasar gelap juga timbul kerena para pelaku berusaha untuk mempertahankan usaha mereka dan masyarakat mendapatkan barang yang langka di pasar resmi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah, yakni heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the emergence of black market in Jakarta in the era of Guided Economy in 1957 1966. Debates around the attempt to bring about a national economy since the transfer of sovereignty between pragmatic economic thinkers and radical nationalist thinkers ends up in Guided Economy. However, the Guided Economy that was supposed to make people prosper brought disadvantages instead, and gave rise to black market. This black market appeared because there were rules on price applied to daily necessities that resulted in the transfer of goods from official markets to black market. This black markets also appeared because the participants tries to keep their business running and people needed to search for goods that were rare in official markets. This research utilized the method of historical research, which are heuristics, critics, interpretations, and historiography."

"Ukuran partikel/agregat carbon black, dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap sifatsifat vulkanisat karet alam jenis Thin Pale Crepe (TPC). Vulkanisat yang ditambahkan carbon black yang dimodifikasi dengan proses sonofikasi dan 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), dikarakterisasi mengunakan Surface Area Analyzer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopes - Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Universal Testing Machine, Abrasion Tester, dan Hardness Tester. Hasil penelitian menunjukan penambahan carbon black dan APTS, memberikan pengaruh terhadap nilai bound rubber, ketahanan panas, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, modulus 100%, modulus 300%, hardness, abrasi dan compresion set dari vulkanisat yang dihasilkan. Vulkanisat yang ditambahkan dengan carbon black hasil sonofikasi dan vulkanisat yang ditambahkan APTS mengalami peningkatan sifat mekanik dan ketahanan panas, memiliki ketahanan terhadap proses penuaan (aging) serta meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap paparan ozon (ozone resistance). Akan tetapi apabila penambahan carbon black hasil sonofikasi dan APTS dilakukan secara bersamaan, akan menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan sifat vulkanisat yang dihasilkan.

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Size of carbon black particle/aggregate, can give effect to the properties of vulcanized natural rubber type Thin Pale Crepe (TPC). Vulcanized added carbon black modified by the sonofication process and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), were characterized using a Surface Area Analyzer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopes - Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM - EDS), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Universal Testing Machine, Abrasion Tester, and Hardness Tester. The results showed the addition of carbon black and APTS, giving effect to the value of bound rubber, heat resistance, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, modulus 100%, modulus 300 %, hardness, abrasion and the compression set of vulcanized generated. Vulcanized added with carbon black vulcanized results sonofication and APTS were added to increase the mechanical properties and heat resistance, resistance to aging (aging ) and increase resistance to ozone exposure ( ozone resistance ). However, if the addition of carbon black sonofication and APTS results done simultaneously, it will cause a decrease in the resulting vulcanized properties."

"Black hole attack is an attack where a node that responds to RREQ from the source node by replying a fake freshness information and false hop count. The black hole nodes do not respond to distributed co-operation in routing protocol to absorb all the packets, as a result, the network performance will drop. Most previous works are focused on anomaly detection through dynamic trusted of the neighbouring nodes. We find out that the internal comparisons take a long time. This loss can be shortened by changing the routing mechanism. We propose an enhancement of AODV protocol, named EAODV, that is able to prevent black hole attacks. The EAODV can find a shortest path of routing discovery using A* heuristic search algorithm. Values of hop count and estimate time to reach the destination node are used as input in the heuristic equation and one-way hash function is used to make a secure value and then to casting it to all neighbouring nodes. Experiments were conducted in NS2 to simulate EAODV in different running time with and without black hole nodes. The EAODV performance results are indicated better in terms Packet loss and Average End-to-End delay.Black hole attack adalah serangan di mana sebuah node, merespon RREQ dari node sumber dengan informasi dan nilai hop palsu. Black hole node tidak merespon kerjasama terdistrbusi dalam protokol routing untuk menyerap semua paket. Hasilnya, kinerja jaringan akan turun. Penelitian – penelitian sebelumnya berfokus kepada deteksi anomali melalui mekanisme kepercayaan dinamis dari node tetangga. Kami menemukan bahwa perbandingan internal cukup memakan waktu. Kerugian ini dapat dipersingkat dengan mengubah mekanisme routing. Kami mengusulkan peningkatan protokol AODV, bernama EAODV, yang mampu mencegah black hole attack. EAODV dapat menemukan jalur terpendek pada routing menggunakan algoritma pencarian A*. Nilai-nilai hop dan perkiraan waktu untuk mencapai node tujuan digunakan sebagai input dalam persamaan heuristik dan fungsi hash satu arah digunakan untuk membuat nilai yang aman dan kemudian di-casting ke semua node tetangga. Percobaan dilakukan pada NS2 untuk mensimulasikan EAODV dengan running time berbeda dengan dan tanpa black hole node. Pada penelitian ini dapat dilihat bahwa kinerja EAODV lebih baik dalam hal Packet loss dan Average End-to-end delay."

"Kami mempelajari solusi lubang hitam yang statik dan simetri bola dengan materi berupaelektrodinamika Maxwell dan Born-Infeld dalam teori gravitasi EiBI pada dimensi tinggi, dan penambahan konstanta kosmologi ?. Dalam penulisan ini, kami juga mempelajari solusi lubang hitam pada keadaan vakum sebagai pendahuluan. Pada kasus elektrodinamikaMaxwell, kami mendapatkan solusi metrik, medan listrik dan skalar Ricci. Medan listrikpada teori EiBI ini mempunyai nilai berhingga pada energi-diri nya, akan tetapi kamimenemukan bahwa nilai ini berhingga untuk D = 4 saja. Untuk D > 4, sifat medanlistriknya sama dengan kasus Reissner-Nordstrom. Pada perhitungan skalar Ricci, kamimenemukan adanya singularitas permukaan yang menghalangi horizon di r < rs sehingga pengamat di luar hanya melihat horizon di r > rs, dimana rs adalah singularitaspermukaan. Pada kasus elektrodinamika Born-Infeld, kami menemukan bahwa metrikpada kasus ini tidak bisa diintegralkan secara umum. Untuk menanggulangi masalah ini,kami memfokuskan studi pada kasus ? equiv; 4?b^2 /? = 1. Selanjutnya, ditinjau kasus medanlistrik untuk dianalisis. Kami menemukan bahwa teori ini konsisten untuk dimensi tinggi.Pada perhitungan Ricci skalar, kami mendapati hanya singularitas titik.

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We study static spherically symmetric and electrically charged solutions of Eddington inspired Born Infeld EiBI theory of gravity in D dimensional spacetime in the presenceof cosmological constant. We consider both linear Maxwell as well as nonlinearelectrodynamics for the matter fields. In this particular work, the nonlinear theory wespecifically consider is the Born Infeld electrodynamics. As a warm up, we considerhigher dimensional EiBI in the vacuum. In Maxwell electrodynamics, we analyze themetric solution, electric field and Ricci scalar. Electric field in EiBI theory have a finitevalue on its self energy, but we found that these theory can only apply to D 4. In higher than 4 dimensions, the feature of electric field is same as Reissner Nordstrom, singular atthe origin. In Ricci's scalar calculation we found a surface singularity that blocks innerhorizon so the outside observer only sees r rs, where rs is radius of surface singularity.In the case of Born infeld electrodynamics, we found that metrics can not be integratedin D dimensional. In order to make these solution in D dimensional context, we focuson studying on the case equiv 4 b 2 1. Next, we look at the case of the electric field tobe analyzed. We find that this theory produce finite electric fields for any dimension. InRicci scalar calculations, we find only point singularity. "

"Pajanan diesel partikulat (DPM PM0.25) dapat menyebabkan gangguan sistem saluran pernapasan dan keluhan kesehatan terhadap pekerja, namun belum banyak penelitian dilakukan di Indonesia mengenai hal tersebut padahal IARC telah mengkategorikannya sebagai senyawa karsinogenik. Analisis pajanan dan hubungannya terhadap keluhan gangguan pernapasan subjektif dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan penyakit terhadap pekerja. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap petugas penguji kendaraan di UP PKB Cilincing sebanyak 24 orang melalui pengukuran pajanan personal DPM PM0.25 dan Black Carbon (BC) (20 orang) dan wawancara (24 orang). Konsentrasi pajanan BC personal berkisar antara 12,05 μg/m,3 sampai dengan 84,87 μg/m3. Keluhan yang dialami petugas penguji kendaraan adalah bersin dan hidung tersumbat (masing-masing sebanyak 50%), sakit tenggorokan dan batuk kering (masing-masing sebesar 41.7%), sesak nafas (20.8%), batuk berdahak (33.3%), nafas bunyi (mengi) (12.5%) dan sakit dada (8.3%) . Diduga BC bukan merupakan satu-satunya pemicu dan bukan penyebab langsung dalam kejadian keluhan gangguan penapasan subjektif.

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Diesel particulate exposure (DPM PM0.25) may cause respiratory system disease and health complaints to the worker. Limited research found about this subject in Indonesia, yet IARC has categorized it as a carcinogenic compound. Analysis of exposure and its relation to respiratory health complaints as one of the prevention of disease in the workplace. The research was conducted on 24 mechanics at UP PKB Cilincing through the measurement of personal exposure DPM PM0.25 and Black Carbon (BC) (20 people) and interview (24 people). The concentration of BC personal exposure ranged from 12.05 μg / m3 to 84.87 μg / m3. The common complaints experienced by mechanics were sneezing and nasal congestion (50% each), sore throat and dry cough (41.7% respectively), dyspnea (20.8%), wet cough (33.3%), wheezing (mengi) (12.5%) dan chest pain (8.3%) . Allegedly BC is not the only factor and act not as the direct cause in the incidence of subjective respiratory health complaints."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini berfokus pada dampak perubahan makna ?bekerja? di masyarakat Jepang, yaitu fenomena penyebutan black company. Makna bekerja di masyarakat Jepang telah berubah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Pekerja yang semula akan bekerja keras demi perusahaannya, kini pekerja generasi muda lebih memilih untuk memiliki pekerjaan dengan banyak waktu luang. Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penyebutan black company yang diberikan oleh masyarakat Jepang dan bagaimana perubahan makna bekerja di Jepang. Data yang diperoleh merupakan data sekunder dari penelitian kepustakaan serta pengumpulan data dari sumber-sumber publikasi lainnya. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode penyajian analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan penelitian dan analisis yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa makna bekerja bagi pemuda telah berubah. Pemuda Jepang tidak dapat membawa keseluruhan dirinya untuk pekerjaan dan tempat kerja. Pekerja paruh waktu tidak dapat mencocokkan pekerjaan dengan tujuan hidupnya. Kekhawatiran yang dirasakan, menyebabkan para pekerja paruh waktu mudah putus asa dalam mendapatkan pekerjaan. Salah satu dampak perubahan makna bekerja, yaitu munculnya penyebutan black company. Black company itu sendiri merupakan asumsi yang diciptakan oleh kelompok masyarakat dan media massa. Pemerintah berupaya untuk memberikan sanksi kepada perusahaan yang melakukan tindakan ?pelanggaran,? seperti black company.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company., This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.]"