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"The Handbook covers key conceptual topics drawn from across the three areas of jus ad bellum, jus in bello and jus post bellum.Publisher Synopsis'A most important and timely collection of essays that places the established international rules in their modern and challenging of context.' - Philippe Sands QC, University College London, UK 'Events of the past fifteen years have sharpened the focus on well-known issues in international conflict and security law. What responses to international terrorism are permissible? Can humanitarian intervention be justified under international law? The Research Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law addresses these and other debates across the areas of conflict prevention, use of force and post-conflict reconstruction, with the critical insight for which the contributors are known.' - James Crawford, University of Cambridge"

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"Penelitian ini membahas pengaturan serta penerapan PMSC dalam hukum laut internasional dan praktiknya di beberapa negara. PMSC merupakan perusahaan swasta yang melakukan kegiatan Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) di atas kapal dagang. Tujuan PMSC adalah memberikan perlindungan baik secara langsung atau tidak langsung kepada kapal-kapal yang menjadi klien mereka dari serangan perompak ketika melintasi High Risk Area (HRA) di sekitar Teluk Aden. Namun hingga kini masih belum ada produk hard law dalam hukum internasional yang mengatur para PMSC ini dan hanya ada produk-produk soft law oleh beberapa organisasi internasional, perusahaan pelayaran, PMSC, dan negara bendera.Dari hasil penelitian ini, didapati bahwa banyak negara masih belum memiliki peraturan nasional yang mengatur secara spesifik mengenai ini. Banyak negara hanya mengikuti sesuai dengan guideline oleh International Maritime Organization (IMO) yang bernama Best Management Practice 4. Maka dari itu perlu dibuatnya regulasi sedemikian rupa agar dapat menghindari terjadinya insiden dan eskalasi kekerasan oleh perompak terhadap kapal-kapal yang melintas di HRA.

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This research aims on reviewing the use of Private Maritime Security Company on civilian commercial vessels from the point of view of International Law of the Sea. Company regulation, as well as National Regulation. Indubitably, from the perspective of International Law, PMSC is indeed still an exquisite matter. This is due to the fact that United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) does not regulate the use of PMSC. Unto this day, there are only soft law regulations made from the initiative from International Maritime Organization (IMO), PMSC, and International Commiitte of Red Cross (ICRC). Additionally, many countries still does not have any regulations regarding the use of armed guards on their vessels. Thus, the practice of PMSC and their regulations are still mazy.This research found out that PMSC needs to be regulated to avoid the potential caused to innocent ships as well as reducing the escalation of violence from pirates. The fact that PMSC may cause escalation of violence made international organizations, shipping industries, and flag states to urgently regulate the use of PMSC on board their vessels to defend themselves from pirate attacks in Gulf of Oman?s High Risk Area."